直接引语变间接引语详细讲解加练习.doc

直接引语和间接引语Direct speech and Indirect speech1. 什么是直接引语？-直接引述别人的原话，一般加冒号，且没有时态呼应的问题；如：He said, “Im afraid I cant finish the work.”2. 什么是间接引语？-用自己的话转述别人的话，不用引号，通常情况构成宾语从句，从句中的语序，时态，人称，时间状语，地点状语，和指示代词等都有变化。如：He said that he was afraid he couldnt finish the work.3. 为什么要把直接引语变成间接引语？-当你需要转述别人的话的时候就需要用到；除了用say,还可以用tell, ask等。4. 所转述的内容可以是陈述句，疑问句，特殊疑问句，祈使句，感叹句，这几种情况下该怎么将直接引语变成间接引语呢？只要记住刚刚说的那6点：语序，时态，人称，时间状语，地点状语，和指示代词，记住相对应的变化规则，那么就不是一件难事。下面我们来看例子：直接引语：He said, “My dad will be back tomorrow morning”间接引语：He said that his dad would be back the next/following morning.我们来分析一下这个例句，时态，人称，时间状语都发生了变化My dad-his dad, will be back-would be back, tomorrow morning-the next/following morning一、下面我们先看时态不变的5种情况：1） 直接引语是客观真理，自然现象，名言，俗语，或者与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时，不管主句的谓语动词是什么时态，变为间接引语的时候时态均不变，如：Eg.1-“The earth moves around the sun,” the teacher told us.The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.Eg.2-He said, “I was born in Guangdong in 1990”.He said he was born in Guangdong in 1990.Eg.3-Goethe said, “The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.”Goethe said the important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. Eg.4:He said, “Practice makes perfect.”He said that practice makes perfect.2） 主句的谓语动词是现在是或将来时，变成间接引语时时态不变Eg.1-He says, “I finished the work.”He says he finished the work.Eg.2-He will say, “I have watered the flower.”He will say he has watered the flower.Eg.3-He will say, “I will try my best to help you.”He will say he will try his best to help me.3） 直接引语如果是一般现在时，表示反复出现或习惯性动作，变为间接引语时时态不变。Eg.1-Jack said, “My brother always goes to school by bike.”Jack said his brother always goes to school by bike.Eg.2-My mother said, “I like on-line shopping.”My mother said she likes on-line shopping.4)直接引语是过去进行时，或者是过去完成时时，变为间接引语时，时态不变，如Eg.1-Jim said, “Lucy, where were you going when I met you near the shop?”Jim asked Lucy where she was going when he met her near the shop.Eg.2-Kelly said, “Tom was having video meeting at 9 oclock last night.”Kelly said Tom was having video meeting at 9 oclock last nightEg.3-John said, “I had called Tom before lunch.”John said he had called Tom before lunch.5)should, would ought, had better, might, used to, could, must没有对应的过去式，所以在间接引语中时态一般不变，如：Eg.1-Jason said, “You had better come here today.”Jason said I had better come here today.什么情况下时态需要变化？请看时态变化表格，当主句时态是一般过去式时：1. 一般现在时-一般过去式2. 一般过去时-过去完成时3. 一般将来时-过去将来时4. 现在进行时-过去进行时5. 现在完成时-过去完成时6. 现在完成进行时-过去完成进行时例句：1） He said, “I am very tired.”(一般现在时-一般过去时)-He said he was very tired.-He says he is very tired.2) “Are you tired?” she asked.-She asked if I was tired.-She asks if I am tired.3)Tom asked, “Will Jack arrive tomorrow?”（一般将来时过去将来时）Tom asked if/whether Jack would arrive tomorrow.Tom asks if/whether Jack will arrive tomorrow.4） She asked, “When will Jack arrive?”She asked when Jack would arrive.She asks when Jack will arrive.5)“I broke that plate.” He said.(一般过去时-过去完成时)He said he had broken the plate.He says he broke that plate.He told me that he had broken that plate.5） He said, “You told me this story.”He said I had told him that story.He says I told him that story. 6)He said, “I met Mr. Smith this morning.”He said he had met Mr. Smith that morning.7)He said, “I am using the knife.”(现在进行时-过去进行时)He said he was using the knife.8)My mother said, “Your sister is washing her face now.”My mother said my sister is washing her face then.9)He said to me, “Shes left her book in your room.”(现在完成时-过去完成时)He told me that she had left her book in my room.10)Mr. Jones said, “I have just finished work.”Mr. Jones said he had just finished work.11）She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”She said she had not heard from him since May.12)现在完成进行时-过去完成进行时二、接下来我们来看看人称是怎么变化的：1、人称的转变 1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如： He said，“I am very sorry.” He said that he was very sorry. 2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如： “You should be more careful next time,” my father told me. My father told me that I should be more careful the next time. 3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如： She said to her son, “Ill check your homework tonight.” She said to her son that she would check his homework that night. 4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如： He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon. 总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。三、下面来看看时间状语，地点状语，还有指示代词的变化：直接引语间接引语指示代词this/thesethat/those时间状语nowThentodaythat daytonightthat nightthis week (month)that week (month)yesterdaythe day beforelast week (month)the week (month)beforetwo weeks (month)agotwo weeks (months)beforetomorrowthe next daynext week (month)the next week (month)地点状语hereThere动词comeGobringTakeHe said, “I met Mr. Smith this morning.”他说“我今天早晨见到史密斯了。”He said that he had met Mr. Smith that morning. 他说他那天早晨见到史密斯了。He said, “We went to the cinema yesterday.” 他说：“我们昨天去电影院了。”He said they had gone to the cinema the day before. 他说前一天他们去电影院了。Lily said, “I will come back next month.” 莉莉说：“我下个月回来。”Lily said that she would go back the next month. 莉莉说她下一个月就回去。He said, “It is nine oclock now.”他说：“现在九点了。”He said that it was nine oclock then.他说那时九点了。He said, “I havent seen her today.”他说：“今天我没见到她。”He said that he hadnt seen her that day .他说那天他没有见到她。She said, “I went there yesterday.”她说：“昨天我去了那儿。”She said that she had gone there the day before.她说前一天她去了那儿。She said, “Ill go there tomorrow.”