高中定语从句(cavan).doc

定语从句考情分析每年一题：12-22（分隔式非限定-who主）,11-24（非限定-when时状）,10-32（非限定-of+ which）,09-23（分隔式限定-when时状）,08-24（非限定-which宾）（一）定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词But= which / who not有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。 关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。 59 Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。 The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。 The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。 注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4That 指人时，相当于who 或whom只用who的情况：1.先行词是指人的不定代词，如one, ones, anyone, no one, those, all, nobody, anybody, none 342.there be结构中，先行词指人3.非限定中指人且做主语4.分隔定从中指人,如Pro. Lee is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。5Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。 24I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意Of 结构：指物时，常用下列结构来代替： 82The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? 【真题 2011-课标全国I-31】 The prize will go to the writer _story shows the most imagination.A. That B. which C. whose D. what【真题 2010-江苏-32】 The newly-built caf, the walls of _ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.A. that B. it C. what D. whichof which可放在被修饰的名词之前或之后，而whose只能放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：The house whose windows/of which the windows/the windows of which are broken is unoccupied.（那间窗户破了的房屋没人居住。）【真题 2009-湖南-26】 I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city _name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.A. which B. of which C. that D. whose（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。 77The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。【真题 2009-陕西-11】 Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time.A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which注意： 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 15This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。 1, 17The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如： 27, 58 He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有个学生，大多数来自大城市。Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了部小说，其中部是关于农村生活的。注：介词+which/whom+不定式结构The poor man has no house in which to live= The poor man has no house (that/which) he can live in.= The poor man has no house in which he can live.= The poor man has no house to live in.（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1 when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 28 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。 The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。 October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。 Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？【真题 2011-江苏-24】 Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _the audience can buy ice-cream.A. When B. where C. that D. which2 where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 20, 43, 45Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？【真题 2011-浙江-10】 A bank is the place _ they lend you a umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.A. when B. that C. where D. there注：高考中先行词从明显表地点转为“地点的模糊化”，所以当先行词为situation，case，stage，point等且关系词在定从中做状语时，也需要用关系副词where。如：They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.不光在定从中，特殊疑问句和名词性从句中where这种“地点的模糊化”用法也有，如：Where will all this trouble lead?That is where you are mistaken.【真题 2008-江西-35】 Later in the chapter cases will be introduced to readers _consumers complaints have resulted in changes in the law.A. Where B. when C. who D. which3 why 指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。 29Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。 注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如： 26 From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。 Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。 The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上A不可省略B不用that 38, 40, 44, 63, 65C不可用who 代替whomD. 介词+which/whom中介词不能后置限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上A作宾语时可省略B可用thatC可用who 代替whomD. 介词+which/whom中介词能后置限制性定语从句举例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。非限制性定语从句举例 ：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。【真题 2008-江苏-24】The Science Museum, _ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions.A. which B. what C. that D. where注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. 她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她还有其他哥哥。） Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含：她只有一个哥哥。）2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written. 所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written. 所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含：没有不带插图的书。）（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况只能用which的情况：1.非限定中2.动词短语中介词提前3.先行词后有插入语4.先行词本身是that5.