[英语学习]雅思语法与作文强化

雅思语法与作文强化 蒋丽平 Andy,第一次课,一 、雅思总体概述二、雅思写作介绍三、雅思词汇四、雅思基本句型,雅思考试整体概述,IELTS International English Language Testing System英联邦国家新西兰澳大利亚加拿大美国新家坡塞铺鲁斯,成绩两年有效三个月不得重考 1）语言三个月不可能得到太大的提高2）三个月内题目有可能重复,考多少分？上大学6分，5分也行，需要读foundation course，研究生 机械计算机专业 6.5分 与人打交道的法律 7分总分都为9分制，写作、口语没有半分制成绩很快出来一般是四周（可加急），判卷在国内（北京）,雅思考试分为General training 和Academic类 （强化标准教程P3）与托福比较1、托福倾向考语言知识，雅思倾向考语言应用能力。2、托福有语法3、词汇题 托福将词汇放在文章中考，雅思认为无效。IELTS reflects real life situations. imitates mirrorsMonkey principle,雅思词汇必须背单词留学类-5000多个（非英语专业六级）移民类-4000多个（非英语专业四级）雅思分级词汇21天进阶 耿耿编著雅思词汇必背大概的背考认知能力,雅思作文概述,雅思作文的重要性雅思作文的要求Task 1 table / chart 20 min 150 words Objective 客观的Task 2Essay 40 min 250 words Subjective 主观的,雅思作文的评分总分 9分， 有半分制，两篇文章单独给分第一篇文章所占比重为3/1，第二篇，2/3 培训流程 基础语法+范文讲评+作文练习每周一篇文章,雅思作文的写作格式缩进式齐头式,雅思作文热点聚焦,EconomySocietyTourismscience and technologyInternetMediaEntertainmentEducationSocial welfare,写作命题形式1、辩论式（argumentation）70%左右题目给出两个观点，供考生支持或反对。2、解释型题目（explanation）20%左右给出一种现象，让考生说明原因或提供解决方法等。3、混合型题目（mixed）10%题目中包含两个问题。一个是辩论型的问题，一个是解释型的问题。,1有些人认为应该禁止吸烟，你的看法如何？ Some people propose that smoking should be banned. What is your opinion? 2有人认为现代科技的不断发展，传统文化和技术必会灭亡，继续保持传统的文化和技术已经没有意义了，你的看法？ As the development of modern science and technology, some aspects of traditional culture are being lost, so some people think that the traditional culture and technology will be replaced by the modern science and technology such as computer or internet, what is your opinion?,3人类登月进行探索已有多年历史，有人认为类似科研活动浪费金钱时间，你的看法如何？ Some people believe that government spends too much money on space research while there are still a lot of problems on the earth. Do you agree or disagree? 4有人认为罪犯应该被送进监狱，有些人认为应该让他们做些事情来代替惩罚，你的观点？ Should criminals be sent to prison or should they do something else as a punishment?,5有人认为对待动物应该如宠物一般，有人认为动物是食物和衣服的主要来源，请讨论 Some people think that the animals should be treated as pets, others think that animals are resources of food and clothing. What is your opinion? 6有人认为电视（网络）的普及影响到生活中家庭成员或是朋友之间的亲密关系，你的看法如何 三方面：电视 television 电话 telephone 网络 internet or network,7现代一个成功人士所需素质是不是必须从大学或相似的科研学术机构中学习而获得呢，你是否支持？ 8贫穷国家现在已经认识到卫生，教育，贸易对国家发展的重要性，许多人认为发达国家应该对这些贫穷国家予以支持。你的观点？ Some people think that the developed countries should fund international aid to poor countries to help these developing countries to develop domestic health, education and trade. What is your opinion?,9许多国家的孩子在课余参加一些有偿劳动，有人认为这种做法是错误的，而有人认为这种劳动可以使孩子们学到知识，并提高他们的责任感，你的看法？ 10现代社会青少年犯罪问题（三个方面：吸毒，酗酒，自杀） Young drug abuse is a serious problem nowadays in many countries, what are the reasons for this and what can be done to combat it? (drug 毒品药丸，alcohol and tobacco,香烟和酒精，suicide 自杀),辩论式题目写法1、五段论式写法（一边倒）P39开头段理由段1理由段2（理由段3）结尾段2、四段式写法（对称式写法）一共分为四段第一段，简要说明争议的问题，不要给出自己的观点。第二段与第三段，两种观点各占一段，分别论述，平衡写法。第四段，给出自己的观点。,解释型题目的写法(P51)1、如果题目只有一个要求，比如只要求说出原因、涉及因素或解决方法等，可参照五段式写法。2、如果题目有两个要求，如要求说出原因，同时还要给出解决办法。可以参照五段式写法，开头段，中间两到三段回答第一个问题，最后一段结尾回答下第二个问题. 还可以采用对称式写法，先写一个开头段，中间两段分别回答两个问题，最后总结结尾。,混合型论文写法 10% 以辩论型问题为主，保持五段式或对称式的总体结构不变，另一个解释型的问题在开头段或者结尾段用两三句话回答一下就行了。