人类语言学共性.doc

1582Standardized If a language has a causative morpheme which expresses permissiveness, this morpheme usually combines with a larger group of verbal stems in this meaning than in its second meaning, factitivity, which is implied by the first. 标准表达式如果一种语言有一个使役语素表达放纵的意思，那么这个语素比起在第二意思中，通常在本义中结合了更多组动词性质的词干，后接宾语和补语，暗含于本义当中。1583Standardized The following four causative oppositions: (1) laugh - make laugh, amuse; (2) boil - bring to boil; (3) burn - ignite (of a paper); (4) break, get broken - break in two (of a stick),display varying predispositions to expression by one or another formal opposition. Thus, A. The probability that a formal opposition with a causative morpheme will appear decreases from the first causative opposition to the fourth. B. The probability that a formal opposition with an anticausative morpheme will appear increases from the first causative opposition to the fourth. C. The probability that a conversive formal opposition will appear increases from the second causative opposition to the fourth (it was not not found at all in the first). D. Suppletive formal oppositions are encountered almost exclusively in the second and third causative oppositions, which indicates that there is a greater tendency for the first and fourth semantic oppositions to be expressed by one and the same root morpheme. 标准表达式下面四组使役对立：（1）笑-使笑，使欢乐；(2)沸腾-使沸腾；（3）流浪，乞讨-点燃（纸张）；（4）打破，被打破-破碎成两半（从一根）显示多种不同倾向的表达的一个或另一个正式的反意词。因此A.一个有着使役语素的正式的反意词可能性会出现从第一个使役反意词到第四个的减少。B.一个有着非使役语素的正式的反意词可能性会出现从第一个使役反意词到第四个的增加C.后正式对立会使可能性出现从第二使役反意词到第四的增加（这在第一项中也可以发现）D.替补的正式对立遇见的几乎完全是是第二和第三个使役对立，这表明存在一个更大的趋势也就是第一和第四的语义对立表达的是同一个词根语素。1584Standardized IF culturally basic possessed items are among inalienables, THEN part-whole and/or spatial relations are included in the inalienable class as well. IF part-whole and/or spatial relations are among inalienables, THEN kin terms and/or body parts are included in the inalienable class as well. 标准表达式如果文化基本具备项目在不可分割范围中，那么部分和/或空间关系也在不可分割范围中。如果部分和/或空间关系在不可分割范围中，那么亲属称谓和/或身体的部分也在不可分割范围中。1585Standardized Provided there is a split in the marking of possession, inalienable possession tends to be encoded through head-marking and alienable possession through dependent-marking.标准表达式只要有一个分裂的标记，不可分割的所有往往通过编码的头标记和可通过从属标记的可分割所有。1586Standardized IF possession is regularly head-marked, THEN there will be an opposition of alienable and inalienable possession. BY CONTRAPOSITION:IF there is no opposition of alienable and inalienable possession, THEN possession is regularly dependent-marked .标准表达式如果所有是规则的头标记，那么就会有一个可分割和不可分割的所有对立。相反的如果没有可分割和不可分割的所有对立，那么其所有是规则的从属标记1587Standardized IF there is a set of nouns which cannot occur without a possessive marker, THEN there will be head-marked possession. 标准表达式如果有一堆名词它们不能脱离领属标记存在，那么它们是头标记所有。1588Standardized IF products are among inalienables, THEN so are pet animals;IF pet animals are among inalienables, THEN so are kin terms;IF kin terms are among inalienables, THEN so are clothing items;IF clothing items are among inalienables, THEN so are inherent attributes;IF inherent attributes are among inalienables, THEN so are body parts.标准表达式如果产品属于不可分割，那么宠物也是;如果宠物属于不可分割，那么金也是；如果金属于不可分割，那么服装也是；如果服装属于不可分割，那么固有属性也是；如果固有属性属于不可分割，那么身体部分也是。1589Standardized IF basic order is verb-final, THEN there will be a strong tendency to place grammatical morphemes (grams) after the verb, and eventually to suffix them. 标注表达式如果基础顺序是动词置于最后，那么会有很大的趋势在动词之后代替语法语素，最终作为它们的后缀。1590Standardized IF basic order is verb-medial, THEN there is a strong tendency for preposed grammatical morphemes not to be affixed (i.e., to be free). 