减速器箱盖多孔钻专机总体及主轴箱设计╲t外文翻译.doc

外文翻译专 业 学 生 姓 名 班 级 学 号 指 导 教 师 专 业 系 主 任 发 放 日 期 钻床概要马克.邓肯李梁健译引言这一个章节包含属于钻床基本的信息。 一台钻床有许许多多的形状和大小， 从小的手上型小功率钻床到放在长椅上的和现在放地板上的现代钻床。 他们能操作除了像钻削之外，还可以掘，扩 ，绞，镗大小各异的孔。 因为钻床能运行所有这些操作，为了这些操作的正常运行，这一个章节也将介绍包括钻头、钻刀和商品规则等方面的内容。安全在包括驱动装置在内的任何操作中扮演着重要的角色。 这一个章节将介绍在保证没有导致机器，操纵工人以及旁边其他人损伤的情况下，修护、维修和建立工作的程序，选择刀具的方法，工件夹紧装置等。用途一台钻孔的机器，叫做钻床, 用来进入或穿过金属，木材或其他的材料钻孔 (图 4-1)。 钻床是用钻刀切削以钻头为中心的边缘部份。这钻削刀具通过一个卡盘或者夹具安装在一个钻床的压紧装置上，使钻床能在不同的转速下安全运行和进行工件的进给。除此之外，钻床也可以用在其他操作上。他们能用来锪孔、钻孔、扩孔、祛除表面斑点、纹孔、 和镗孔 (图 4-2)。 钻床操作者必须知道在得到合适的产品的前提下该怎么装夹工件，调节旋转和进给速度和即使供给冷却液。钻床的尺寸和生产能力通常由能够用来加工的最大毛坯决定。 (图 4-3)。 举例来说, 一台15寸的钻床能加工一个直径为30寸的毛坯。 决定钻床的大小其他方法有能被加工的最大孔，主轴和毛坯之间的距离和工作台和主轴之间的垂直距离。安全预防概要 钻床除了那些在“安全和优越性”中列出来的措施，还有一些特别的安全预防措施。钻床安全 钻床是在工厂区域中最危险的人工操作设备之一。 在钻床操作期间下列安全程序将会帮助除去意外事件，时间和材料的损耗。 下面列出的在是在机械工厂里发现的大多数类型钻床的通常安全程序。 不要用手握住工件。使用一个把持装置防止工件将操作员的手撕开。 当机床正在运转的时候，不再作任何的调整。 不要用切屑清楚手上赃物，用一把刷子。 使所有的宽松衣服远离旋转刀具。 在开始操作之前确定切削刀具一直旋转。 不再放工具或器材在上钻床工作台上。 当操作的时候，适当地保持警惕。 为了避免损伤刀具或工件，在刀具钻削工件时保持漫漫地进给。 在操作之前除叩紧夹紧栓和扳钳。 当操作任何的钻床的时候，要戴眼镜护自己的眼睛。加工类型钻床用来加工，那不是用来钻削，而是为了加工出特殊的有用途的孔。 下面被列出的钻床刀具都是最通常的类型。 皿锥皿锥 (图 4-21) 是一种用来为标准螺丝锪孔的特定角度的刀具，因此当裱好后它们就可以得到光滑的表面。最通常的皿锥是角度为82 的圆锥体形状的刀具。 60 ， 90 ， 100 ， 110 和 120 的皿锥是用于给特殊的加工。扩孔扩孔(图 4-21) 是特殊的加工方法，它是使用遥杆引导切削运动来扩大孔的部分。扩大孔通常的方法是为了得到高精度的光滑的加工表面。组合的锪孔和中心钻特定的钻床刀具 (图 4-21) 是用来正确地开始凿孔。 这些刀具主要在车床中用在圆柱体毛坯中心钻孔和锪孔上。 铰孔 铰孔 (图 4-21)是要求精度在千分之一英寸内的用来扩大一个孔的一种加工法。镗孔镗孔 (图 4-21) 通常不认为是钻孔, 但是它们能在功率-进给钻床上镗孔。这些刀具是带有钻头的芯轴，它按照突出的钻头离芯轴的距离来加工一个确定的孔。机床台虎头钳一个机床台虎头钳安装在夹钳上，它可以夹紧工件并能保护工件。虎头钳可以固定在钻床工作台上或者尾部能在台面上自由旋转并使圆柱体支撑稳固。下面列出的是许多不同类型的依赖于钻床操作工人的专用钻床台虎头钳。 标准的机床台虎头钳是所有虎头钳中最简单的。 它安装在两个高精度的用来夹紧工件的夹钳上，一个导向螺丝来使活动的钳夹靠近工件，并最终使夹紧牢固 (图 4-24)。 旋转虎头钳是个用于机床的虎头钳，它能在水平平面上在360的范围内自由调整角度 (图 4-24)。 角度虎头钳非常类似于机床台虎头钳， 除了这一个虎头钳能倾斜到 90 , 与工作台成垂直状态 (图 4-24)。 许多其他的虎头钳都是有用的。 它们包括复式虎头钳、普通虎头钳、磁性虎头钳和平口虎头钳。 阶梯块 这些支撑装置制造的象楼梯，他用来在钻削加工中做些高度调整和用于皮带夹具和长T型导轨加工中 (图 4-25)。 夹具夹具是又小又便携的虎头钳或卡盘，它能夹紧工件和使支撑装置稳固。夹具被生产成各种不同的形状以满足不同的加工类型。夹具的通常类型是 C-型夹具、平行式夹具、带式夹具、弯尾式夹具、 U-型夹具和手动夹具等(图 4-25) 。 V-型块V-型块是高精度的用特定的孔制造出来的块，他用来做支撑工件的锚式夹具。 V-型块被设计成用来支撑圆形工件的。 V-型块和夹具通常用来支撑和钻削圆形工件的。 角度式卡盘角度式卡盘制作成一个90角度的带有槽和孔的装置，使工件能在工作台或其他支撑装置中安全运行(图 4-25)。 T-型导轨这些特别制造设计的在钻床工作台滑动的T-型头形状的边缘。它有一个重的清洗垫圈和螺帽被在T-型导轨中保护正常工作。 选择钻削速度钻床速度是指钻床主轴每分钟旋转的转数(RPM)。对于钻削，主轴转速应该根据被加工的材料选择特定的转速。合适的速度对于正确的加工是必需的。钻床在运行和切削过程中的速度叫做线速度。线速度是在圆周上的速度，表示成每分钟的行程（SFPM）。这速度也就是假设钻刀在平面上滚动所行进的距离。比如，30英尺每分钟的线速度就是假设钻刀在平面上滚动它将每分钟滚30英尺的距离。通过经验和试验证明各种不同的金属都有最佳的确定速度，对于任何金属最佳速度在附录A中的切削速度（CS）是能得到的。如果一种金属的切削速度是知道的，那用一个简单的公式就可以得到麻花钻每分钟所能旋转的转数。 中心钻孔机凿孔校准和凿孔最好的方法是用锪孔机和钻孔机组合，也就是所谓的中心钻孔机。首先，按中心钻顶端的直径设定钻床的速度，然后开启机器，通过用眼睛和手调节，渐渐地降低中心钻到与工件的接触面。旋转中的中心钻将找到工件上的中心打孔标志，并适当的校准所要钻削的孔。中心钻孔机所钻的深度应该不超过中心钻锥起部份的三分之二的长度。 钻削钻刀校准和可以开始凿孔后，接着安装上合适尺寸的刀具(图 4-32)继续钻削进入工件(图 4-33)并不断添加切削液。用不用切削液依赖于被加工的材料。 自由地使用切削液。 随着钻削刀具尺寸的增加，就是钻刀网格尺寸和切削刃宽度的增加(图 4-34)。钻孔机的切削刃如果没有快速地切削运动那切削就不可能发生。 在大的钻孔机中,这对机器创造了相当大的应力。当在钻一个大孔时，为了排除这一应力,首先应该钻个小的引导孔，然后接着继续钻大孔。一把直径比大的钻削刀具网格厚度更宽的钻刀用于小的引导孔加工上。当用大的钻刀接着小的引导孔加工时，那就应该能加工出尺寸精确的孔来。 当一个一般大小的孔在小钻床上加工时，也能用引导钻刀进行加工。小的钻床也许没有足够的功率来驱动大钻刀切削金属。要注意用引导钻所加工的孔要比大钻刀的网格要宽。