,雅思写作步骤（time settlement）: analyze the question 1-2 minbrainstorm 1-2 minoutline 2 min write up 30 mincheck up 3 min,雅思作文常见错误,1、龙飞凤舞笔记乱字迹清晰卷面整洁书写工整关键地方不能犯弱智错误,2、真情流露没必要严禁个人感情Reason感叹句标点符号设问句,3、滔滔不绝意识流社会问题-,4、表达不出真难受Plus meBamboo horse应对策略大学扩招孝敬籍贯是长沙取其精华，弃其糟粕缺了一条腿儿童不宜你对我很重要,5、语言单调无变化单调 Monotony多样 varietythink,写作单词七宗罪,好坏非常重要想做某事依我所见越来越多,好 good positive beneficial 坏 bad negative discouraging,非常very Extremely considerably exceptionally enormously Tremendously dramatically immenselysignificantly indispensable,提升Undoubtedlyundeniable,重要ImportantVitalCrucialEssentialUtmostBe of importancefundamental,想做某事Want to Would like Feel like Tend to do,依我所见In my opinionFrom my perspectiveAs far as Im concernedTo my knowledgeFrom where I stand,越来越多More and moreThere is an increasingly number of Growing number of people,Different people from different place have different ideas=The ideas among different people varies considerably=there is no consensus opinions among people,练习要求,每天三个单词两句话一段文字一周一篇作文,“十六字作文法”,内容简单化，结构模式化，语言要包装，考前要强化,3 principles: Content simplified Structure- layout Language variety Vocabulary: 同义词 / 词性转换 A quick growth / grow quickly Sentence: 1/3 简单句 2-3 个从句 1-2个插入成分 however 偶尔感叹句/ 祈使句 一句虚拟语气,写作步骤,一分钟左右审题1、看懂题目生词可以猜2、仔细看题目要求，确定题目类型。是辩论式（argumentation）题目给出两个观点供考生支持或反对。还是解释型题目（explanation）20%给出一种现象，让考生说明原因或提供解决方法等。还是混合型题目（mixed）,Studying the English language in an Englishspeaking country is the best but not the only way to learn the language.Do you agree or dis agree with this statement?必须要对比在英语国家和在非英语国家学习英语的优缺点。,例如：The world is experienced a dramatic increase in population. This is causing problem not only for poor, underdeveloped countries, but also for industrialised and developing nations.Describle some of the problems that overpopulation causes,and suggest at least one possible solution. 人口过剩问题，主要内容是关于人口过剩在不发达国家、发达国家中印发的问题以及解决办法。要是只写人口，就不能完成写作任务。,二、两分钟构思在试卷空白处写下简单提纲。问自己：Did I spend a few minutes planning the essay?How did I organise my answer? Did I achieve a balance of agreement and dis agreement?,如：比较三种媒体工具的优缺点并谈谈自己的看法。,三、三分钟布局基本布局：“2-8-8-2”结构四段式：引言（两句）、一方面（八句）、另一方面（八句）、和结论（两句）。,对立争论类型题目的写作提纲：Is smoking a good habit?For against1、It is ones fight 1、 harmful to ones health2、difficult to stop smoking 2、 pollution3、an important source of tax revenue 3、 an expensive habit4、fashionable 4、 fire,四、三十分钟写作提纲要是没定好，就开始写作的话，会出现卡壳现象，导致写不下去。写作中注意字迹一定要清晰，书写工整，卷面整洁。,五、两分钟检查主要信息是否有遗漏。语法是否有错误。大小写和拼写是否正确。时间紧是最大的问题。平时加强锻炼！,如何开阔思路,1、经济2、安全3、便利4、心理或交流5、站在一个受教育的角度来考虑6. 国家,对立观点类作文1、Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of single-sex schools.2、Tourism is becoming a good source of revenue for many countries. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of exploiting these resources.,3、What are your opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of fast food?4、Should the government control the commercial advertisement on TV and other media?,此类作文写作结构如下：Introduction: 开门见山，点出主题，指出人们对这一问题存在不同的 看法。Main body： 1）写其利，多从三面论证，就重点方面举出典型，贴切来自考生生活经历的例子。 2）通过衔接手段因出反面观点。同样从三方面论证（以达到平衡），典型、贴切来自考生生活的例子。Conclusion : 收尾。表明自己的观点，说明利大或弊大。,What are your opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of fast food?,范 文,Fast food as a symbol of modern society prevails in peoples daily life. It is convenient to meet a fast food restaurant when you walking on streets. It brings numerous benefits to busy men, but every coin has two sides, the disadvantages that it brings should not be ignored either. The following essay will discuss both advantages and disadvantages.,It is a long running controversial issue as to what fast food brings to people. There is no denying the fact that it saves considerable amount of time and energy for people who are hurrying to work, and hold conference in a short time. Obviously, it is wise to choose fast food in your life with high speed rhythm, especially