lecture 6--英语词汇学学习课件

1,Lecture 6Sense Relations,讲授题目： Sense Relations所属章节：现代英语词汇学概论之第6、7章计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：英语词汇学教程、英语词汇学 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，力求使学生对 词义关系等基本理论有所 了解，并能领会和运用。,2,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,What are sense relations(语义关系)?Words are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as heir outer facet-spelling and pronunciation, is concerned. But semantically, all words are related in one way or another, hence sense relations. In light of sense relations, words can be classified semantically.,3,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,In this lecture, we will discuss polysemy、homonymy, synonymy and antonymy.1. Polysemy (多义关系)Polysemy is a common feature to all natural languages. This is particularly true of highly developed languages like English. In modern English, an overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. However, when a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.,4,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,1) Two approaches to the polysemyVarious meaning of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach. Diachronic approach:,5,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,从历时的观点来看，多义关系是一个词的语义结构发展变化的结果。在一个词创造之初，它只有一个意思，这个意思称为原始意义（Primary meaning）。随着时间的推移和语言的发展，词就取得了越来越多的意思。这些后来发展的意义叫做派生意义（derived meanings）。,6,试以 face 为例(WNWD),(1) the front of the head头的前部(2) the facial expression 面部表情(3) a surface of a thing 表面(4) the side or surface that is marked, as of a clock, etc. 正面(5) the appearance; outward aspect 外表 (6) CH idom dignity; self-respect, as in lose / save face (汉语成语) 面子，如丢脸/保全面子(6) the topography (of an area) 地形(6) the functional and striking surface (of a tool, golf club, etc. ) 出面(9) colloq effrontery; audacity (口) 厚脸皮(10) What is shown by the language of a document, without explanation and addition (文件的) 字面(11) (mining) the end of a tunnel, drift, etc. where work is being done. (煤矿等的)采掘面(12) the type surface on which a letter is out 版面,7,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,在以上所列出的face 的12个意义中，义项(1)是原始意义，其余都是派生意义。这些意义都是按扩展、缩小、类比、引用等方法产生的。 Synchronic approach 从共时的角度来看，多义关系可以认为是一个词的各种意义在某一历史时期（比如现代英语）的共存。以这样的眼光来审视，一个词的基本意义就是词义的核心，叫核心义（central meaning）。派生义，不管有多少，都是次要的，外围的。,8,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,在以上face的例子中，义项(1)是核心义，其余11项都是次要意义（secondary meaning）。 2) Two Processes of DevelopmentThe development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as radiation(辐射型) and concatenation(连锁型).,9,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations, Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning. If we give a graphic description of the meanings of face, it would look very much like a wheel of the bicycle.,10,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,Radiation of meanings of face,11,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations, Concatenation meaning linking together, it describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. In many cases, there is no direct connection between the first sense and the latest sense. Take the word candidate for example:,12,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,(1) white-robed 白色长袍的(2) office seeker in white gowns 穿着长袍的求职者(3) a person who seeks an office 申请求职者(4) a person proposed for a place, award, etc. 候选人,13,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,Generally speaking, radiation and concatenation are closely related, in many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other. 2. Homonymy (同形异义关系或同音异义关系) Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.,14,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three classes: (1) Perfect homonyms (完全同形同音异义词) are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g.bank n. the edge of the river, lake, etc. 岸 bankn. an establishment for money business 银行,15,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,bear n. a large, heavy animal 熊 bear v. to put up with 忍受 (2) Homographs (同形异音异义词) are words identical only spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bown. bending the head as a greeting 鞠躬 bown. the device used for shooting arrows 弓,16,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,sow v. to scatter seeds 播种sow n. female adult pig 母猪 (3) Homophones (同音异形异义词) are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g.dear n. a loved person 亲爱的（人）deer n. a kind of animal 鹿,17,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,right a. correct 正确的write v. put down on paper with a pen 写rite n. a ceremonial procedure 礼仪(4) Rhetoric Features of Homonyms,18,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule. e.g. “You are not eat your fish,” the waitress said to him. “Long time no sea,” the man replied. Long time no sea implies that seafood kept for a long time is not fit for eating. Here the customer cleverly employed the structure of the idiom (long time no see) to criticize in a humorous way the bad quality of the food served at the restaurant.,19,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations, “On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.”3. Synonymy (1) Definition of synonyms Synonyms can be defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.,20,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations, One of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.