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小学英语语法大全第一讲 名 词一、分类 1. 名词分为普通名词和专有名词 2. 普通名词前可以用a/an, the 或不加冠词3. 专有名词前一般不加冠词,并且首字母要大写如:人名 Tom,Smith,John地名 Anhui,Washington,Hefei国家 China,Japan,America团体、机构等,多为独一无二的事物。二、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有复数不可数名词没有复数drink:milk tea water orange juice coke coffee food: rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings 2、可数名词可与a(an)连用,不可数名词不能与a(an)连用两者都可以与定冠词the连用many + 可数名词复数 much/a little + 不可数名词some, any ,a lot of (lots of) ,plenty of ,most of 两者都可以修饰。 3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 例如:two boys,three dogs,4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法:1)much,a little,some, any ,a lot of (lots of) ,plenty of ,most ofThere is much water in the bottle. 瓶中有很多水。Ill tell you a lot of good news. 我要告诉你许多好消息。We should collect some useful information. 我们应该收集一些有用的消息。2)用a . of 表示。如a cup of (一杯.)a bottle of (一瓶.)a piece of (一张.)a pair of shoes (一双鞋)two cups of tea (两杯茶)five pieces of paper (五张纸) two glasses of tea (两杯茶)three bottles of water (三瓶水) 这种形式用于可数名词时,量词和可数名词都要用复数。如:ten baskets of eggs3)使用千、百等数词时,数词仍保持单数,名词变复数。如 two hundred students (200名学生) ten thousand trees (10000棵树)5、对可数名词的数量提问用 how many 如:How many students are there in your class ? 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much 如:How much water is there in bottle ? 三、可数名词的单数和复数1)a desk (一张桌子) an old desk (一张旧书桌) three desks (三张桌子)2)一般情况下加-s 如book-books(书) desk-desks(书桌)3)以s ,x ,ch ,sh结尾加-es 如box-boxes(盒子)bus-buses(公共汽车)注意:以 th 结尾加-s, monthmonths stomach-stomachs 4)以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i再加- es。如city-cities(城市) country-countries(国家) 注意:以元音+y,直接加s。如:day-days(天),boy-boys(男孩) 5)以f或fe结尾,变f或 fe 为v再加-es 如knife-knives(刀剑) , half-halves(一半) (thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf) 注意:有少数词后直接加s,如roof-roofs (屋顶) 6)以o结尾(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es 如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮) potato-potatoes(土豆) (2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s 如 piano-pianos (钢琴), zoo-zoos(动物园)photo-photos (照片), kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠)kilo-kilos (千克) 注意zero 两种都可:zeros或 zeroes(零) 不规则变化1)man-men(男人) , woman-women(妇女) tooth-teeth(牙齿) , foot-feet(脚) goose-geese(鹅)policeman-policemen(警察) policewoman-policewomen(女警察) child-children(小孩) , ox-oxen(公牛) mouse-mice(老鼠) , louse -lice(虱子) 2)单、复数形式相同。fish-fish(鱼) , sheep-sheep(绵羊) deer-deer(鹿) , Chinese-Chinese(中国人) Swiss-Swiss(瑞士人), Japanese-Japanese(日本人)yuan-yuan(元) , jinn-jinn(斤) 注意:不说an English,要说an Englishman. 不说a French,要说a Frenchman. fish作鱼肉讲时不可数,没有复数。 He like eating fish. 不能说:He like eating fishes.fish的复数为fish或fishesfish表示鱼的数量时,单复数同形;表示鱼的种类时,复数为fishesMy cat had two fish for lunch. You can see a lot of different fishes in the lake. He caught a lot of fish = he caught a lot of fishes. 他抓到了许多鱼。3) 形似单数,实为复数意义。如people(人,人们) these people (不说a people,可说a person) police(公安,警察) ten police (不说a police,可说a policeman) 注 意: 集体名词被看作一个整体时,表达单数概念。His family was well known in the town. 他家在镇里是名门望族。 集体名词被看作若干个体的集合时,表达复数概念。His family are waiting for him. 她的家人正在等他。4) 由man和woman构成的合成名词,变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。如a man driver - men drivers (男司机) a woman doctor - women doctors (女医生) 5) 其他合成名词变为复数时,只将主体名词变为复数。