9th week thomas_hardy- 英美文学赏析 教学课件

托马斯哈代Thomas Hardy (1840-1928),Everybody is so talented nowadays that the only people I care to honour as deserving real distinction are those who remain in obscurity. - Thomas Hardys,Hardys work was admired by many authors including D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf.,“英国小说家中的最伟大的悲剧大师”。 伍尔芙作品反映了资本主义侵入英国农村后社会经济、政治、道德、风俗等方面的变化和破产农民的悲惨命运，对人类命运进行了悲剧性的探索，具有浓厚的悲剧意识。“英国小说中的莎士比亚”。 韦伯,Thomas Hardy was born in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England. His father (Thomas) worked as a stonemason and local builder. His mother Jemima was well-read and educated Thomas until he went to his first school at Bockhampton at age 8.,Hardys Life,June 2, 1840 Thomas Hardy was born to Thomas and Jemima Hardy at Higher Bockhampton Dorset.,The Hardy cottage in Higher Bockhampton, Dorchester,His formal education ended at the age of 16 when he became apprenticed to a local architect. Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862; there he enrolled as a student at Kings College London. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. Hardy never truly felt at home in London and when he returned five years later to Dorset he decided to dedicate himself to writing.,Hardys work as an architect,Thomas Hardy and his wife, Emma Gifford, in 1874,In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church in Cornwall, Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Lavinia Gifford, whom he married in 1874. Although he later became estranged from his wife, who died in 1912, her death had a traumatic effect on him. After her death, Hardy made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked with their courtship, and his Poems 1912-13 reflect upon her passing.,Hardy meets Florence Dugdale (1907),In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior. However, he remained preoccupied with his first wifes death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry.,Hardy with his dog,Hardy became ill with pleurisy胸膜炎 in December 1927 and died in January 1928, having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed.,1928年1月11日，哈代去世，葬于伦敦，其心脏葬于故乡。葬礼极尽哀荣，王室代表、英国首相、牛津剑桥两院长、文坛宿将高尔斯华绥、吉卜林、萧伯纳等抚棺。,His funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey. It proved a controversial occasion because Hardy and his family and friends had wished for his body to be interred at Stinsford in the same grave as his first wife, Emma. However, his executor, Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that he be placed in the abbeys famous Poets Corner.,Poets Corner,Stinsford Churchyard,A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, and his ashes in Poets Corner.,At the age of 22 Hardy moved to London and started to write poems, which idealized the rural life. In 1867 Hardy left London for the family home in Dorset, and resumed work briefly with Hicks in Dorchester.,Hardys Literary Career,创作成就,哈代从1865年发表第一篇散文到1925年完成最后一部诗集的60年间，共写作了长篇小说14部，短篇小说44篇，诗集8部，诗剧2部，论文20余篇。 