小的引导钻刀所加工的孔如果太宽也许会促使大钻刀切削所产生的切屑来影响和阻碍加工，以致发出过多的噪声和钻出不圆的孔。 钻削薄的材料当在钻薄的工件的时候，比如薄金属，放置另外一块金属或木材在工件的底下，以便于支撑和阻止工件弯曲，或当钻刀打通孔的时候，由于向上的冲压力使得预期加工的孔被破坏。 如果薄的金属必须用来钻削并且支撑物不能违规放在薄金属下面时，那么一种为加工薄金属特定设计刀具必须用于这种加工，这刀具就象一把倾斜角为零度短的螺旋钻，一般叫做薄片金属钻。DRILLING MACHINESGENERAL INFORMATIONPURPOSE This chapter contains basic information pertaining to drilling machines。 A drilling machine comes in many shapes and sizes, from small hand-held power drills to bench mounted and finally floor-mounted models。 They can perform operations other than drilling, such as countersinking, counterboring, reaming, and tapping large or small holes。 Because the drilling machines can perform all of these operations, this chapter will also cover the types of drill bits, took, and shop formulas for setting up each operation。 Safety plays a critical part in any operation involving power equipment。 This chapter will cover procedures for servicing, maintaining, and setting up the work, proper methods of selecting tools, and work holding devices to get the job done safely without causing damage to the equipment, yourself, or someone nearby。 USES A drilling machine, called a drill press, is used to cut holes into or through metal, wood, or other materials (Figure 4-1)。 Drilling machines use a drilling tool that has cutting edges at its point。 This cutting tool is held in the drill press by a chuck or Morse taper and is rotated and fed into the work at variable speeds。 Drilling machines may be used to perform other operations。 They can perform countersinking, boring, counterboring, spot facing, reaming, and tapping (Figure 4-2)。 Drill press operators must know how to set up the work, set speed and feed, and provide for coolant to get an acceptable finished product。 The size or capacity of the drilling machine is usually determined by the largest piece of stock that can be center-drilled (Figure 4-3)。 For instance, a 15-inch drilling machine can center-drill a 30-inch-diameter piece of stock。 Other ways to determine the size of the drill press are by the largest hole that can be drilled, the distance between the spindle and column, and the vertical distance between the worktable and spindle。 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS GENERAL Drilling machines have some special safety precautions that are in addition to those listed in “safety and priorities”。 DRILLING MACHINE SAFETY Drilling machines are one of the most dangerous hand operated pieces of equipment in the shop area。 Following safety procedures during drilling operations will help eliminate accidents, loss of time, and materials。 Listed below are safety procedures common to most types of drilling machines found in the machine shop。 Do not support the workpieces by hand。 Use a holding device to prevent the workpiece from being torn from the operators hand。 Never make any adjustments while the machine is operating。 Never clean away chips with your hand。 Use a brush。 