小木虫科研论文经验.doc

SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法要写好摘要，需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库（选择的词汇来源于SCI高被引用论文）引言部分（1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的壮语老表达（3）介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等方法部分（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等结果部分（1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有show, result, present等（2）介绍结论，常用词汇有summary, introduce,conclude等讨论部分（1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有suggest, repot, present, expect, describe等（2）说明论证，常用词汇有support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等（3）推荐和建议，常用词汇有suggest,suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose,necessity,necessary,expect等。摘要引言部分案例 词汇review Author(s): ROBINSON, TE; BERRIDGE, KC Title: THE NEURAL BASIS OF DRUG CRAVING - AN INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY OF ADDICTION Source: BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS, 18 (3): 247-291 SEP-DEC 1993 脑研究评论荷兰SCI被引用1774We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.回顾研究背景SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 词汇summarizeAuthor(s): Barnett, RM; Carone, CD; 被引用1571Title: Particles and field .1. Review of particle physicsSource: PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 54 (1): 1-+ Part 1 JUL 1 1996:物理学评论，D辑美国 引言部分 回顾研究背景常用词汇summarizeAbstract: This biennial review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1900 new measurements from 700 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. SCI摘要引言部分案例 attentionSCI摘要方法部分案例considerSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 词汇outline Author(s): TIERNEY, L SCI引用728次 Title: MARKOV-CHAINS FOR EXPLORING POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTIONS 引言部分 回顾研究背景，常用词汇outline Source: ANNALS OF STATISTICS, 22 (4): 1701-1728 DEC 1994 统计学纪事美国 Abstract: Several Markov chain methods are available for sampling from a posterior distribution. Two important examples are the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis algorithm. In addition, several strategies are available for constructing hybrid algorithms. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. On the theoretical side, results from the theory of general state space Markov chains can be used to obtain convergence rates, laws of large numbers and central limit theorems for estimates obtained from Markov chain methods. These theoretical results can be used to guide the construction of more efficient algorithms. For the practical use of Markov chain methods, standard simulation methodology provides several Variance reduction techniques and also gives guidance on the choice of sample size and allocation. SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 回顾研究背景presentAuthor(s): LYNCH, M; MILLIGAN, BG SC I被引用661Title: ANALYSIS OF POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE WITH RAPD MARKERSSource: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 3 (2): 91-99 APR 1994分子生态学英国Abstract: Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it possible to score individuals at a large number of loci. