初中英语初一--名词及所有格1.doc

名词及所有格一、名词的概念及分类名词是表示人、事物、物质种类、抽象概念的词，它属于一种重要的实词。名词可以从不同的角度进行分类，分类如下：1、 根据构词法进行分类： 简单名词：man chair land water 复合名词：farmland roommate seaside 派生名词：argument ability greatness questionnaire 2、 根据词汇意义进行分类：专有名词和普通名词，其中普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。3、 根据语法意义进行分类：名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。名词普通名词个体名词表示人和事物的的个体book chair house teacher doctor table可数名词集体名词表示人或一些事物的群体或总称family,police,people, baggage ,clothing物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词water air tea snow rain wood不可数名词抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质等抽象概念work health fun luck future专有名词专有名词一个人和事物所特有的名称，如时间、地点、机构、国家等。Mr. Brown, China the White House, 二、名词的数1、可数名词的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加 -s1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/map-maps bag-bagscar-cars以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词加 -es读 /iz/bus-buses box-boxesbrush-brushes,watch-watchesce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加 -s读 /iz/license-licenses以y结尾的1)以辅音字母+y结尾的词2) 元音字母+y 结尾变y 为i再加es直接加s变复数1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/1)baby-babies,factory-factories story-stories2)monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays以o 结尾的名词1)有生命的加es 2)没有生命的加s3) 均可1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/1)potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes2)photo-photos piano-pianos3) zero-zeros / zeroes Volcanovolcanos/ volcanoes以f或fe 结尾的名词1)去f,fe 加ves2) 加s3) 均可1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/1)half-halves wolf-wolves,wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves2)belief-beliefs roof-roofssafe-safes gulf-gulfs3)handkerchief- Handkerchiefs / handkerchiefs例外 Stomachs, pianos, photos, roofs, safes保险箱, beliefs信条2、可数名词复数的不规则变化 构成方式例词变内部元音foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women goose- geese词尾加-en或-renchild-children ox-oxen单、复数词形相同a deertwo deer，a sheepfive sheep ，a fishthree fish，a means some means汉语音译词如度量衡、币制等单位的名词无复数形式,但要用斜体ten jin 100mu ten li seven dan表示“某国人”的名词，其单、复数变化的3种情况单复数形式相同a Japanese-five Japanesea Chinese-ten Chinese词尾的man为mena Frenchmantwo Frenchmenan Englishwomanseven Englishwomen词尾加-sa Germanfive Germansa Russianten Russians3、复合名词的复数形式1)一般将主体名词变为复数。mother-in-law mothers-in-law岳母 passer-bypassers-by过路人looker-onlookers-on旁观者 editor-in-chiefeditors-in-chie主编2)无主体名词构成的复合词，在词尾加一s。如：go-between go-betweens中间人，媒人grown-upgrown-ups成年人3)由man或woman构成的复合名词，两者都要变成复数。如：a man teacher two men teachers； a woman doctor ten women doctors4、不可数名词的量的变化1)借助单位词表示不可数名词的量a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass of water（milk） a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice2）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。 The rich man has a lot of moneyThere is some milk in the bottleIs there any water in the glass？I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice5、名词单、复数的特殊用法1）有相同两部分组成的名词（谓语动词用复数）glasses眼睛, contact lenses隐形眼镜, trousers裤子, scissors剪刀, shoes鞋, socks袜子, gloves手套 三、名词所有格及其用法。 名词的格的种类英语名词有三个格，即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同，所以它们又统称作通格。当名词用作主语、宾语、表语时，用通格。英语名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分-s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。定义：名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系的一种形式，名词所有格的构成包括s所有格、of 所有格和双重所有格。（1）-s所有格的构成方法一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加 -s： childrens books 儿童图书todays paper 今天的报纸 带词尾s的复数名词只加省字撇()： girls school 女子学校the Smiths car 史密斯家的小汽车 注：带词尾s的单数名词，通常仍加s： the bosss plan 老板的计划the hostesss worry 女主人的担心 带词尾s的人名，可加s 或只加省字撇()： Dickens novels 狄更斯的小说Charless job 查理斯的工作 不带词尾-s却以咝音结尾者，一律加s： Marxs works 马克思的著作Georges room 乔治的房间 注意：（考点）如果一个事物为两个人或两个以上的人共同拥有，只在最后一个名词的末尾加s。E.g. This is John, Jack and Toms room. E.g. Mr. Green is Jim and Kates father. 表示某人的家，店铺的所有格，一般可以省略它所修饰的名词。 the Greens 格林家 the barbers 理发店 at the tailors 在裁缝店 at the doctors 在医院the Smith 史密斯这个人 the Smiths史密斯一家人the Smiths史密斯的家（住处） the Smiths史密斯一家人的家（住处）s 所有格常表示有生命的东西，但也可表示无生命的东西，如：时间，自然现象，国家，城市等实体，度量衡以及价值等。