Keep all loose clothing away from turning tools。 Make sure that the cutting tools are running straight before starting the operation。 Never place tools or equipment on the drilling tables。 Keep all guards in place while operating。 Ease up on the feed as the drill breaks through the work to avoid damaged tools or workpieces。 Remove all chuck keys and wrenches before operating。 Always wear eye protection while operating any drilling machines。 TYPES OF CUTTERS Drilling machines use cutters, that are not drills, to produce special holes。 Below are listed the most common types。 COUNTERSINKS Countersinks (Figure 4-21) are special angled cutters used to countersink holes for flathead screws so they are flush with the surface when mounted。 The most common countersinks are cone shaped with angles of 82。 Cone angles of 60, 90, 100, 110, and 120 are for special needs。 COUNTERBORES Counterbores (Figure 4-21) are special cutters that use a pilot to guide the cutting action to enlarge a portion of a hole。 Common uses are for enlarging a hole to make a bolt head fit flush with the surface。 COMBINED COUNTERSINK AND CENTER DRILL This special drilling tool (Figure 4-21) is used to start holes accurately。 These tools are mainly used to center drill and countersink the end of round stock in a lathe machine。 REAMERS Reamers (Figure 4-21) are cutting tools that are used to enlarge a drilled hole by a few thousandths of an inch for a precise fit。 BORING TOOLS Boring tools (Figure 4-21) are not usually considered with drilling, but they can be used to bore a hole using the power-feed drilling machines。 These tools consist of an arbor with a tool bit attached that cuts a preset sized hole according to the distance that the tool bit protrudes from the arbor。 MACHINE TABLE VISES A machine table vise is equipped with jaws which clamp against the workpiece, holding it secure。 The vise can be bolted to the drilling table or the tail can be swung around to lay against the column to hold itself steady。 Below are listed many types of special purpose machine table vises available to machine operators。 The standard machine table vise is the simplest of all vises。 It is equipped with two precision ground jaws for holding onto the work and a lead screw to tighten the one movable jaw to the work (Figure 4-24)。 The swivel vise is a machine vise that has an adjustable base that can swivel through 360 on a horizontal plane (Figure 4-24)。 The angle vise is very similar to the table vise, except this vise can be tilted to 90, to be perpendicular to the work table (Figure 4-24)。 Many other vises are available。 They include the compound vise, universal vise, magnetic vise, and contour vise。 STEP BLOCKS These holding devices are built like stairs to allow for height adjustments in mounting drilling jobs and are used with strap clamps and long T-slot bolts (Figure 4-25)。 CLAMPSClamps are small, portable vises or plates which bear against the workpiece and holding devices to steady the job。 