for youths, who working all day and night and having no interest and time for cooking by themselves, and that fast food is deemed to as tasty by new generation. It is naturally reflect the second benefit that fast food brings.,It contribute to the rapid development of the local economy as a new formed industry. The restaurants which is managing fast food have became the huge kitchen of citizen, where offering light music, bright lights, and friendly service for customers such as MADONAL, FRITCHIKEN. Some persons even declare that it is hard to resist the charm which released by fast food.,The other side of the coin is the disadvantages of fast food. As the saying goes:” So many people, so many minds.” Some people like fast food, some people hold adverse attitudes. Those people deem fast food is rubbish, of course this saying is exaggerated, whatever; they were saying that fast food was the food without nutrient which maybe harmful to peoples body. According to database, the pollution that the deposed packaging produced by fast food restaurants has became increasingly serious. Furthermore, fast food as a new concept is hard to be accepted by olds who relied on traditional food.,What have been discussed above are the advantages and disadvantages of fast food. Striking the balance between the advantages and disadvantages, the advantages is far more outweighed than disadvantages since fast food enjoys a striking popularity in the world.,第三次课,一、针对中英作文的六个问题的思考二、如何有效写文章开头三、点评作文四、如何拓展句型,针对中英作文的六个问题的思考,一、引言段是开门见山还是层层拨开中文： 层层拨开英文： 开门见山第一段只写3-5句,二、段落主题句有没有英文：有主题句中文：隐藏在各个句子之中或无主题句,三、线性段落还是螺旋式段落英文：线性中文：螺旋式第一步：say what you are going to say第二步：Say it第三步：Say why did you say it,四、人证还是法证中文：人证。抒发感情，引经据典。英文：法证。强调客观事实，数据，普通人的事件。,五、段内连贯：过渡词语还是词意重复 中文：词意重复（意合）靠语言内在意义来连接。 英文：过渡词语（形合），靠语言形式来完成相互之间的关联。主要靠过渡词语的衔接，词汇的纽带和语法的照应。,中国学生写的英文段落。（无语法错误） A student requires knowledge mainly from textbook and in the class. When he graduate from school, he can do nothing . Everything is different from what teachers told him, he may be disappointed, he may be frustrated, he may be afraid to face the real world. Our universities have turned people into people of no use.,A student requires knowledge mainly from textbook and in the class, As a result, when he graduate from school, he can do nothing, for Everything is different from what teachers told him, He may be disappointed, and he may be frustrated. In the end, he may be afraid to face the real world. Obviously, our universities have turned people into people of no use.,六、结尾部分是概括还是训导中文：训导英文：概括,如何有效进行作文开头,辩论式题目五段式作文（一边倒）的写法 1、引出话题，阐释题目。 2、旗帜鲜明地说出自己的观点。四段式作文（平衡写法）1、引出话题， 2、不要摆出自己的观点现象解释类 强化教程 P661、引出话题,如何引出话题：（一）报道法 As was reported on the china daily on June,18th,2007,二）科学举例法1）According to the recent survey conducted by a certain news agency,三)句型法1）People in increasing number start to cast light on the issue that-2) People in amounting number start to realized that-,四）评述现状These days/nowadays,五）释义（Paraphrase） 1）加词 基础教程P100 2）使用同义词 （高频词汇一定要掌握） importantessential,crucial,vital,significant, thinkclaim,believe,consider,deem,figureout nowadayscurrently,atpresent,now,recently,in recentyears,thesedays 3）改变句型 is very important = is of great importance,To what extent is nuclear technology a danger to life on Earth? What are the benefits and risks associated with its use?写个开头段 强化教程 P75,理由段：写作重点。基础教程 P39每段必须要有个主题句。（topic sentence）每个主题的论证都要充分，不能相差太悬殊。