bus driver:bus drivers (巴士司机)letter-box:letter-boxes (信箱) boy student:boy students (男学生) girlfriend: girlfriends (女朋友) 注意:hair和fruit通常用单数,必要时也可用复数形式。We like this fruit. 我们喜欢这种水果。We like these fruits. 我们喜欢这些水果。She has a few white hairs. 她有一些白头发。She has a white hair. 她有一根白头发。6) 有些名词只有复数。 如scissors(剪刀) a pair of scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子) shorts(短裤) jeans(工装裤) compasses(两脚规) scales(天平) sunglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境) savings(储蓄) writings(作品)7) 既可数,又不可数的名词:不可数 可数glass 玻璃 a glass 一只玻璃杯wood 木头 a wood 一片森林beauty 美 a beauty 一个美人paper 纸 a paper 一份报纸iron 铁 a iron 一个熨斗四、名词的所有格 如Marys father(玛丽的父亲) Jims mother(吉姆的母亲)1.名词所有格的构成法 1)词尾加s 如Toms knife(汤姆的小刀) childrens books(儿童书籍) 2)表示几个人共有的一样东西,在最后一个人名字后加s,如果表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后加s。 如Jim and Mikes room 吉姆和麦克(共用)的房间 Jims and Mikes rooms 吉姆和麦克(各自)的房间 3)复数词尾-s,只加 即可。 如the students reading-room 学生阅览室 eight hours sleep 八小时的睡眠。4)以-s结尾的专有名词,构成所有格仍然加s,或只加 。 如 Mr Joness(Mr Jones)book (琼斯先生的书) Keats works (济慈的作品) 注意:名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词。 如this is a womans work. 这是女人干的工作。 this is a girls school. 这是一所女子学校。 表示时间的名词。如todays newspaper 今天的报纸 an hours walk 一小时步行的路程 有些无生命的名词,如国家,城市,季节,太阳,月亮,大地,江河,海洋,船等名词也可用s,表示所有关系。如 chinas population 中国人口 the citys life 城市生活 2.短语所有格 of 形式 用于无生命的名词。 如 the window of the house 这间房子的窗户 3. 双重所有格 of +名词所有格 1)前面一定要有a ,an ,these,some ,any ,few ,two ,several (几个)之类修饰语,不能是one和the 。 如可说:a book of my brothers 我兄弟的一本书 these books of my friends 我朋友的这些书不说:books of my brothers或 book of my brothers . 2)注意以下结构有时可以交替使用,意义无区别。 如a friend of my brothera friend of my brothersmy brothers friend测试点:a car of Bettys (或a car of Bettys cars) 不可换为a car of Betty.。Jims and Toms fathers are in the same office. 吉姆父亲和汤姆父亲目前在同一办公室。总结:1)以o结尾的名词变复数时只有: potato-potatoes(土豆), tomato-tomatoes (西红杮), hero-heroes(英雄), negro-negroes(黑人), volcano-volcanoes(火山)其余均加s:zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos, zero-zeros(或zeroes), bamboo-bamboos(竹竿), tobacco-tobaccos(烟草) 2)f、fe结尾的名词变为复数时(1)一般情况:改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”wife-wives(妻子), knife- knives(刀子)wolf- wolves(狼), thief- thieves(小偷)shelf-shelves(架子),life-lives(生命)leaf-leaves(树叶), self-selves(自己)half-halves(一半)(2)特殊情况:直接加“s”gulf- gulfs海湾, roof- roofs屋顶, chief- chiefs首领,serf- serfs农奴, belief- beliefs信仰, proof- proofs证明, handkerchief- handkerchiefs手帕。第二讲 冠 词一、分类共2类:不定冠词(a和an),定冠词(the)。二、用法1、不定冠词的用法a用于辅音音素前,而an则用于元音音素前。an egg,an umbrella,an hour, an interesting storyI am reading an interesting story. 我在读一则有趣的故事。A horse is useful to mankind. 马对人类有用。We often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。I went to the library once a week at least. 我至少每周一次去图书馆。A boy came to see you a moment ago. 刚才有一个小孩来找你。A Mr.Smith is calling on the phone. 一位史密斯先生电话找你 。Lesson nine is a most difficult lesson, but it isnt the most difficult one.第9篇课文是一篇非常难的课文,但不是最难的一课。2、定冠词的用法(1)在表示双方都明白的人或物的名词之前:Take the medicine.把药吃了。(2)在上文提到过的人或事的名称之前: He bought a house.Ive been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。(3)在指世上独一无二的事物的名词之前: the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth (4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物: The fox is cunning .狐狸是狡猾的。