哈代以写诗歌始，又以写诗歌终，但他是以小说创作的成就奠定他在英国文坛上的地位的。 哈代晚年获得极高的荣誉，获得爱伯丁、剑桥、牛津、安德瑞斯、伯里斯陶5所大学文学博士名誉学位。1909年任作协主席，1910年获文学奖章。,哈代,表现人与自然的对称关系。哈代笔下的塔布篱，鲜花盛开，在碧绿青翠的背景下，少女婀娜多姿的体态，与劳伦斯笔下（虹）艾利哇希山谷、布莱文农场的段落有一曲同工之妙。劳伦斯说：我们不应该把哈代看作一个玄学家。作为玄学家他是很蹩脚的然而撇开他的玄学不谈，他的情感、他的直觉、他对美的理解是很伟大、很深刻的，也许比英国任何一位小说家都深刻。,哈代,从表现形式、创作方法、结构技巧来说，他是现实主义作家；从作品反映的思想来看，他被称为“现代派的先驱”。,威塞克斯（Wessex）,“多塞特”（Dorchester） “威塞克斯” （Wessex),复活威塞克斯,哈代常常说，他复活了一个被人遗忘了的古老王国。,威塞克斯小说（Wessex Novels）,“威塞克斯小说巴尔扎克的“人间喜剧”左拉的 “卢贡-马卡尔家族”,Wessex Novels 威塞克斯小说,反映了十九世纪中叶以来英国农村的生活，特别是反映了资本主义侵入农村之后所激起的剧烈社会变动，农民的破产，农村经济、道德、风俗等方面的变化以及人们的精神痛苦。对资本主义社会的法律、道德、宗教、教育制度多有批判。有浓厚的宿命观念和悲剧气氛。,威塞克斯小说分类,哈代把威塞克斯小说分为三类：罗曼史和幻想（Romances and Fantasies）爱情阴谋小说/精于结构的小说 （Novels of Ingenuity）性格与环境小说 （Novels of Character and Environment）,性格与环境小说,性格与环境小说是哈代现实主义的最高成就，包括：Under the Greenwood Tree (1872) 绿荫下Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) 远离尘嚣The Woodlanders (1887) 林地居民The Return of the Native (1878) 还乡The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) 卡斯特桥市长Tess of the DUrbervilles (1891) 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure (1895) 无名的裘德,威塞克斯小说,哈代的“性格和环境小说”，表现出作者对造成威塞克斯社会和威塞克斯人悲剧命运的探讨，经历了“命运悲剧” “性格悲剧”“社会悲剧”的发展过程。,Desperate Remedies (1871) 计出无奈A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873) 一双湛蓝的眼睛short stories Wessex Tales (1888) 威塞克斯故事集Lifes Little Ironies (1894) 人生的小讽刺Wessex Poems (1898) 威塞克斯诗集Poems of the Past and Present (1901) 今昔诗集The Dynasts, written between 1903 and 1908 列王Satires of Circumstances (1914) 即事讽刺诗集Moments of Vision (1917) 幻象的瞬间Late Lyrics and Earlier (1922) 晚期和早期抒情诗Human Shows, Far Fantasies (1925) 人生小景Winter Words (1928) 冬话,Other Works,宗法制农村风情,威塞克斯既是地名，又不仅是地名，它包含了英国西南部宗法制农村特定的自然景色和风土人情。哈代在他的日记里写：“有时候，我把无生命的自然看作是沉默寡言的人。”,忧郁的哈代,哈代是忧郁的，但不是绝望的。他的小说流露出悲观情绪，使他没能获得诺贝尔文学奖。但他却不是一个悲观主义者。,哈代悲观情绪产生的原因,1. 哈代长期生活在农村，看到工业文明对农村的残酷吞并，农业危机给农民带来巨大的灾难。 2. 哈代相信命运，把社会悲剧的部分原因看作是人类受神秘命运支配的结果。 3. 哈代的理想社会是农村宗法制田园社会。他看到农村宗法家长经济必定衰亡的趋势，描写它的灭亡过程。,Unable to find a public for his poetry, Hardy turned to fiction. His first novel, The Poor Man And The Lady, was written in 1867, but the book was rejected by many publishers and he destroyed the manuscript. His first book that gained notice, was Far From The Madding Crowd (1874). After its success Hardy devoted himself entirely to writing and produced a series of novels, among them The Return Of The Native (1878) and The Mayor Of Casterbridge (1886).,Tess Of The Durbervilles (1891) came into conflict with Victorian morality. Hardys next novel, Jude The Obscure (1895) aroused even more debate. The story dramatized the conflict between carnal and spiritual life. In 1896, disturbed by the public uproar over the unconventional subjects of two of his greatest novels, Tess of the DUrbervilles and Jude the Obscure , Hardy announced that he would never write fiction again.,连载时没有署名，许多读者认为出自乔治艾略特之手，单行本时署名哈代，并使哈代一举成名。