气候问题与环境保护的意义.doc

气候问题与环境保护的意义外语系094范聪2号Durban Climate ConferenceDURBAN, South Africa International climate negotiators were at odds Tuesday on how to raise billions of dollars to help poor countries cope with global warming. A major shipping group is willing to help, endorsing a proposal for a carbon tax on vessels carrying the worlds trade.Details of the tussle over the funding emerged as the U.N.s weather agency reported that 2011 was tied as the 10th-hottest year since record-keeping began in 1850. Arctic sea ice, a barometer for the entire planet, had shrunk to a record-low volume, said the World Meteorological Organization. Putting the final touches on whats known as the Green Climate Fund is a top issue at the 192-party U.N. climate conference that was in its second day Tuesday in the South African coastal city of Durban, and one of the keys to a strategy to contain greenhouse gas emissions and keep global warming within manageable limits. The two-week conference is to finalize a plan on managing climate finances, due to scale up to $100 billion annually by 2020. The International Chamber of Shipping, representing about 80% of the worlds merchant marine, joined forces with aid groups Oxfam and WWF International on Tuesday to urge the conference to adopt guidelines for a levy on carbon emissions by ships.Details of any levy would be worked out by the International Maritime Organization, the U.N. agency regulating international shipping, the aid groups and the chamber said in a joint statement. “Shipping has to take responsibility for the emissions and get to grips and drive them down, and they see that the best way to do that is to have a universal charge applied to all ships that is going to generate billions of dollars” to fight climate change, Tim Gore of Oxfam said on the sidelines of the conference. About 50,000 cargo ships carry 90% of world trade, and most ships are powered by heavily polluting oil known as bunker fuels. Last July the U.N. maritime organization decided that new cargo vessels must meet energy-efficiency standards and cut pollution.It was the first climate change measure to apply equally to countries regardless of whether they are from the industrialized or developing world. At the conference, differences came into focus over the Green Climate Fund.Delegations disagreed about how independent the fund will be, by whom it will be guided and whether the bulk of the money will come from public funds and government aid or from private sources and investments.A 40-nation committee worked on a draft agreement in several lengthy meetings over the last year, but a consensus at the final meeting last month was blocked by objections from the United States and Saudi Arabia. Now negotiators in Durban must settle the final disputes.“We are going to have a very thorough and open discussion on that very contentious paper,” said Pedro Pedroso, the delegate from Cuba. U.S. delegate Jonathan Pershing said Monday that the U.S. has “substantive concerns” about the committees plan, but “we believe these issues can be fixed.” Washington wants to ensure that private investments are not hamstrung by bureaucracy and that they can bypass any approval process by governments. The world temperatures report released Tuesday provided a bleak backdrop to negotiators seeking ways to limit pollution blamed for global warming. 