例： five minutes walk 五分钟步行的路程 todays newspaper 今天的报纸 thirty dollars value 30美元的价值 Chinas capital 注：一个七岁的女孩 a seven-year-old girl a seven years old girl a girl of seven a girl of seven years 一百米的赛跑 100-meter race 100 meters race用and连接的并列连词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列连词后加-s，表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-s： Toms and Jims rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间 Tom and Jims rooms 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间 （2）、of 所有格 表示无生命的名词的所有格，一般用of 所有格。如：the legs of the chair 椅子的腿 the cover of the book 书的封面（3）、双重所有格双重所有格，即两种形式结合在一起应用“of +名词s”。如：the books of the librarys图书馆的书a photo of Jim a photo of Jims (4) -s 所有格与of 所有格的用法比较(1) of 所有格既可用于有生命的人或物，也可用于无生命的东西。of 所有格有时可以与-s 所有格互换。如： Mr Smiths son = the son of Mr Smith 史密斯先生的儿子 Jims patience = the patience of Jim 吉姆的耐心 the Queens arrival = the arrival of the Queen 女王的到达 (2) 必须用 s 所有格的情形： 表类别时：mens shoes 男鞋，childrens stories 儿童故事 表来源时：Johns telegram 约翰的电报 当被修饰的名词后有同位语修饰时：Marys husband, a policeman, has just been here. 玛丽的丈夫是个警察，刚刚来过这儿。 (3) 必须用of 所有格的情形： 用于无生命的事物时：the subject of the sentence 句子主语 表同位关系时：the City of Beijing 北京市 当中心词是名词化的名词时：the life of the poor 穷人的生活 当of 所有格中的名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时：Mr Smith is a foreign teacher of a university in China. 史密斯先生是中国一所大学的外籍教师。名词所有格【经典例题】1. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges3. Every evening M r. King takes a _ to his home . A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minutes walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk4. An old _ wants to see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 5. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room8. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Marys and Peter D. Marys and Peters9. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 10. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience11. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters12. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 【经典练习】1.The team _ having a meeting . A. is B. are C. am D. be2. “Would you like _?” “_, please.” A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees3. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions4 Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost. A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life5. -This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked!A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathers C. my mothers and fathers D.my fathers and my mother6. The new student is in _ , Grade Two. A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class 7. Today is September 10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers 8. The market isnt far from here. Its only _ bicycle ride. A.half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half 9. - What would you like to drink, girls? - _, please. A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffee C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees 10. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _. A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks 11. Some _ are flying kites near the river. A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs （ ）12. After the exam, well have_ holiday. A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks D. two weeks二所有格练习1. Today is September 10th. Its _ Day.A. Teacher B. TeachersC. Teachers D. Teacher 2. Its June 1st, its _ Day. A. Childrens B. ChildrensC. Childrens D. Childrenss 3. This year, _ is on May 9th. A.My mothers brithdayB. My mothers brithdayC. My mothers brithdayD. My motherss brithday 4. Lin Tao is ill, so he has to go to the _ . A. doctor B. doctorsC. doctors D. doctor5. Where is Mr. Zhang?He is in the _ . A. teachers reading roomB. teachers reading roomC. teacher reading roomD. teachers reading room 6. This is _ ball. Its not _ . A. the boys, girlsB. the boys, the girlsC. the boy, the girlD. boys, girls 7. This year, the most popular _ hat is that kind. A. womans B. womensC. womens D. womans8. Look at the book, its not mine, and its not yours, so it must be _ . A. somebody elsesB. somebody elseC. somebodys elseD. somebody else 9. These are _ . A.newspaper of todayB.todays newspaperC. todays newspapersD. today newspapers 10. Its about _ from my home to our school. A. twenty minutes walkB. walk of twenty minutesC. walk of twenty minutes D. twenty minutes walk（ ）10. They are those _ bags.Please put them on the bus. A. visitor B. visitors C. visitors D. vis