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest. The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation. We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances. Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in parameter estimates is negligible. To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers. Moreover, to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be in relatively low frequency. Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional markers, and sole problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 词汇describe Author(s): CLONINGER, CR; SVRAKIC, DM; PRZYBECK, TR Title: A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 50 (12): 975-990 DEC 1993普通精神病学纪要美国 引言部分 回顾研究背景，常用词汇describe 被引用926 Abstract: In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning about self-concepts. Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3) an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, respectively. We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory. Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis, and treatment. 摘要引言部分案例 （2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aimSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 attempt说明写作目的 Author(s): Donoho, DL; Johnstone, IM Title: Adapting to unknown smoothness via wavelet shrinkage Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, 90 (432): 1200-1224 DEC 1995 美国统计学会志被引用429次写科研论文的时候，我希望能达到行云流水、人剑合一的境界。意思就是说把我的思想、灵魂和灵气融入到科研论文中去，让读者通过字里行间看到作者是怎样的人。通过我的科研论文，我希望读者能看到：1）对课题有宽厚的整体把握(vision)2）对上下文(context）搞得很清楚3）对数据有严密客观的分析4）在做实验和写作的时候心里有张“地图”，时刻知道实验的目的是什么？现在已经得到了什么结果，说明了什么问题？接下去我要表达什么内容，说明什么问题？还有什么东西没有搞清楚？5）作者的逻辑思路和实验设计，即作者是怎么思考的，是怎么做实验的，是怎么选择的。通过我的科研论文，我还希望读者能看到：5）科研激情(passion)6）理性思辨(critical thinking)7）有滋有味的“探宝”故事，而不是为了测数据而测数据8）个性(personality)特别是，我希望能“文如其人”，即作者是什么样的人，能够跃然于纸上。在K.R. Seddon为Inorganic Liquids in Synthesis (Second Edition)一书写的序言中，他写道：How many papers within this annual flood of reviews say anything critical, useful, or interesting? How many add value to a list of abstracts which can be generated in five minutes using SciFinder ot the ISI Web of Knowledge? How many of them can themselves be categorised as garbage? It is the twenty-first century-if a review is just an uncritical list of papers and data, what is its value?当然他还写了很多类似的“坏话”，读起来令我非常舒畅。读到这序言，我的脑海中想象出一个大胡子老头在咆哮、斥责别人发表垃圾文章。现在很多搞纳米和纳米催化的人都狂吹自己的催化剂如何如何有用。但是事实上很多纳米催化剂只是吸引眼球，它们的制备非常繁琐，无法工业化。更何况很多文章报道的纳米新结构催化剂的效果比普通商品化催化剂都差，那么登山何必扛着船呢？