维多利亚时代The-Victorian-Age.ppt

TheVictorianAge1837 1901 QueenVictoriaandtheVictorianTemper RuledEnglandfrom1837 1901ExemplifiesVictorianqualities earnestness moralresponsibility domesticproprietyTheVictorianPeriodwasanageoftransitionAnagecharacterizedbyenergyandhighmoralpurpose Awomanspinningbyhandinherownhomeintheeighteenthcentury SincetheMiddleAges makingwoollenclothhadbeenEngland smainindustry Mostoftheworkwasdonebycountrypeopleintheirownhomes Labourers wiveswouldspinandweavewhentheyhadtimetospare Theirhusbandshelpedwhentherewasnoworkforthemonthefarm Richclothiersboughttherawwool employedthespinnersandweavers andsoldthefinishedcloth Mostofthetime theycouldsellallthecloththatwasmade Sotheyweregladwheninventorscameupwithmachinesthatcouldspinandweavemorequickly Fromthemid eighteenthcentury inventorsbroughtaboutamassivechange JohnKay s flyingshuttle madeweavingmuchfaster ThenJamesHargreaves withhis spinningjenny gavethespinnerthepowertoworksixteenspindlesatonce Byandlarge though spinnersandweaversstillworkedintheirownhomes makingwoollencloth WeaversinEnglandhadmadecloththatwaspart cottonandpartlinenforsometime Theyarnwasnotstrongenoughforpurecottoncloth ButRichardArkwright s waterframe spunstrongcottonyarn Andthe waterframe wasdrivenbyawater wheel notbyhandorfoot Arkwrightandapartnerstartedawater drivencotton millnearDerbyin1771 SamuelCrompton s mule spunfine smoothcottonyarn Beforelong Britishcottonclothwasthebestintheworld Itwasalsothecheapest becausethespinningwasdoneonmachines inmills Thepowerinthemillsatfirstwaswater Inthe1790s though camethefirstcotton millswithmachinesthatwereworkedbysteam CottonmillsspreadthroughLancashireinthefirstyearsofthenineteenthcentury Asecond smallercottondistrictgrewupinScotland Atfirst asmanyofthemillshadwater wheelsassteamengines Butby1840nearlyallweredrivenbysteam Soonafter1800 Britainwasmakingasmuchcottonclothaswool By1830 cottonwasmilesahead Cottonwaspopularbecauseitwasfine lightinweight andeasytowash Aboveall itwascheap thenewmachines andlowwagesinthemills meantthatthepricessteadilyfell Until1820 cottonexportswentmainlytoEuropeandtheU S A Afterthat though muchmorewenttoIndiaandtheFarEast By1850 cottonclothwasBritain sbiggestexport andIndiawasherbiggestmarket Cottonwas king inLancashire TheportofLiverpoolthrived importingrawcottonfromtheU S A andexportingfinishedcloth Untilthe1830s mostoftheweavingwasdonebyhandloomweavers workingathomeorintheirworkshops Theywerewellpaid in1805theygot23shillings 1 15 aweek Then after1830 powerloomsandweavingmillsbegantotakeover Handloomweavers wagescrashedtosixshillings 30p aweek Thewoollenindustryalsochangedtomachinesandmills Butherethechangescamelater Until1830 mostofthespinningandweavingwasstilldonebyhand By1850 though spinningwasdonemainlyinthewestYorkshiremills Weavingtookanother20yearstofollowsuit Spinningwith mules inaLancashirecottonmillin1834 Theboyinthebottomrightofthepictureissweepingbeneaththemachinewhileitisworking Childlabourinatextilemull Intheearlynineteenthcenturychildrenwereoftenexpectedtoworklonghoursinconditionswhichseemterribletomanypeopletoday FactoryChildren Millownerssaidthattheyhadtokeeptheirpricesdown Thatwaswhyworkers hourshadtobelong andwageslow Womenandchildrengotlowerwagesthanmen sotheownersemployedalotofwomenandchildren Childrenasyoungassixorsevenworkeduptofourteenhoursadayinthemills Theirpaywasaboutthreeshillings 15p aweek Manywerekilledorinjuredbythemovingpartsofthemachinestheyhadtoclean Othersweremaimedbyaforeman sfistorstrap Sadly manyofthemwereforcedtoworkbytheirownparents Theirfatherswereoutofwork andthefamilyneededthefewshillingsthattheycouldearn Somedecentemployerspaidtheirworkersafairwage Someevenbuiltgoodhousesforthem andranschoolsfortheirchildren Somemill ownerstookpartinamovementforfactoryreform Mostmill ownerswereagainstthereformers though Theysaidthatshorterhoursforchildrenwouldputuptheircosts andbringthemtoruin Mill ownersdidnotobeyParliament sfirstactscuttingmillhours Butanactpassedin1833saidthatinspectorswouldenforcethelaw Theactbannedallchildrenunderninefromcottonmills Childrenoverninewereallowedtowork buttherewerestrictcontrolsontheirhours By1847 tenhoursperdaywasthelimitforboysandallfemaleworkers WorkshopoftheWorld Inthemiddleofthe18thcenturythepopulationinBritainstartedtogrowveryquickly sofarmorepeopleneededfood clothesandhouses Before1750peoplehadonlyknownanimal windandwaterpower butwiththeinventionofthesteamenginebigmachinescouldbeused Theearlysteamengineswereverybigandexpensive sotheycouldonlybeusedinlargefactories Thenewfactorieswerebuiltinthetowns sopeoplewhowerelookingforworkhadtoleavetheirhomeinthecountry Youneedcoaltoproducesteamandiron sominingbecameanimportantindustry Thesteamenginewasalsousedtodrivelocomotives sothespeedoftravelchangedenormously