[英语学习]英语写作手册对外汉语本科课程“英语写作”ppt课件_lesson_5_paragraph

Lesson 5 Paragraph,What is a paragraph?,A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic. To be as effective as possible, a paragraph should contain each of the following: Unity, Coherence, A Topic Sentence, and Adequate Development.,1. Unity:,The entire paragraph should concern itself with a single focus. If it begins with a one focus or major point of discussion, it should not end with another or wander within different ideas.,2. Coherence:,Coherence is the trait that makes the paragraph easily understandable to a reader. You can help create coherence in your paragraphs by creating logical bridges and verbal bridges.,logical bridges:,The same idea of a topic is carried over from sentence to sentence Successive sentences can be constructed in parallel form,verbal bridges:,Key words can be repeated in several sentences Synonymous words can be repeated in several sentences Pronouns can refer to nouns in previous sentences Transition words can be used to link ideas from different sentences,(1)There are three reasons why I want to learn English. (2)One reason is that English has become an international language. (3)It is now used by most international companies, including the company where I work, for business communication. (4)Another reason why I want to learn English is so that I can travel to English-speaking countries. (5)The United States, England, Australia and many other countries all use English as their primary language. (6)Finally, I want to learn English because I plan to move to the U.S. in the future. (7)I will become a manager for my company soon. (8)For all these reasons, I am very excited about learning English.,Parts of a Paragraph,Go=Topic Sentence Continue=Supporting DetailsStop=Closing Sentence,A topic sentence,A topic sentence is a sentence that indicates in a general way what idea or thesis the paragraph is going to deal with. Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Indicate to the reader what your paragraph will be about.,There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canadas cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.,Adequate development,The topic (which is introduced by the topic sentence) should be discussed fully and adequately. You should give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph.,Closing Sentence,The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. It restates the main idea of your paragraph. Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words.,How to Write a Paragraph,Prewriting Paragraphs,1. Think carefully about what you are going to write.,What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay? What is the most important part of my answer?What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence? How can I make this paragraph or essay interesting? Where can I find more facts on this topic?,2. Open your notebook.,Write out your answers to the above questions. You do not need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and how you are going to write your paragraph or essay.,3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic.,Look for and write down facts that will help you to answer your question. Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question you are going to answer in your paragraph or essay.,4.Write down your own ideas.,Ask yourself: What else do I want to say about this topic? Why should people be interested in this topic? Why is this topic important?,5. Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay.,Choose the most important point you are going to present. If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just choose one point and stick to it throughout your paragraph or essay.,6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea,Decide which facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your paragraph. Then ask yourself which order to put them in the paragraph. Write down your own note set that you can use to guide yourself as you write your paragraph or essay.,Writing Paragraphs,Some methods to make sure your paragraph is well-developed:,Use examples and illustrations Cite data (facts, statistics, evidence, details, and others) Examine testimony (what other people say such as quotes and paraphrases),Use an anecdote or story Define terms in the paragraph Compare and contrast Evaluate causes and reasons,Examine effects and consequences Analyze the topic Describe the topic Offer a chronology of an event (time segments),Editing Paragraphs,The editing stage is when you check your paragraph for mistakes and correct them.,Grammar and Spelling,1. Check your spelling.2. Check your grammar.3. Read your essay again.4. Make sure each sentence has a subject.5. See if your subjects and verbs agree with each other.6. Check the verb tenses of each sentence.7. Make sure that each sentence makes sense.,Style and Organization,Make sure your paragraph has a topic sentence.Make sure your supporting sentences focus on the main idea.Make sure you have a closing sentence.Check that all your sentences focus on the main idea.See if your paragraph is interesting.,Kinds of Paragraphs,Paragraphs