,如何有效写结尾段,1）重申观点+重申理由+提出建议或希望（有时可省略）等 (五段式) 基础教程P93/942）反面观点引出+总结观点（四段式） Although, 强化教程P813）回答题目要求（现象解释类） 主题句+理由句 强化教程P67,You should spend about 40minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:Some people hold that it is the television that alienates the relationship of family members. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.,In recent years, many young people decide to further their studies abroad. What are the benefits and drawbacks of studying abroad?,范 文,Nowadays, with the development of science and technology, going abroad for studies is enjoying a striking popularity among adolescents. Studying abroad has both benefits and drawbacks. Importance should be attached to studying abroad since it is a very controversial issue.,First and foremost, living and studying abroad offers students a different perspective of the world. On a university campus, international students are likely to encounter their counterparts from various countries and areas and are exposed to diverse ideas and values. By communicating with each other, they may get to know the different culture and customs in a harmonious way.,What is more, overseas experience is the best opportunity for the real-life use of foreign languages. There is no better opportunity to improve second-language skills than living in the country in which it is spoken.,However, the other side of the coin voices that the drawbacks of going abroad can not be ignored. To begin with, living far away from home. Students often suffer from psychological problems such as loneliness and homesickness. moreover, studying abroad lays a great financial burden on the students family. The tuition fee is costly and living expenses are much higher. Furthermore, without their parents supervision, some overseas students tend to neglect their studies.,Generally peaking, it is my view that although going abroad is expensive and perhaps painful, the payoff is worthwhile. In the first place, in addition to knowledge, overseas students can gain precious experiences that those who stay at home will never have. Furthermore, overseas experience, frustrating and painful as it may be, is conducive to the growth of adolescents. (273),雅思写作训练策略与技巧第一节 词汇,1、单词记忆同根分类GlobalizationGlobal GlobalizeModernModernise modernization,搭配记忆Global village,A famous global companyThe government is governed by the governor.,在句中记忆In the under developed areas, some newly-built chemical factories have discharged harmful and even poisonous gas and liquid which had a negative impact upon the surrounding environment.,2、用词原则避免单一尽量高级准确到位,第二节 句子,1、完整性句子是由主语和谓语构成的，而英语比汉语更强调句子的完整性和结构的严密性。雅思作文不能使用缩写。Furthermore, the fast development of the country, easy life and transportation.,Furthermore, due to the fast development of the country, an easier life and luxury private cars have meant that many people do not have to suffer from hard work.,There are many ways to get to know society, for example by television, newspaper and etc.There are many ways to get to know society, for example, by television or by newspaper.,2、主谓不一致Every people has the common knowledge that the web can bring out the best in people.,3、时态问题My wallet was stolen while I drank the coffee at the snack bar,although I did not notice it lose until I left the bar at 10:20pm. I already reported the theft to the police.My wallet must have been snatched while I was drinking the coffee at the snack bar, although I did not notice it had lost until I left the bar at 10:20pm. I already have reported the theft to the police.,4、句式问题尽可能使用复合句，得高分的保证。