标准表达式如果基本顺序是verb-medial，然后有一种强烈的趋势，前置语法语素不固定（例，可以免费）。1591Standardized IF there are internal relative clauses, THEN word order will be SOV. 标准表达式如果有内部关系从句，那么单词语序就是SOV。1592Standardized IF there are internally headed relative clauses, THEN basic word order will be OV.IF basic word order is OV, THEN there will be left-branching. FROM WHICH FOLLOWS:IF there are internally headed relative clauses, THEN there will be left-branching NP structure. 标准表达式如果是以内部结构为首的关系从句，那么基本单词顺序就是OV如果基本单词顺序是OV，那么就会存在左分支从以上可以得出如果是以内部结构为首的关系从句，那么就会存在左分支名词词组结构。1593Standardized IF there are internally headed relative clauses, THEN there will be null anaphora (i.e., pro drop). 标准表达式如果有以内部结构为首的关系从句，那么会有无效的首语重复（例如，降临）1594Standardized The linguistic distance between possessor and possessum is never greater for the terms in the left than it is for the terms on the right:kinsmen/body parts artefacts.标准表达式左置术语在领主属宾上的语言差异绝对不会比右置术语要大亲属/身体部分文物1595Standardized IF an element has auxiliary function, THEN it will be bound.标准表达式如果一个元素有辅助作用，那么它将受到约束。1596Standardized IF AUX occurs in final position (in surface-order), THEN basic order is rigidly verb-final.标准表达式如果助动词出现于末尾（表面的顺序）那么基本顺序就刚性是动词至于末尾1597Standardized IF there are headless relative clauses, THEN basic word order will be verb-final. 标准表达式如果有没有前端的关系从句，那么基本单词顺序将是动词置于末尾。1598Standardized IF there are headless relative clauses, THEN there is a productive pattern of nominalization. 标准表达式如果有无前端的关系从句，那么就有名词化产生模式1599Standardized Every language has Ns and NPs of the type e t (common nouns as predicates).标准表达式每种语言都有名词和名词词组类型t（普通名词作谓语）1600Standardized IF there are DPs of types other than e, THEN there are DPs of type e.When there are no DPs distinct from NPs, NPs can be used as type e.标准表达式如果除了e之外还有其他直接引语类型，那么就有直接引语类型。如果没有不同于名词词组的直接引语，那么名词词组可以当做类型e使用。1601Standardized IF the feature nasal is compatible with obstruent stops, THEN it is also compatible with fricatives;IF the feature nasal is compatible with fricatives, THEN it is also compatible with liquids;IF the feature nasal is compatible with liquids, THEN it is also compatible with semivowels;IF the feature nasal is compatible with semivowels, THEN it is also compatible with vowels.标准表达式如果特征鼻兼容阻塞音停止，那么它也兼容擦音；如果特征鼻兼容擦音，那么它也兼容液体；如果特征鼻兼容液体，那么它也兼容半元音；如果特征鼻兼容半元音，那么它也兼容元音。1602Standardized IF the feature nasal is a dependent of the Spontaneous Voicing node (SV-node), THEN there are prenalized stops.标准表达式如果特征鼻是一个依赖的自发表达的节点（sv-node），然后有prenalized中止。1603Standardized IF high vowels are regressively nasalized, THEN low vowels are regressively nasalized as well. 标准表达式如果高元音鼻化元音是退步，然后低鼻化以及回归。1604Standardized IF front vowels are nasalized, THEN back vowels are nasalized as well. 标准表达式如果前面的元音鼻化元音鼻音化，那么后面的也一样。1605Standardized IF vowels are nasalized before nasals that are syllable-initial, THEN vowels are nasalized before a nasal followed by non-continuants. IF vowels are nasalized before a nasal followed by non-continuants, THEN also before a nasal followed by continuants. IF vowels are nasalized before a nasal followed by continuants, THEN vowels are nasalized when nasal is final. 标准表达式如果鼻化元音在鼻音前，音节，元音鼻化之前，那么元音鼻化在接着不持续的鼻音前。如果元音鼻化在接着不持续的鼻音前，那么它也在接着持续音的鼻音前。如果元音鼻化在接着持续音的鼻音前，那么元音鼻话当鼻音终止时。1606Standardized IF nasalization spreads from a contextually nasalized vowel to a liquid, THEN it also spreads to oral glides. IF nasalization spreads from a contextually nasalized vowel to an oral glide, THEN it also spreads to glottal stop, h and adjacent vowels. 标准表达式如果从一个上下文鼻化元音鼻音化为液态，那么它也蔓延到口腔下滑。如果从一个上下文鼻化元音鼻音的下滑，那么它也蔓延到声门塞音，与相邻的元音。1607Standardized IF the modals/auxiliaries do not inflect for person, THEN there will be no infinitive.标准表达式如果情态动词/辅助语