(Websters New Dictionary of Synonyms WNDS)(2) Types of SynonymsSynonyms can be classified into two major groups:,21,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations, Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects; i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings. Synonyms of this type are interchangeable in every way.,22,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,It is observed that absolute synonyms are rare in natural languages, and they are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary, such as: scarlet-fever / scarlatina (猩红热)； composition / compounding (复合法)；word building / word-formation; submarine / u-boat 潜水艇； flying saucer / UFO (不明飞行物);cosmonautastronaut.,23,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations, Relative synonyms also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. change 把另外一物替代一物的变化e.g. alter 是作与以前不同的变化 vary 是作方式或时间上的改变,24,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,e.g. A man changes his habits, alters his conduct, and varies his manner of speaking.一个人改变他的习惯，变更他的行为，换了说话方式。(3) Sources of Synonyms Borrowing: 同义词中一部分是英语本族语词，但大量的是借词。本族语词口语化、朴素亲切；法语借词、希腊语借词或拉丁语借词一般是书面词。,25,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,Native French Latin ask question interrogate 问 fast firm secure 牢靠的 fire flame conflagration 火 fear terror trepidation 恐惧 goodness virtue probity 长处 time age epoch 时代 holy sacred consecrated,26,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations, Dialects and regional English (方言词) railway (BrE) railroad (AmE) servant help 拥人 pavement sidewalk 人行道 lift elevator 电梯 chemist druggist 药品商hire-purchase system installment plan 分期付款 petrol gasoline 汽油,27,Lecture 6, Figurative and euphemistic use of wordsoccupation (profession) walk of life ( fig) 职业 dreamer star-gazer (fig) 空想家lie distort the fact (euph) 说谎drunk elevated (euph) 醉的 Coincidence with idiomatic expressionswin gain the upper handdecide make up ones mindfinish get throughhesitate be in two mindshelp land one a hand,28,Lecture 6 Sense relations,4. Antonymy 反义词、反义词学(1) Types of Antonyms Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. There are a variety of oppositeness. They can be classified into three major groups.,29,(1) Types of Antonyms,. Contradictory terms (互为矛盾的反义词)also complementaries(互补词） or binary antonyms（二元反义词） These antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. For example: dead-alive, present-absent, male-female, boy-girl, true-false, same-different, remember-forget, shut-open, asleep-awake, win-lose, permit-forbid, and so on.,30,Lecture 6, Another distinctive feature of this category is that such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualify them. Take single/married for example. If someone is single, he/she cannot be married. There is no middle ground as: He is very single, or more single, or extremely single.,31,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations, Contrary terms (相对反义词)or gradable antonyms(可分级反义词）Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other, examples are:,32,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations,old, middle-aged, young;open, ajar (微开), close;hot, warm, cool, cold;rich, well-to-do (小康), poor;beautiful, good looking (好看), plain, ugly;love, attachment, liking, indifference, antipathy, hate.,33,Lecture 6 Sense（ Meaning ） relations, Relative terms (表示相互关系的反义词)This third type consists of relational opposites, such as:parent / child; husband / wife; employer / employeesell / buy; give / receive, come / go; up / down; above-below; speak-listen.,34,lecture 6 (2) The use of antonyms, Antonyms have various practical uses and long proved helpful, valuable in defining the meanings of words. 反义词用途广泛，在确定词义上很有价值。例如，以fresh为例：fresh bread stale bread; fresh air stuffy air (沉闷的);fresh flowers faded flowers; fresh look tired look.,35,Lecture 6 (2) The use of antonyms, Antonyms are useful in enabling us to express economically the opposite of a particular thought, often for the sake of contrast. Many idioms are formed with antonyms. They look neat and pleasant, and sound rhythmic, e.g. rain or shine (风雨无阻), now or never (千载难逢，机不可失), thick and thin (厚厚薄薄), here and there (到处), high and low (高低), friend or foe (敌友), give and take (给予和索取),36,Lecture 6 (2) The use of antonyms, Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together. Proverbs and sayings provide us with good examples: easy come, easy go; (来得容易去得快) More haste, less speed; (欲速则不达)United we stand, divided we fall. (合则立，分则亡),3