6分作文尽量避免复合句，整个文章2-3个复合句就行。For many people. Whether the poor are able to support themselves or not and lead a life as well as they did with the support from the government. It itself a huge victory.For many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well as they did with the support from the government is in itself a huge victory.主干：The fact is a victory.,5、信息量小的问题。一个句子应该包括丰富的信息，至少能回答三个特殊疑问词（who, what, which,when,where,why和 how）My wife and I are candidates. We both plan to immigrate to Canada. WE need to pass the IELTS, and then we will go to Canada this autumn.My wife and I are candidates who want to immigrate to Cannada, planning to go there this wutumn after our passing the IELTS.,6、连贯性问题句子各个成分之间连接正确，条理清晰，整体结构自然流畅。On the Mothers Day she gave her mother some gifts and she was quite satisfied.On the Mothers Day she gave her mother some gifts and Mother was quite satisfied.,My roommate, Jane,is charming, clever,and a quite lazy girl.My roommate Janeis a charming, clever but quite lazy girl.,第三节 段落,一般来说，段落由表达一个中心思想（controlling idea）的一组句子（topic sentence, developing sentences concluding sentence）构成。一个主题段落必须要有一个中心思想，这个中心思想由主题句，特别是其关键词来表达。段落整体必须具备统一性，完整性，连贯性。,Strategies for writing paragraphs1、 Begin each paragraph with a summary sentence- a sentence which contains the main point of the paragraph.2、 Continue the paragraph by giving more information about the main point. This might involve giving an explanation: an example ,a reason, additional detail.,1）统一性支持句是围绕主题的2）完整性谈advantage就不能讲disadvantage3）连贯性转折，比较，对照，原因，让步，强调，顺序等,段落写作的4E原则解释（Explanation）让读者更明白。例子(Example)进一步支持自己的论点。证据(Evidence)写出证据支持自己的论点。额外说明(Extra details)加强主题论点，锦上添花。,主题句的写作因为主题句表达指导性的观点，为扩展句提供论点，因此意思不能太笼统，也不能太具体，具体得没有发展空间。Our motherland is great.American food is tasteless and greasy because americans use too many canned, frozen and pre-packaged foods and because everything is fried in oil butter.There are many arguments in support of sending children to schools rather than educating them at home.,第四节 篇章,一、 “3 Good”原则1）论点独特(good ideas)投其所好不必太深奥2）结构得当（good organization）写出简单提纲有话直说，必要时再简单解释或说明主题句应作主体段落的句,3）语言正确（good language）注意剧本的词汇和语法扬长避短 正确的简单句比错误百出的复合句更好,二、“凤头，猪肚，豹尾”原则凤头就是引言段(introduction)，开头的第一段猪肚就是主体（main body）豹尾(conclusion)1、重复首段观点，做到首尾呼应2、就文章主题，提出解决方法或建议3、进一步深化主题，指出其深层意义4、指出所讨论问题可能产生的后果5、在结尾段进行概括和总结，形成水到渠成的结论6、再次表明作者的态度注意：不能画蛇添足，总结得过于简单或表决心、提口号。,如何拓展句型,觉得没有话讲，或字数不够怎么办？1、举例说明 exemplification 表举例，such as , and so on 不能连用 Including and so on. For instance / for example A good example of / a case point is Another case in point is There are countless/abundant examples to illustrate/exemplify举例子多用于抽象话题,将抽象 具体,强化教材P65,L6First of all, tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It contributes much to the governments revenue. For example, the government of Britain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educational facilities.,2、换句话说In other words, in the same way.I do not believe in God, in other words, I believe that there is no God in the heaven.,3、正反论证On the contrary，on the other hand, conversely.一个人穿着得体，就会看起来更自信。,4、用套句环球雅思很好。大家都知道。It is commonly accepted thatIt is self-evident thatThere is no denying (the fact) thatThere is a popular consensus thatIt is no exaggeration to say that,5、 Cause and effect 用于总结（因果论述） Therefore,