她说：“明天我将去那儿。”She said that she would go there the next day.她说第二天她将去那儿。He said, “My sister was here three days ago.”他说：“三天前我妹妹在这儿。”He said that his sister had been there three days before.他说三天前他妹妹在那儿。(herethere; agobefore)She said, “I will come here this evening.”她说：“今晚我将来这儿。”She said that she would go there that evening.她说那晚她将去那儿。（comego；herethere；thisthat） 以上这些变化,要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定，不可机械照搬。如果就在当地转述，here就不必改为there, come也不必改为go,如果就在当天转述，yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。直接引语中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用，间接引语的一般过去时时态不变。Father said,“I am free this afternoon ”父亲说：“我今天下午有空。”Father said that he was free this afternoon. 父亲说他今天下午有空。He said, “I am going there tomorrow.”他说“我明天去那里。”He said that he was going there tomorrow. 他说他明天去那里。巧记:去掉引号加that，人称变化要灵活，时态向后退一步，状语变化按规定四、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化 1）陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that, 如： He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall. He said, “Ill give you an examination next Monday.” He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可说told that） 此外主句中的谓语还常有： repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如： He said，“Im late because of the heavy traffic.” He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic. 如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。 The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.” The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon. 2）直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。 He said, “Do you have any difficulty in pronunciation?” He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation. He said, “You are interested in English, arent you?” He asked whether I was interested in English. 3） 直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whetheror表达，而不用ifor，也不用eitheror. 如： He asked, “Do you speak English or French?” He asked me whether I spoke English or French. I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?” I asked him whether he would take bus or take train. 4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如： He asked，“Whats your name?” He asked（me）what my name was. He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?” He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country. 5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句变成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如： He said，“Be seated, please.” He asked us to be seated. “Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said. He told me to be careful with my handwriting. “Never come here again!” said the officer nearby. The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again. “Dont touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said. The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission. 6）有些含有“建议”、“劝告”的祈使句，可用suggest, insist, offer等动词转述，如： He said, “Lets have a rest.” He suggested our having a rest. He said, “Let me help you.” He offered to help me. 7）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式转述。如： “Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. He asked me to open the door. “Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk. 8）直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如： She said, “What a lovely day it is!” She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lovely day. 即学即练1. He asked _ for the computer. A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. He asked me _. A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the film C. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film3. “Please close the window,” he said to me. He _ me _ the window. A. said to; to close B. told to; closing C. asked ; to close D. said to; please close4. “I am a teacher,” Jack said. He said _. A. that I am a teacher B. I was a teacher C. that he is a teacher D. he was a teacher5. He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.” He _- very naughty. A. said his mother that the boy was B. said to his mother that the boy is C. told his mother that the boy was D. spoke to his mother that the boy was6. “Youve already got well, havent you?” she asked.She asked _. A. if I have already got well, hadnt you B. whether I had already got well C. have I already got well D. had I already got well.7. He asked , “ Are you a Party member or a League member?” He asked me _. A. am I a Party member or a League member B. was I a Party member or a League member C. if I was a Party member or a League member D. whether was I a Party member or a League member.8. He asked, “How are you getting along?” He asked _. A. how am I getting along B. how are you getting along C. how I was getting along D. how was I getting along9. He asked me _ with me. A. what the matter is B. what the mater was C. whats the matter D. what was the matter10. He said, “Dont do that again.” He _ me _ that again. A. said to me; not to do B. said to me; dont do C. told me; dont do D. told me; not to do11. 我告诉他我丢了钱并会找到这笔钱。 12. 她问我第二天有没有空。 13. 我问她第二天去哪里去干什么。 14. 他爸爸告诉他不要穿着新外套去爬树。 15. 这个陌生人问我的名字是什么。 16. 他说:我把书落在你房间了。 17. 她说:他会很忙的。 18. 她对汤姆说:你能帮我吗? 19. Where does your chemistry teacher live, Karen? the young man asked. 20. I have gained the first place in the mathematics competition, the little boy said happily. 21. Light travels faster than sound, the physics teacher said to the boys and girls. 22. Will you go to the concert with me this evening? Mary asked me.