Bythelate18thcenturyBritainhadbecometheworld sleadingtradingnationandBritishshipscarriedgoodsallovertheworld Ggggggggggggggggggk TheTimeofTroubles1830 sand1840 s UnemploymentPovertyRiotingSlumsinlargecitiesWorkingconditionsforwomenandchildrenwereterrible SocialConflicts MiddleClassvsAristocracyWorkingclassvsMiddleclass LowWagesUrbanizationSlumsBacktobackHouses Slums backtobackHouses itwasatownofredbrick CrimeandPoverty VictorianLaws 1842 46MinesAct1847TenHourBill1848PublicHealthAct18672ndReformAct Almostallmencouldvote 1870EducationAct1871TradeUnionsBecameLegal18843rdReformAct Suffrageforallmen 1901LabourParty TheReformBillof1832 TransformedEnglishclassstructureExtendedtherighttovotetoallmalesowningpropertySecondReformBillpassedin1867Extendedrighttovotetoworkingclass Women Essentialism theideathatdifferencesbetweenmen womenweredeterminedbynatureandwomenwere naturally unsuitedformaleroles asmenwere naturally superior TheDoubleStandard Idealizationofwomen angelicfigurea motherandyounggirl notonlyphysicallybutalsomorallyThisdifferencejustifieddifferentcodesofbehaviourandeducationformenandforwomen Women sclothingsymbolisedtheirconstrictedlives Tightlacingintocorsetsandcumbersomemultiplelayersofskirtswhichdraggedonthegroundimpededwomen sfreedomofmovement Between1856and1878 amongthewealthy thecrinolinewaspopularasitreplacedthemanylayersofpetticoats butitwascumbersomeandhumiliating sittingdown thecagerodeupembarrassinglyatthefront Theskirtsweresowidethatmanywomendiedengulfedinflamesafterthematerialcaughtfirefromanopengrateorcandle VictorianWomenandtheHome Victoriansocietywaspreoccupiedwiththeverynatureofwomen Protectedandenshrinedwithinthehome herrolewastocreateaplaceofpeacewheremancouldtakerefugefromthedifficultiesofmodernlife TheRoleofWomen TheWomanQuestionChangingconditionsofwomen sworkcreatedbytheIndustrialRevolutionTheFactoryActs 1802 78 regulationsoftheconditionsoflaborinminesandfactoriesTheCustodyAct 1839 gaveamothertherighttopetitionthecourtforaccesstoherminorchildrenandcustodyofchildrenundersevenandlatersixteen TheDivorceandMatrimonialCausesAct establishedacivildivorcecourtMarriedWomen sPropertyActs 1857TheMatrimonialCausesAct AHusbandcoulddivorcehiswifeifshecommittedadulteryButThewomanwhowantedadivorcehadtoproveherhusbandguiltynotonlyofadulterybutalsoofbigamy crueltyordesertion Richwomenbecamespinsters easilymadefunofwithreferencetotheirownconditionPoorwomencouldonlyfindhumiliatingemploymente g infactoriesFormanywomentheonlychancetosurvivellayinprostitution Wereunmarriedwomenlessunhappy WorkingConditionsforWomen Badworkingconditionsandunderemploymentdrovethousandsofwomenintoprostitution Theonlyoccupationatwhichanunmarriedmiddle classwomancouldearnalivingandmaintainsomeclaimtogentilitywasthatofagoverness EducationalOpportunitiesforWomen Firstwomen scollegeestablishedin1848inLondon BytheendofVictoria sreign womencouldtakedegreesattwelveuniversitycolleges TheEarlyVictorianPeriod1830 1848 In1830 theLiverpoolandManchesterRailwayopened thefirstpublicrailwaylineintheworld By1850 railwaylinesconnectedEngland smajorcitiesBy1900 Englandhad15 195linesofrailroadandanundergroundrailsystembeneathLondon ThetraintransformedEngland slandscape supportedthegrowthofcommerce andshrankthedistancebetweencities ForeignPolicy 1854 TheCrimeanWar1858 IndiaAct1875 1900colonialdevelopmentinAfricaandtheFarEast1887TheFirstImperialConferenceinLondon1899 1902AngloBoerWar VictorianColonialPolicy 1876QueenVictoriawasproclaimendEmpressofIndiabyParliament ColonialExpansion TheWhiteMan sBurden TheBritishEmpire ManyBetween1853and1880 largescaleimmigrationtoBritishcoloniesIn1857 ParliamenttookoverthegovernmentofIndiaandQueenVictoriabecameempressofIndia ManyBritishpeoplesawtheexpansionofempireasamoralresponsibility MissionariesspreadChristianityinIndia Asia andAfrica Tostrive toseek tofindandnottoyield Literacy Publication andReading Bytheendofthecentury literacywasalmostuniversal Compulsorynationaleducationrequiredtotheageoften Duetotechnologicaladvances anexplosionofthingstoread includingnewspapers periodicals andbooks GrowthoftheperiodicalNovelsandshortfictionwerepublishedinserialform Thereadingpublicexpectedliteraturetoilluminatesocialproblems TheVictorianNovel ThenovelwasthedominantforminVictorianliterature Victoriannovelsseektorepresentalargeandcomprehensivesocialworld withavarietyofclasses Victoriannovelsarerealistic Majorthemeistheplaceoftheindividualinsociety theaspirationoftheheroorheroineforloveorsocialposition Theprotagonist ssearchforfulfillmentisemblematicofthehumancondition Forthefirsttime womenweremajorwriters theBrontes ElizabethGaskell GeorgeEliot TheVictoriannovelwasaprincipalformofentertainment ReligiousDebate Evangelicalmovementemphasizedspiritualtransformationoftheindividualbycon