先行词为主句一部分或整句1当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：3,8,32,56Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：4, 12The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3当先行词35被形容词最高级修饰时。如：5,35This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。4当先行词被the very, the only, the last修饰时。如：7, 33This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：30Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。5当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：9Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：37They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。7. 有两个定语从句，一个宜用which，另一个宜用that8. 先行词在主句中做表语，关系代词在从句中也做表语 16Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是过去的城市了。9. 主句是there be句式，关系词在从句中做主语There is a seat in the corner that is still available.（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1. as, which都可以在定语从句做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：13,36,41,65,66,75,81He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。【真题 2009-全国II-17】 My friend showed me round the town, _ was very kind of them.A. which B. that C. where D. it但as引导的定语从句的最大特点是它的意思多侧重于表达“（正）像、（正）如”及类似的意思。下列情况下as和which一般不能互换一般说来，当关系代词在从句中作be动词的主语或一般动词的宾语时，which和as可交替使用；当关系代词在从句中作一般动词（非be动词）的主语时，只能用which： 1as既可以指前面提到过的事实或情况，因此as可以放在句首、句末，也可以插入主句中，而which指前面提到的事实或情况，一般放在主句之后（有时也可用as），如： As our teacher points out， that book is of benefit to everyone Heat is a form of energy， as is known to all of us This machine， as might be expected， has stopped operating 2as含有正如、按照、正像之意，as一般用在肯定句中，而which则 多用于含否定意义的句子中，如： He failed in the exam again， as was expected He failed in the exam again， which was unexpected 3当定语从句所修饰的主句内容是谓语动词的对象时，常用as，如： Jack was admitted into the university， as we had expected 4下列固定结构，一般不能用which，如： as has been said before 如前所述 as often happens 正像经常发生的那样 as is well known 众所周知 as will be shown in Fig 3 将如图3所示 as we know 正如我们知道的那样 as may be imagined 这可以想象得出来 as we all can see 正如我们大家看到的那样 5当关系代词代表主句引起的结果，又做主谓宾补（svoc）结构中的主语时，多用which，如： He saw the girl， which delighted him He didnt pass the exam， which made his mother angry 6在从句中作介词宾语时，用which，如： We didnt go to the film， instead of which we went to the theatre 7在从句中作定语时，常用which，如： I told her to see a doctor， which advice she took 8在从句中代表主句中的谓语的整个概念时，常用which，如： He can write a letter in English， which I can not 9指代主句中一个名词时，多用which，如： I gave him an interesting book， which he started to read at once 10代替主句中的形容词时，常用which，如： He thought me impatient， which he himself was 2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如： 23As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I dont believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如： 21,22,63,87Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。 (三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如： 14,48The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。 I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。 （四）time为先行词的定从，若time做次数讲，用关系代词that，也省略；做一段时间，时代讲，从句中做状语用when或者at/during + which，非状语用that/which或省略 12This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.I could hardly remember how many times (that) Ive failed.This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones and no TV sets. （五）关系代词与关系副词的选择 44用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。关系代词在定语从句作主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。分析时主要从动词的及物性或有无介词来考虑。试比较：A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。 I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。 I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。 This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。【真题-2011-安徽-28】Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _ it will keep for two or three weeks.A. when B. which C. where D. while （五）but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如： There are very few but admire his talents.很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but = who dont）（六）嵌入式定语从句 85有一种定语从句，在其从句中的主语和谓语之间有一个插入语如I think。这一种定语从句叫做嵌入式定语从句。嵌入的分句的谓语动词常常是think, believe, guess, imagine, say, suppose, be sure, doubt等等。?She offered a suggestion which she said would interest you. 她提出一个她说一定会引起你兴趣的建议。?He wrote letters to every person and organization that he believed might be able to help. 他写信给每个人和每个组织，他相信可能有帮助。?That is the engineer who I think is the right man chosen for the job. 那位就是我认为适合被选派做这项工作的工程师。（七）分隔式定语从句 30(对比31), 40定语从句被其他成份隔开，没有直接位于被修饰的中心词即先行词之后，这种现象被称为分隔现象，这种从句叫做分隔式定语从句。出现这种现象有的是由于后置成份较长，为了使句子结构保持平衡，将定语或者同位语移至其他成份之后，有的是出于修辞上的需要，以避免那种千篇一律的语言模式。因此，要找准中心词，正确地理解和分析句子的各种成份：There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你。I was the only person in my office who/that was invited. 我是我们办公室里惟一受到邀请的人。The days are gone when we used “foreign oil”. 我们使用洋油的日子一去不复返了。He was angry with the editor for cutting the story short he contributed. 因为编辑砍掉了他的故事所以他很生气。【真题2012-江苏-22】After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _ urgently needed clean wat