need to be planned. So we can develop paragraphs in different kinds.,Sequence Paragraph,In a sequencing paragraph, you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order. Usually, this order is based on time.,Kate Barlow preserved peaches which lasted for years, and you can too if you follow these few simple steps. First check the jars for cracks or chips. Second place the lids in boiling water to sterilize. While the lids boil, wash the jars and rings in hot, soapy water. Next place the boiling hot peaches and syrup into the hot, sterilized jars. As soon as the jar is full within a half inch of headspace wipe the rim of the jar clean. Immediately cap the jar with the hot lid. Next place the jar in a steamer. After steaming for twenty minutes remove the jar from the steam bath. Once the jar has cooled you can store it until needed. The peaches will stay fresh for several years.,Order,first, second, third, etc.First, you need to become a leader of a political party. Second, you need to win a seat in the House of Commons. Third, your party must have a majority of seats. in the beginningIn the beginning, you need to become a leader of a political party.,beforeBefore becoming the prime minister, you need to become the leader of a political party. thenThen, you must win a seat in the House of Commons. afterAfter winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must make sure you have a majority of seats.,finallyFinally, after all these steps, you can call yourself the prime minister. at lastAt last, you can call yourself the prime minister. subsequentlySubsequently, you must make sure you have a majority of seats in the House of Commons.,Time,recentlyShe was recently elected prime minister. previouslyShe is the new prime minister. Previously, she worked as a lawyer in Toronto.,whenWhen she won the party leadership, she was still working as a lawyer. afterAfter winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must make sure you have a majority of seats. afterwardsShe won the party leadership last year. Afterwards, she won the election.,I WAS born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family, though not of that country, my father being a foreigner of Bremen, who settled first at Hull. He got a good estate by merchandise, and leaving off his trade, lived afterwards at York, from whence he had married my mother, whose relations were named Robinson, a very good family in that country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznaer; but, by the usual corruption of words in England, we are now called - nay we call ourselves and write our name - Crusoe; and so my companions always called me. (-Daniel Defoe:Robinson Crusoe ),Description Paragraph,In a description paragraph, you are writing about what a person, place, or thing is like. Sometimes, you may describe where a place is located.,Properties,size Polar bears are big in size. colour Polar bears are usually white in colour. shape Polar bears have a special shape. purpose The purpose of the polar bears fur is to keep it warm.,Measurement,length The length of a polar bears claws is 20 cm. Width The width of a polar bears head is about 50 cm. mass / weight Polar bears weigh up to 650 kg. speed Polar bears can swim at a speed of 40 km per hour.,Analogy,is likeA polar bear is like other bears in shape. resembles Their diets resemble that of the brown bear.,Location,InMost of Canadas manufacturing is located in Ontario and Quebec. AboveThe ceiling is above us. BelowMost of Ontario is below Hudson Bay.,Beside Quebec is located beside Ontario. NearMany companies are located near Toronto. north / east / south / westOntario is west of Quebec.,Mabels Lunch stood along one wall of a wide room, once a pool hall, with the empty cue racks along the back side. Beneath the racks were wire-back chairs, one of them piled with magazines, and between every third or fourth chair a brass spittoon. Near the center of the room, revolving slowly as if the idle air was water, a large propeller fan suspended from the pressed tin ceiling. It made a humming sound, like a telephone pole, or an idle,throbbing locomotive, and although the switch cord vibrated it was cluttered with flies. At the back of the room, on the lunch side, an oblong square was cut in the wall and a large woman with a soft, round face peered through at us. After wiping her hands, she placed her heavy arms, as if they tired her, on the shelf. - The World in the Attic, by Wright Morris (Scribners, 1949).,Compare and Contrast Paragraph,In a compare and contrast paragraph, you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, things, or ideas.,Similarities,is similar toSpring weather in Vancouver is similar to spring weather in Halifax. bothBoth Vancouver and Halifax have rain in the spring.,alsoHalifax also has a rainy spring season tooHalifax has a rainy spring season, too. as wellAs well, Spring is always rainy in Halifax.Spring is rainy in Halifax as well.Spring is a rainy season in Halifax as well as in Vancouver.,Differences,on the other handOn the other hand, winter is much colder in Halifax. howeverHowever, winter is much colder in