哈代从此放弃了建筑师的职业，专事创作。,Far from the Madding Crowd 远离尘嚣(1874),还乡,是一部描写威塞克斯人在外部世界的影响下不安于环境和命运的悲剧。是哈代看不到出路转向悲观主义的一个标志，作品进一步展开悲剧性的主题，同时标志着哈代小说创作的一个新起点。作为威塞克斯悲剧编年史的真正开端。哈代的四部悲剧小说：还乡、卡斯特桥市长、德伯家的苔斯、无名的裘德。作者已从田园诗式的幻想中解脱出来，对现实矛盾和宗法制社会的前景有了较为清醒的认识和反映。,富有特色的景物描写在小说中占有突出的地位，也是英国小说中为数不多的散文佳作。被拟人化了的爱敦荒原，既是故事发生的背景，又是登场的角色之一。爱敦荒原是一种永恒精神的象征：板着千年不变、万古如斯的面孔，冷漠地注视着变化的乡村和生活在那里的人们。爱敦荒原又是威塞克斯社会的传统和秩序的象征。它代表的威塞克斯宗法制社会，在资本主义冲击下，已成为桎梏人们思想和生活的枷锁。有评论家甚至因此把这部作品列为哈代最出色的代表作。,还乡,卡斯特桥市长,强调了命运对人冷酷无情的嘲弄，可以和古希腊悲剧相媲美。作品着力表现的是“性格即命运”的主题。亨查尔遭受的每一次命运的打击，都可以从他性格中找到直接的起因。亨查尔尽管为年轻时铸下的大错努力赎罪改过，但仍无法逃脱厄运。通过迈克尔亨查尔悲剧的一生，形象地反映了威塞克斯两个时代、两种制度、两种思想之间的尖锐冲突，农村宗法制社会怎样在资本主义的进攻和打击下逐步走向彻底灭亡的悲剧性过程。,Jude The Obscure,“Jude” in the film,Jude the Obscure,Jude the Obscure, published in 1895, met with even stronger negative outcries from the Victorian public for its frank treatment of sex, and was often referred to as Jude the Obscene. Heavily criticised for its apparent attack on the institution of marriage, the book caused further strain on Hardys already difficult marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as being autobiographical. Some booksellers sold the novel in brown paper bags, and the Bishop of Wakefield is reputed to have burnt a copy.In his postscript of 1912, Hardy humourously referred to this incident as part of the career of the book: After these hostile verdicts from the press its next misfortune was to be burnt by a bishop - probably in his despair at not being able to burn me.,无名的裘德,控诉了资产阶级不合理的教育制度和婚姻制度。不合理的社会制度使裘德这样有才华、有理想、勤奋好学、努力向上的青年农民，最终“壮志不遂”，无法实现其理想。通过裘德的爱情悲剧，谴责了不合理的婚姻制度和社会道德是如何扼杀了人的自由意志和合理愿望。,Tess of the DUrbervilles 德伯家的苔丝 (1891),Image of Tess in the films,Tess of the DUrbervilles 德伯家的苔丝 (1891),德伯家的苔丝,亚雷：是新兴资产阶级的代表。他代表着资产阶级社会的权力、财富和罪恶。克莱：是自由资产阶级的代表。作者一方面出于对资产阶级虚伪道德的痛恨，谴责了克莱；另一方面出于人道主义和改良主义思想，又美化了克莱。克莱唤醒了苔丝对新生活的憧憬，而后又无情地将她抛弃，在精神上彻底毁灭了苔丝，这打击比亚雷给苔丝的更致命。苔丝的悲剧是社会的悲剧。,Tess of the dUrbervillesRising Action,Tesss familys discovery that they are ancient English aristocracy, giving them all fantasies of a higher station in life; Tesss accidental killing of the family horse, which drives her to seek help from the dUrbervilles, where she is seduced and dishonored.,Tess of the dUrbervillesClimax,Tesss new husband discovers her earlier seduction by Alec and decides to leave her, going off to Brazil and not answering her letters, and bringing Tess to despair.,Tess of the dUrbervillesFalling Action,Tesss last-ditch decision to marry Alec, who claims to love her; Angels return from Brazil to discover Tess marriage to her former seducer, and his meeting with Tess; Tesss murder of Alec and short-lived escape with Angel before being apprehended and executed.,Tess,Tess is a simple, innocent and faithful country girl . She finally becomes the victim of the modern society.Tess is a young woman who tends to find herself in the wrong place at the wrong time. She i