在我写的一篇关于黄金催化剂综述Gold Nanoparticles as Chemical Catalysts, in: Nanomaterials: Inorganic and Bioinorganic Perspectives, C.M. Lukehart, R.A. Scott (eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2009中，我在很长的结尾部分写了如下文字：One valid question is whether the gold catalysts synthesized by advanced, demanding, and often tedious, synthetic methods or using unique nanostructured supports (e.g., nanotubes and nanobelts) are better than those synthesized via conventional methods or using commercialized supports. As commented in a recent book,12 “Many methods of preparation have been used, but one wonders why some people have laboured to develop very sophisticated methods while others have been content with a much simpler method, apparently giving the same result, namely, the desired small gold particles.” The answer to that question is certainly ambiguous. On the one hand, modern nanotechnology can indeed help with the design of many gold catalysts with improved catalytic performance that can not be achieved by using conventional methods. On the other hand, one can find many publications focusing on the synthesis part, with the catalytic performance not reported or very low.12 One pitfall may be that some gold catalysts may contain residual capping agents and/or organic fragments. These organic fragments, if not sufficiently removed by special treatments, may poison CO oxidation, although gold catalysts with organic fragments may still show some activity in certain organic reactions. This point was sometimes overlooked, and thus undermining the real performance of these advanced gold catalysts. How to properly remove the organic fragments while avoiding the sintering of gold nanoparticles is a challenge. Even if this challenge is overcome, many factors still have to be considered before there can be large-scale utilization of gold catalysts synthesized by advanced technology.在这里，我怒斥到现在很多人报道纳米催化剂，说效果怎么怎么好。可是一读文章，发现催化剂效果很差，或者根本就没有报道！没有报道可能是由于两种原因引起的：一是的确没有做；二是做了，发现效果不好而没有报道。这不是误导读者吗？登山何必扛着船？用复杂方法的绕弯子合成了一堆废物，效果比普通催化剂差，这样的文章有价值吗？应该怎样科学看待这个问题？在我写下这些文字后，编辑写来信。编辑说他仔细读了这篇文章，写得非常好，他尤其特别欣赏我这一段话，反映了critical thinking。本来老板说我太critical，但是既然编辑都夸奖我，他也不说什么了。以下一段文字，取自我最近一篇第二作者文章引言部分的最后一段。情况是在我写下以下文字之前，他们已经发表了一篇简短的快报。一般人的写法是隐瞒不报或者一笔带过，但是我选择了毫不畏惧、大篇幅“迎面直击”！一上来就挑明已经发表了快报，但是什么什么不清楚，没有详细报道或者详细讨论，因此本文就是要弥补这些空缺。然后我笔锋一转，用画龙点睛之笔说清楚本文的两个意义和贡献。这种毫不畏惧、迎面直击的态度博得了审稿人的好感。审稿人都说虽然作者已经发表了一篇快报，但是本文的确有新内容和重要性，小修改后发表。The main part of our previous short communication26 focused on the in-depth characterization of . alloy NPs and an . catalyst prepared under optimal conditions, whereas the influences of synthesis parameters on the resulting products, the synthesis mechanism, the critical roles of pretreatment conditions and catalyst compositions in determining catalytic performance, as well as the contribution of the work to the fields of bimetallic materials synthesis and gold catalysis were not reported or elaborated in detail. Therefore, we expand on these aspects more explicitly in the current paper. There are two significant aspects of the work described in this paper. First, the synthesis of size-controlled and homogeneous . alloy NPs has been found to be extremely evasive to date.15 Hence, the low-temperature solution-phase synthesis of . alloy NPs with well controlled shape and sizes should be an important progress that may inspire subsequent bimetallic materials synthesis. Second, catalysis by gold nanoparticles has been intensively studied recently,28-33 but the use of alloy NPs as precursors to design advanced catalysts with multiple components (i.e., active metal, metal oxide modifier/promoter, solid support) and tailored interfacial structures has been rarely reported. Hence, this work may be of interest to both materials scientists and those working in the area of catalyst design.