Halifax. butVancouver has a mild winter, but Halifax has a cold one.,in contrast toIn contrast to Vancouver, Halifax has a cold winter. differs fromHalifax differs from Vancouver by having a cold winter. whileWhile Vancouver has a mild winter, Halifax has a cold winter.,Once in a long while, four times so far for me, my mother brings out the metal tube that holds her medical diploma. On the tube are gold circles crossed with seven red lines each-joy ideographs in abstract. There are also little flowers that look like gears for a gold machine. According to the scraps of labels with Chinese and American addresses, stamps, and postmarks, the family airmailed the can from Hong Kong in 1950. It got crushed in the middle, and whoever tried to peel the labels off stopped because,the red and gold paint come off too, leaving silver scratches that rust. Somebody tried to pry the end off before discovering that the tube falls apart. When I open it, the smell of China flies out, a thousand-year-old bat flying heavy-headed out of the Chinese caverns where bats are as white as dust, a smell that comes from long ago, far back in the brain. -Maxine Hong Kingston:The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts,Explanation Paragraph,In an explanation paragraph, you need to explain how or why something happens. Very often in social studies class, you will be asked to explore causes and effects of certain events.,Cause,becausePeople moved to Canada from Europe during the nineteenth century because they had poor living conditions in Europe. sinceSince living conditions in Europe were terrible, many people moved to Canada.,as a result ofPeople moved to Canada from Europe as a result of poor living conditions in Europe. is due to / was due toThe large influx of people to Canada was due to economic pressures in Europe.,Effect,thereforeLiving conditions in Europe were terrible. Therefore, many people moved to Canada for a better life. ThusLiving conditions in Europe were terrible. Thus, many people moved to Canada for a better life.,consequentlyLiving conditions were terrible in Europe. Consequently, many people moved to Canada. henceLiving conditions were terrible in Europe. Hence, many people moved to Canada.,it follows thatLiving conditions were terrible in Europe. It follows that many people moved to Canada. if . thenIf living conditions were better in Europe, then fewer people would have moved to Canada.,Classification Paragraph,When writing a classification paragraph, you group things or ideas into specific categories.,is a kind ofCoal is a kind of non-renewable resource. can be divided intoEnergy resources can be divided into two typesis a type ofCoal is a type of non-renewable resource.,falls underCoal falls under the category of non-renewable resources. belongs toWater belongs to the category of non-renewable resources. is a part ofSolar energy is a part of renewable resources,fits intoCoal fits into the category of non-renewable resources. is grouped withWind Power is grouped with renewable resources. is related toCoal is related to other non-renewable resources. is associated withCoal is associated with other non-renewable resources,Choice Paragraph,In a paragraph where you have to make a choice, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer. Often, you will need to give your opinion on a choice of actions or events.,Point of View,in my opinionIn my opinion, hockey is more fun than lacrosse. beliefMy belief is that literature is working, even amidst this chaos, with a power that can change the world.,ideaMy idea is that a writer has to have enough life experience. understandingMy understanding is that part-time job means a lot to a student: it can not only bring extra allowance, but also fresh experience. I think thatI think that writing can help people think more logically and profoundly.,I considerI consider yoga to be more exciting than aerobics. I believeI believe swimming is a good way of keeping figure. it seems to meIt seems to me that words show us a more imaginative than images. I preferI prefer Sichuan Cuisine over Cantonese one.,Personal Opinions,like/dislikeI like this film because the director really catch the essence of the original work. hopeI hope that people pay more attention to those poor children living in destitution. feelI feel that many people follow there daily routine without knowing what they really want.,Evaluation Paragraph,In an evaluation paragraph, you make judgments about people, ideas, and possible actions. You need to make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you develop. In the paragraph, you will state your evaluation or recommendation and then support it by referring to your criteria.,Criteria,good / badExample: The use of pesticides such as DDT is bad for the environment. correct / incorrectExample: The belief that pesticides must be used is incorrect.,moral / immoralThe behavior of plagiarism is immoral because it is a way of cheating. right / wrongIt is wrong to judge a person merely from appearance. important / trivialThe issue of culture identity is an important one because it affects peoples way of seeing the world.,Recommenda