(5)与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人, the living 生者(6)用在序数词、形容词最高级等前面: Where do you live?I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。Thats the very thing that I need. 那正是我需要的东西。He is the best friend of mine. 他是我最好的朋友。It is the first day of the new term. 这是新学期的第一天。(7)在表示.年代的结构之前He began to learn russian in the 1950s. 他在50年代开始学俄语 。He began to learn russian in his 50s. 他在自己50多岁时开始学俄语 。He looked quite healthy though he was in his 80s. 他看起来很健康,尽管他已经80多岁。(8)在比较级的两种句型中: 表示越 .,就越.时。the lighter, the better. 越轻越好 。 表示两者中比较.时,用定冠词。There are two books on the table. I like the thicker one.桌上有两本书,我喜欢厚的那本。(9)身体部位名称 (注意:介词常用in/on/by)The ball hit me on the head. 球打中了我的头。(10) 时间频率(注意:介词用by)。The workers are paid by the hour/day/month. 按月付给工人们工资。I go to the library by the week. 我每周去图书馆一次。(11)专有名词:the Great Wall(长城),the Peoples park(人民公园)the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国the United States 美国(12)用在乐器名称前:She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴.The little girl likes to play the violin. 小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。(13)用在文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。They are going to the cinema tonight. 他们今晚要去影院看电影。(14)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:the greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) (15)国家名称的缩写前。He is from the UK. 他从英国来。(16)在方位名词之前,如:in the west on the west (17)在某些短语中in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next morning,in the sky (water,field,country), in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle (of),in the end, on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre不用定冠词(1)在有关游戏的名词前Do you like to play chess? 你喜欢下棋吗 ?(2) 在by + 交通工具的短语里Shall we walk or go by bus? 我们乘车还是步行 ?(3) 在国名,地名前通常不用定冠词,in England,in China, in Hefei, in Anhui in French, in Australia但要注意:in the USA, the American, the Chinese, the Englishman(4)在年份、季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词; We go to school from monday to friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上学。in autumn/summer/winter/spring, teachers day, childrens day, on sunday, in february(5)在称呼、官衔、职位的名词前不加冠词; The guards took the American to general lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。 Doctor green is a scientist. 格林博士是位科学家。(6)在三餐、球类运动的名称前,不加冠词have breakfast/lunch/supper,play chess, play football, play basketball(6)在学科的的名称前,不加冠词maths, physics, history, (7) 在某些固定词组中,是否有冠词,意义不同in hospital住院, in the hospital在医院里in bed在卧床, in the bed在床上in front of 在.(外)前面in the front of 在.(内)前部go to hospital 去医院看病go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他事)定冠词the 的用法举例:(1) where is the teacher? 老师在哪里?(2)I can see a cat. The cat is lucys. 我能看见一只猫,那只猫是露茜的。(3)The earth goes around the sun. 地球围绕着太阳转。(4)Mike is the tallest of the three boys. 迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。1)海、洋、海湾、河等,都用the;单个湖不用the,(但多个湖用the)the Red Sea,the Pacific Ocean,the Persian Gulf, the Yangtze Riverthe Great Lakes(五大湖);Lake Erie(伊利湖)2)行星不用the: Mars火星,Venus金星;3)有山无峰:the Huangshan Mountains(黄山);Mount Everest(珠穆朗玛峰);Mount(or Mt.) Tai(泰山).4)欧洲等七大洲不用the.in Europe, in Africa, in Asia, North america, South america, Antarctica, Oceania5)种族用the:the Indians(印第安人);6)有文无章:文件用the;小说等的章节不用thethe Constitution(宪法); chapter one7)the University of Fudan; Fudan University 第三讲 介词一、介词的用法1、时间介词(1)at noon在午时 at night在夜间 at present目前 at dawn在黎明, at daybreak 在黎明 at midnight 在午夜at six oclock 在6点钟 at 7:30 (seven thirty) 在7点半at half past eleven 在11点半at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分at the weekend 在周末(2)on:指具体的某一天时 on sunday在星期天 on sunday morning 在星期天的上午 on march 8 在3月8日(3)in 1999 在1999年 in november 在11月份in summer 在夏季 in the afternoon 在下午in the morning 在早上in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周in the third week 在第三周 I think he will be back in an hour. 