读了以上这段文字，可以看出作者信心十足、掷地有声，一点也不退却、畏缩。不但事先坦诚地说清楚，解决了审稿人的疑虑，还对文章的意义有总体把握，能够把重要性用“画龙点睛”之笔说出来，为审稿人写正面的审稿意见提供参考。以前博导教给我的写作“杀手锏” nxssw(金币+6,VIP+0):欢迎你的原创作品，感谢你的交流 2-22 13:15zouzhq(金币+10,VIP+0):该帖达到精华一级标准，追加奖励10个金币！ 2-23 09:37现在“市面”上充斥着各种烂糊文章，每天都有无数文章被印出来。可是，当我读到那些学术论文，发现没有什么美感，就是硬着头皮也读不下去。能够被国际杂志接收发表的文章尚且如此，更不用说没有发表的草稿了。我刚到美国读博士的时候，对导师Francisco Zaera说我擅长写论文。可是我把第一篇稿件交给他时，他看了稿件说我的问题是按照做实验的顺序机械地描述实验。也就是说，当时我用红外光谱研究了不同气体对手性改性剂在白金表面吸附的影响，我就把文章分为几个小部分：氢气的影响、氮气的影响、空气的影响、一氧化碳的影响、二氧化碳的影响。在每一个小部分，我都描述说在这张图中，我们看到这个峰在什么位置，那个峰在什么位置。这种写文章的方法很常见。很多国内研究生写文章都是这么写的：“什么什么的影响”。这种写法其实是被做实验的套路所限定的：很多研究生合成了东西给不同的技术员测试，有的技术员做了电子显微镜，有的技术员做了红外光谱，有的技术员做了热重分析，然后研究生就把不同的图谱收集起来，说：电子显微镜显示了什么，红外光谱显示了什么，热重分析显示了什么。但是2002年当我这么写以后，导师Francisco Zaera说我不能这么写，也就是说不能机械地“报数据”。如果只是机械地“看图说话”，那只是三流的写作手法。并不是说把文章随便写一下就能投稿的。“杀手锏”就是先不要急着描述实验数据。首先要把现有数据汇总后分析：在这篇文章里面，我要说什么？表达什么观点？主要结论是什么？有哪几点希望读者在读了文章以后能够记住？然后在写文章的时候围绕着观点写文章。现在很多研究生都是为了做实验而做实验，为了测试而测试。但是其实任何一个实验都是应该有目的的。好比说做红外光谱之前，首先要问自己：我做这个红外光谱是为了得到什么信息？我要看什么？我用其它仪器（如拉曼光谱）能否得到同样的信息？哪种测试方法更加快捷？哪种方法得到的结果更准确，更能说明问题？既然有针对性的某种测试手段已经能说明你想说明的问题，那么为什么还要遍地撒网、全面开花？做实验不能象撒胡椒粉一样，用十几种表征方法同步表征几十个样品。同理，写文章的时候不能机械地说研究了什么什么的影响，堆砌数据。好的文章有逻辑思路，有“故事”。要研究什么东西，为什么要研究这个东西，为了研究这个东西采取了什么手段，为什么用这个手段，当初始结果不好时采取了什么改进方法，这些东西都在文章里交待得很清楚。写得特别好的文章里面有种无形的“气功”，读起来目的明确，有条有理，逻辑清楚，通俗易懂，多用描述性的语言，有作者自己的实验思路、分析判断和对数据的客观分析，有宽厚的学术底蕴，有正确的上下文，能说出别人不能说出的东西。“有宽厚的学术底蕴，有正确的上下文，能说出别人不能说出的东西”指的是阅历非常宽广，不但知道自己小课题的文献，还能通晓一级学科其它方向的文献，以至于看自己数据的时候能够高屋建瓴、触类旁通，找到和其它方向结果的类同，并把这些类同点出来。这才是真正对学术的负责精神。我可以说大多数一般的学术论文缺乏的就是这些无形的“气功”。说起来简单，但是做起来非常难。很多抽象的东西很难领悟。博导对我的师弟也传授了一样的“杀手锏”，以至于他在毕业前终于学会了：/post.2964635.html。我跟Francisco Zaera学了五年还没有完全学会，我是在做博士后期间读了很多书并且继续实践写了十多篇文章才领悟的。最近我这种“杀手锏”成功得运用到一篇第二作者文章中去，一举命中Journal of Physical Chemistry C。这篇文章的写作如行云流水、得心应手。以下我推荐三篇使用了“杀手锏”的导师的文章。这些文章发表在一流的杂志：德国应用化学会志、美国自然科学院院报和自然-材料学。除了科学内容好以外，文章的写作起了非常重要的作用。如果写作水平一般的美国教授来写这些文章的话，发表的杂志至少降一到两个档次。Hydrocarbon Chain Growth on V(100) Single-Crystal Surfaces via Vinyl IntermediatesMin Shen, Francisco Zaera*, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6583-6585./journal/120841455/abstractSynthesis of heterogeneous catalysts with well shaped platinum particles to control reaction selectivityI. Lee, R. Morales, M.A. Albiter, F. Zaera*, PNAS, October 7, 2008, vol. 105, no. 40, pp. 15241-15246./content/105/40/15241.abstractTuning Selectivity in Catalysis by Controllong Particle ShapeI. Lee, F. Delbecq, R. Morales, M.A. Albiter, F. Zaera*, Nature Materials 8 (2009) 132-138./nmat/journal/v8/n2/full/nmat2371.html欣闻以前师弟Min Shen的工作上了Angew Chem (Hydrocarbon Chain Growth on V(100) Single-Crystal Surfaces via Vinyl Intermediates, Min Shen, Francisco Zaera*, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6583-6585.)