2011 has been a year of extreme weather, the WMO reported. Drought in East Africa has left tens of thousands dead; lethal floods submerged large areas of Asia; the United States suffered 14 separate weather catastrophes with damage topping $1 billion each, including severe drought in Texas and the Southwest, heavy floods in the Northeast and the Mississippi Valley, and the most active tornado season ever known. “The science is solid and proves unequivocally that the world is warming,” said R.D.J. Lengoasa, the WMOs deputy director, and human activity is a significant contributor. “Climate change is real, and we are already observing its manifestations in weather and climate patterns around the world,” he said. 2011年11月28日至12月9日，联合国气候变化框架公约第17次缔约方会议在南非德班召开，京都议定书第二承诺期的存续问题，是德班大会期待解决的首个关键问题。各国就环境与气候问题进行激烈的讨论。 多年的实践证明,人类改造自然、发展生产,必须同时注意自然界的“报复”,注意发展生产给包括人类在内的整个生态系统所带来的影响,而不能超过某一个限度。环境保护工作就是要明确提出这一限度,通过宣传使大家认识这一限度,以政策、法律形式作出具体规定,并尽力实施这些规定,否则人类的生存环境就会遭到破坏。气候变暖带来众多的影响，导致的原因很多，绝大部分是人类自身活动所引起。近年来人口的剧增是导致全球变暖的主要因素之一。同时，这也严重地威胁着自然生态环境间的平衡。这样多的人口，每年仅自身排放的二氧化碳就将是一惊人的数字，其结果就将直接导制大气中二氧化碳的含量不断地增加，这样形成的二氧化碳“温室效应”将直接影响着地球表面气候变化。人类燃烧煤、油、天然气和树木，产生大量二氧化碳和甲烷进入大气层后使地球升温，使碳循环失衡，改变了地球生物圈的能量转换形式。自工业革命以来，大气中二氧化碳含量增加了 25%，远远超过科学家可能勘测出来的过去 16 万年的全部历史纪录，而且目前尚无减缓的迹象。世界上的森林主要分为寒带(北方)森林、温带森林和热带森林三类。据专家介绍，今天的森林生态系统，是大自然经过8000年的进化才逐渐形成的。然而今天，所有的原始森林都沦为伐木业大规模开采利用的目标。在热带地区，许多现在已荡然无存的森林就是在过去的50年被砍伐一空的。仅1960年至1990年，就有超过4.5亿公顷的热带森林被吞噬，占世界热带森林总面积的20%；还有数百万公顷的热带森林在砍伐、农田开垦和矿产开采中退化。人类对森林的砍伐直接影响了二氧化碳等温室气体的吸收。在某种程度上又加剧了温室效应，进而也加剧了全球变暖。 面对全球变暖，挽救大自然就是拯救我们人类自己！现在，科技告诉发展得今天，当我们面对环境问题之时，我们要眼光长远，坚持走可持续发展之路。全球变暖这个问题幸好在几年前就被提出，国际上节能减排方面，京都议定书就是一个很好的产物。然而此协议到2012年就要结束了，马上就要进入“后京都议定书时代”了，对于发达国家在2012年后需要减排温室气体的程度，目前尚未有具体的指标，但勿庸置疑，第二阶段的减排程度肯定比第一阶段(5%)要大幅增加。一些分析家认为，2012年后，发达国家可能要在10年内减少30%50%的温室气体排放。有不少的发达国家在在节能减排方面做的很好，比如芬兰。芬兰是世界上第一个根据能源中碳的含量收取能源税的国家。每年收取的能源税近30亿欧元，约占芬兰整个税收9%。芬兰政府利用这笔收入来支持能源技术的开发。漫长的冬季使芬兰的供暖耗能很大。为此，除了对房屋结构进行优化设计外，芬兰非常重视建筑物的绝热，尽量减少室内热量损失。芬兰环境部制定了建筑物隔热新标准，新的建筑物墙体必须要有绝热层，室内要有通风设备。增加墙的厚度，采用两层或三层玻璃窗，每个房间的供热装置安装自动调节阀门。这些措施可使建筑物热能消耗减少10%-15%。芬兰在利用可再生能源，特别是生物能源方面走在世界前列。目前，芬兰各种可再生能源使用量已占芬兰整个能源消耗量的14。这主要包括：利用造纸工业生产中产生的生物淤泥和废木料作燃料，利用水力和风力发电以及太阳能等。在这个家园里,人是地球的主人.除了我们人类以外,还有许许多多有生命的物质,如花草树木,虫鱼鸟兽等.这些生物与我们生活在同一环境中,共同组成了这个大家庭.水是生命之源,人的生命离不开水.人体中所含的水分约占体重的65%,如果人体损失10%以上的水分,就会导致死亡.空气,是人赖以生存的必要条件,人无时无刻不在呼吸空气.氧气来源于植物的光合作用,各类植物是氧气的加工厂.如果地球上没有了植物,我们人类和其他生命将不复存在.野生动物依赖于植物,也可以保护植物.以鸟类为例,90%的鸟类以昆虫为食,许多益鸟是庄稼,树木的卫士,是害虫的天敌.100条树虫十几天便可以吃光一棵大松树的树叶,而一对大山雀一天可以吃400多条虫子.如果没有这些益鸟,害虫就会泛滥成灾.在地球上,人类植物和动物,实际上是一个互相依赖的生物圈、朋友圈,谁也离不开谁.人类之所以能在地球上生存是因为生态平衡的缘故.地球给我们人类乃至所有生命的形式,提供了一个生命支持系统-空气、水、适当的光和热、以及能源等等.事实上,这种原始的生态平衡从全球范围来看是极其难得的,我们今天或许只能在人类未曾涉足的地方才得以看到.自然环境提供人类生存发展的环境资源的同时,遭到了人类机大的破坏.只有当自然环境处与一种生态平衡的和谐状况时,人类的前景才是乐观的. 中国是发展中国家,1亿2800万人生活在每天1美金的贫困线下，面临消除贫穷和应对气候变化等严峻挑战。中国深受气候变化之害，对小岛国集团和非洲集团等受到气候变化的影响感同身受，支持、理解并愿意一起推动应对气候变化进程。中国将通过南南合作的方式，提供支持，提高发展中国适应气候变化的能力。 中国将合理控制能源消费总量，通过绿色低碳发展的方式，既实现发展目标，也实现应对气候变化的目标。中国政府除了运用行政、法律、技术方式外，也在探讨用市场的方法实现目标。截止目前，已在5个省8个城市，开展低碳试点，探索绿色低碳发展的道路。在试点过程中，碳交易也是试点的重要内容之一。目前已在