我想他一小时后就会回来。I heard that she would be back in a month. 我听说她一个月后回来的。(4)before:在之前Wei hua got up before 7 oclock this morning .今天早晨,魏华在7点之前起床了。(5)after:在之后After that, no noe should ever kill a seagull.从那时起,任何人不得捕杀海鸥。(6)by:在前(时间)By the time I arrived, she had already gone.在我到达之前,她已经走了。(7)for:达之久Florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest. 弗洛沦斯常常工作24小时而不休息。(8)during:在期间During the lifetime of one man ,North america and Europe will more further apart by nearly two metres .在一个人的一生期间,北美洲和欧洲由于漂移,其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。(9)through:一直(从开始到结束) He ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington 领导美国度过了这些年的他,于1865年4月14日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。(10)from:从起(时间) The worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening.工人们被迫从早7点工作到晚7点。(11)since:自从以来Since that time,my eyes had never been very good.从那时起,我的眼睛一直不是很好。(12)within:在的范围内He will arrive within an hour .他一小时内就人到。2、地点介词(1) at school 在学校 at home 在家at 320 xinfu district 在新抚区320号at the station 在火车站(2) in:在某地she will arrive in shanghai at ten. 10点她将到达上海。(3)on:在上面,有接触面on the table 在桌子上面above:在上方 Sometimes juliana could hear planes above the trees. 有时朱莉安娜能听到树林上空的飞机声。over:在正上方,是under的反义词Over these tombs ,they built pyramids .在这些坟墓上,他们建起了金字塔。under:在下面,在之内 The twin sisters put the basket under the tree .这姐俩把篮子放到了树下。below:在下方,(不一定是正下方)Three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle .3000米以下,除了茂密的丛林之外,她什么也看不见。(4) near ,bynear:近的,不远的in the near future 在不远的将来。Greens lake was a small lake near his home .格林湖是他家附近的一个小湖。by:在旁边Juliana walked by the side of the river for six more long days .朱莉安娜沿着河岸又走了足足6天。(5) between ,among ,aroundbetween:在两者之间The differences between American English and British English are not very great .美国英语和英国英语之间的差别不是很大。among:在三者或者更多的之中There are some American students among us .在我们中间有几个美国学校。around:环绕,在的周围,They arrived at a valley with high mountains all around it .他们到达了四周有高山环绕的山谷(6) in front of ,behindin front of :在的前面 There is a car in front of the house .房子前面有一辆小汽车。behind :在后边Are there any cows behind the house ?房子后面有一些牛吗?(7) in ,into ,out of in:在之内There are four girls in the room.房间里有4个女孩。into:进入She took me from the hall into my classroom .她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。(8) along ,across ,throughalong:沿着Go along zhongshan road and turn right at the second crossing.沿着中山路走然后在第二个十字路口向右拐。 across:横过Very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world .各个洲在地球表面缓缓漂移。 through:贯通,通过The students walked through the gate with uncle wang.学生们随着王叔叔通过大门。 (9) to ,for ,fromWheres jack? He has gone to London. 杰克上哪了?他去伦敦了。 for:表示目的,为了Do you know what he comes here for ? 你知道他为什么来这儿吗? from:从起How far is it from London to New York? 从伦敦到纽约有多远?(10) with和在一起These plates keep moving ,like great ships ,carrying the continents with them .