Clamps are made in numerous shapes to meet various work-holding needs。 Common types of clamps are the C-clamp, the parallel clamp, the machine strap clamp, the bent-tail machine clamp, the U-clamp, and the finger machine clamp (Figure 4-25)。 V-BLOCKSV-blocks are precision made blocks with special slots made to anchor clamps that hold workpieces。 The V-slot of the block is designed to hold round workpieces。 The V-block and clamp set is usually used to hold and drill round stock。 ANGLE PLATESAngle plates are made in a 900 angle with slots and bolt holes for securing work to the table or to other work holding devices (Figure 4-25)。 T-SLOT BOLTSThese specially made bolts have a T-shaped head that is designed to slide into the T-slots of the drilling machines worktable。 A heavy duty washer and nut are used with the T-bolt to secure the work。 Selecting Drill SpeedSpeed refers to the revolutions per minute (RPM) of the drilling machine spindle。 For drilling, the spindle should rotate at a set speed that is selected for the material being drilled。 Correct speeds are essential for satisfactory drilling。 The speed at which a drill turns and cuts is called the peripheral speed。 Peripheral speed is the speed of a drill at its circumference expressed in surface feet per minute (SFPM)。 This speed is related to the distance a drill would travel if rolled on its side。 For example, a peripheral speed of 30 feet per minute means the drill would roll 30 feet in 1 minute if rolled on its side。 It has been determined through experience and experiment that various metals machine best at certain speeds; this best speed for any given metal is what is known as its cutting speed (CS) (see Table 4-2) in Appendix A。 If the cutting speed of a material is known, then a simple formula can be used to find the recommended RPM of the twist drill。STARTING HOLES WITH CENTER DRILLThe best method to align and start a hole is to use the combination countersink and drill, known as the center drill。 Set the drilling machine speed for the diameter of the tip of the center drill, start the machine, and gently lower the center drill into contact with the work, using hand and eye coordination。 The revolving center drill will find the center punched mark on the workpiece and properly align the hole for drilling。 The depth of the center-drilled hole should be no deeper than two third the length of the tapered portion of the center drill。 DRILLINGAfter the drill has been aligned and the hole started, then insert the proper size drill (Figure 4-32) and continue drilling into the workpiece (Figure 4-33), while applying cutting fluid。 The cutting fluid to use will depend on what material is being machined。 Use the cutting fluids freely。 As the drill size increases, both the size of the web and the width of the chisel edge increase (Figure 4-34)。 The chisel edge of drill does not have a sharp cutting action, scraping rather than cutting occ