/journal/120841455/abstract，衷心祝贺他终于实现了梦想。回想起以前读博士的时候和他在同一个实验室，看着他瞄准一个课题从零开始，历经艰难，终于修成正果。某种科研风格叫“短平快”，表现形式之一是虽然发了很多文章，但是东一榔头西一棒，没有形成体系。而Min Shen在Francisco Zaera实验室里面开展了非常系统的研究。Francisco Zaera实验室20多年来系统地研究了白金和镍单晶表面的化学反应，最近几年开始研究金属钒表面的化学反应。Min Shen是实验室开展该研究的第一人。这个课题的起步是非常缓慢的：从公司里买来了钒单晶，装到超高真空装置里，仅仅清洗样品、确保仪器能工作就花了一年多时间。五年来，Min Shen系统地研究了钒表面氧气的吸附、水的吸附、甲醇的吸附和二碘甲烷的吸附等，发表了三篇JPCC和一篇Angew Chem。发表这些文章当然没有那么容易：有很多工作虽然初步结果很早就出来了，但是经过了反复验证和做后续试验，断断续续花了很多时间。文章和文章之间是有互相联系的，好比了解水的吸附有助于了解甲醇的吸附，了解甲醇的吸附有助于了解水的吸附，因此往往是几篇文章的结论都已经出来后，兜得拢了以后才能发系列文章。同时导师对发表文章的要求非常高，每篇文章得经过他手反复修改多次，这样每篇文章修改来回都要一年左右。国内很多人也许就在乎什么引用因子和文章篇数，说起来他们实验室发高档次引用因子纳米文章的博士生一大把。但是我要说Min Shen这种从零开始、做准备工作就花了一年多、遇到困难百折不挠和做系统严谨实验的精神非常值得我们学习。这篇Angew Chem文章的内容很朴素：CH2I2在V(100)表面的表面化学研究。CH2I2是产生金属表面吸附态CH2的前驱体，即CH2I2能在金属表面分解产生CH2。表面科学家的实验意图，就是想看接下去，吸附态CH2能够转化成什么。以前已经有不少文献描述CH2I2在不同金属的分解，结论无非是CH2加氢变成CH4；CH2与CH2偶联变成CH2=CH2；CH2加氢成CH3，然后CH2插入CH3成CH2CH3，再加氢成CH3CH3等。偶尔也有C3生成，别人一般都认为这是CH2插入CH3机理导致的。行情就是这样的：你研究CH2I2在某种金属上的吸附，如果只是发现有CH4产生，那么发不了文章；如果发现有C3生成，能发Journal of Physical Chemistry。这篇Angew Chem文章用了别人没有用过的金属钒研究很多人研究过的分子，发现有少量C3（丙烯）生成，为什么这篇文章能上Angew Chem？这篇文章是做实验和写文章都很强的结果，如果任何一个方面差一点，都不会发表在Angew Chem上。如果让一般人来写，只能发Journal of Physical Chemistry C。如果文章的标题只是“二碘甲烷在钒单晶表面的化学研究”，也上不了Angew Chem。但是写作者用了炉火纯青的手笔和巧妙的实验，加上奇特的结果，造就了一篇Angew Chem文章！ A four-step mechanism for thermal activation of methylene species on V(100) surfaces to generate propene is identified experimentally (see scheme). Dehydrogenation of methylene to methylidyne and coupling with another methylene group gives a vinyl intermediate, which reacts with a methylene group to form an allyl species, which is finally hydrogenated to propene. This provides evidence for the possible role of vinyl intermediates in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.本文的卖点是发现在V(100)表面，CH2插入CH3的机理不存在，存在的是一种新的机理，并发现了一个新的中间体：CH=CH2。这是非常奇特的结果，和文献中在其它金属表面得到的结果都是不吻合的，因此必须做大量实验使审稿人信服。作者当然是做了大量实验，但是在表述上，他们使用了技巧。先讲总体趋势（一个投入量的CH2I2，说明得到什么产物，Fig S1），然后讲不同投入量CH2I2的结果（Fig S2），说都发现了C3产物。然后作者围绕着C3产物是怎么来的做了大量诊断实验和对照实验（Fig 1）。其中C3产物是如何形成的是本文的重点。在写作手法上，很多人写文章都说XRD显示了什么，这个峰在什么位置，那个峰在什么位置，没话找话，用大量笔墨描述大家一看图就知道意思的图，报流水账。而这篇文章很少详细描述图，几乎没有说这个峰那个峰，没有用定量的语言，而是用简化的、定性的语言说作者做了什么什么诊断实验，有C3产物还是没有C3产物，这说明如此这般道理。所有的实验都不是为了实验而实验，而是有逻辑思考在里面，即：我做这个实验要证明什么？反映什么道理？通篇文章读起来不象记叙文，不象说明文，而象议论文，象JPCC文章的讨论部分。在语言方面，如行云流水，收发自如，甚至一句话能描述两个诊断实验。从这篇文章我得到的启发是：如果有的人只是报数据说XRD显示了什么什么，EXAFS显示了这个峰那个峰的话，是很难中Angew Chem的。也就是说写这种文章不要给审稿人一种感觉好像这篇快报是长文章的压缩版。如果审稿人吃到“压缩饼干”，就会想为什么这篇文章应该发在Angew Chem而不是其它专业杂志。以下是作者的其它文章：Oxygen Adsorption and Oxide Formation on V(100) Surfaces Shen, M.; Ma, Q.; Lee, I.; Zaera, F.J. Phys. Chem. C.; (Article); 2007; 111(16); 6033-6040. DOI: 10.1021/jp070444iThermal Chemistry of Water Adsorbed on Clean and Oxygen-Predosed V(100) Single-Crystal Surfaces Shen, M.; Zaera, F.J. Phys. Chem. C.; (Article); 2007; 111(36); 13570-13578. DOI: 10.1021/jp074274lMethanol Adsorption on Clean and Oxygen-Predosed V(100) Single-Crystal Surfaces Shen,