这些板块载着各个大陆,像大船一样不断地漂移。具有,带有A person with good manners is always kind and polite.一个有礼貌的人总是友好而谦和的。用某种工具或方法He could run with some special shoes. 穿着一些特制的鞋,他能跑步。(11) in:表示用墨水或用什么语言Whats this in English? 这个用英语怎么说?(12) by:通过方法,手段What do you mean by the word“island”? “island”是什么意思I prefer traveling by train. 我更喜欢乘火车旅行。(13) of表示的It was beginning of the term . 这是学期开始的时候。(14) from:来自(某地,某人)She is a lady from canada . 她是一位加拿大的女士。(15) without :没有,是with的反义词She often worked for twenty-four without rest. 她通常工作24小时而不休息。(16) like:像一样Like many children of his age ,Xiao Ming is a young pioneer.像很多同龄的孩子一样同,小明是个少先队员。(17) as:作为They are carrying us as passengers. 它们把我们当作乘客运载着。(18) against:反对。靠着Everyone tried to fight against the locusts. 所有的人奋力扑打蝗虫。(19) about:关于Nightingale wrote a book about nursing.南丁格尔写了一部关于护理方面的书。What about your family ? 你家里人怎么样?(20) beside:在.近旁;在旁边He sat down beside Emma. 他在艾玛身旁坐下。 (21) Besides:除.之外,此外What has he done, besides reading the paper? 除了看报,他还做了什么? He had other people to take care of besides me. 除我之外,他还要照顾别人。Besides,I want you to promise me one thing. 此外,我要你答应我一件事。 (22) except:除.之外We go there every day except Sunday. 除了星期天,我们每天都去那儿。They all went to sleep except the Frenchman.除了那位法国人外,他们全都去睡觉了。I like her except when she is angry. 除了她发怒的时候,我挺喜欢她。(23) except for:除了.以外The composition is quite good except for the spelling. 这篇文章除了拼写以外,其他都很好。 要不是由于I would go to the party with you except for my broken leg. 要不是因为我腿断了,我想与你一起去参加聚会。 (14)举例:Dont read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。the woman in white 穿着白色衣服的妇女Whos the man in white? 那位穿白色衣服的男人是谁?(15)举例:They will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。Ill come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。Well be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。Come and see me in two days time. 两天后来看我。(16)举例:Im in Liaoning, at Anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市The workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 老师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)I can express my idea in English freely 我能用英语流利地表达我的思想。This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。 He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。(17)举例:She came at me. 她向我扑过来。(恶意)She came to me. 她向我走过来。He shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。(恶意)He shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说。She talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。 She talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢. She threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。 She threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃 (18)举例:固定搭配in the middle of(在中间),do well in(擅长),take part in(参加),stay in bed(躺在床上),in the street(在街上)I do well in writing.(19)举例:固定搭配on the 5th of May, on Sunday, on Monday morningon Childrens Day, on New Years Day on foot(步行), on duty(值日), put on(穿上), get on(上车)turn on(打开), on the right / left(在右边/左边), on the wall (在墙上),on Zhongshan Road(在中山路上)注 意:树上长的水果用on the tree;不是树上长的外来物用in the tree。如:I can see a lot of apples on the tree. There is a boy in the tree. (20)举例:固定搭配at Spring Festival,at Mid-Autumn Festival,at Christmasat the bus stopat once(立刻,马上),be good at(擅长),look at(看),at home(在家),at school(在学校), at
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