unit 1writing paragraph

2020 4 16 1 ParagraphWriting 2020 4 16 2 BasicSkillsinWritingParagraphs IntroductiontoParagraphsParagraphDevelopingTechniquesQualitiesofaGoodParagraph 2020 4 16 3 IntroductiontoParagraphs DefinitionStructure 2020 4 16 4 Definition Aparagraphisagroupofrelatedsentencesdevelopingoneideaorexpressingoneunitofthought topicofparagraph Itisthebasicunitoforganizationinwriting 2020 4 16 5 Structure TopicSentenceSupportingSentencesConcludingSentence 2020 4 16 6 TextbookP1 2 Gold apreciousmetal isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics Firstofall goldhasalustrous有光泽的beautythatisresistanttocorrosion Therefore itissuitableforjewelry coinsandornamentalpurposes Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever Forexample aMacedonian马其顿的coinremainsasuntarnished未失去光泽的todayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty threecenturiesago Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience Formanyyears ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts suits Astronautsweargold platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidethespaceship Inconclusion goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeauty butalsoforitsutility 2020 4 16 7 TopicSentence DefinitionandFunctionPositionWritingaGoodTopicSentence 2020 4 16 8 DefinitionandFunction 1 Atopicsentencestatesthemainideaofaparagraph Itnotonlynamesthetopic who what oftheparagraph butalsolimitsthetopictooneortwoareasthatcanbediscussedcompletelyinthespaceofasingleparagraph Thespecificareaiscalledthecontrollingidea 2020 4 16 9 DefinitionandFunction 2 Thecontrollingideaisusuallyindicatedbyasinglewordoraphraseinthetopicsentence Acontrollingideahelpsawriterbyremindinghimorheratalltimestokeeptothecentralideaasheorshewritesaparagraph e g 2020 4 16 10 Example 1 Gold apreciousmetal isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics Topic goldControllingidea twoimportantcharacteristics 2020 4 16 11 Inthesupportingsentences twocharacteristicsareintroduced Firstofall goldhasalustrous有光泽的beautythatisresistanttocorrosion Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience 2020 4 16 12 Example 2 Therearefourseasonsinayear Topic SeasonsControllingideas fourkindsofseasons 2020 4 16 13 Example 3 Industrializationhasbroughtusmanybenefitsaswellasenvironmentaltragedies Topic IndustrializationControllingideas benefitsaswellasenvironmentaltragedies 2020 4 16 14 Example 4 Thestudentsintheclasscomefrommanydifferentpartsoftheworld Topic ThestudentsintheclassControllingideas frommanydifferentpartsoftheworld 2020 4 16 15 PositionofaTopicSentence a Atthebeginningofaparagraphb Attheendofaparagraphc Inthemiddleofaparagraphd Atboththebeginningandtheendofaparagraphe Sometimesitcanbeimplied 2020 4 16 16 Atthebeginningofaparagraph Americansmakenodistinctioningreetingfriends acquaintances elders orsuperiors WhenAmericansseeclosefriends casualacquaintances teachers orevensomeonetheyknowonlybysight theyarelikelytosay Hi inallcases Thisdoesnotmeanthattheyhavenomoreregardforfriendsthanforcasualacquaintances Itonlymeansthat Hi servesasagreetingforboth 2020 4 16 17 Attheendofaparagraph Becauselunchcomesinthemiddleoftheday itgivesmeawelcomebreakfromstudying Atschool lunchmeansthirtyminutesoutofclassandachancetorestafterthemorning swork Whileeating IcanplanwhatI mgoingtodointheafternoon Andbesidesofferingapleasantbreakintheday lunchisalwaysagoodmeal Infacteatinglunchisoneofmyfavoritepastimes 2020 4 16 18 Inthemiddleofaparagraph CaliforniansandnewEnglandersarebothAmerican Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamefederallaws Buttheyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife Mobility bothphysicalandpsychological hasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofNewEnglanders 2020 4 16 19 Atboththebeginningandtheendofaparagraph ThehowofreadinganewspaperinAmericaisdifferentfromthatofreadinganewspaperinatotalitarian 极权主义的 country Inademocracy firstofall youcancheckonenewspaperagainstanother youcancompareanaccountinyournewspaperagainstwhatyouhearontheradio Youcanconsultbookstodeterminewhetherareportisaccurate Inatotalitariannationallinformationcomesfromonesource thegovernment 2020 4 16 20 Theimpliedtopicsentence Ofthosewhodropoutofcollege someleaveforfinancialreasons andthisisoftentragicbecausethesepeopleinmanycasesdowellincollegebeforetheyhavetoleave Someleavebecauseofpoorhealth Afewaredrafted Manyleaveforpersonalreasons marriage familymix upsorjusttherealizationthatcollegeisnottheplaceforthem Theimpliedtopicsentenceis Studentsleavecollegeforanumberofreasons 2020 4 16 21 Exercise Underlinethetopicsentences oraddonetotheparagraph ifatopicsentencedoesnotappearbutisimplied 2020 4 16 22 1 AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually Still theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayofshowingrespect 2020 4 16 23 1 AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually Still theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayofshowingrespect 2020 4 16 24 2 Baby sittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun JustasIsettledowntowatchtelevision hedemandsthatIplaywithhim IfIgetatelephonecall hescreamsinthebackgroundorknockssomethingover Ialwayshavetohanguptofindoutwhat swrongwithhim Herefusedtoletmeeatasnackinpeace UsuallyhewantshalfofwhateverIhavetoeat Then whenhefinallygrowstired ittakesaboutanhourforhimtofallasleep 2020 4 16 25 2 Baby sittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun JustasIsettledowntowatchtelevision hedemandsthatIplaywithhim IfIgetatelephonecall hescreamsinthebackgroundorknockssomethingover Ialwayshavetohanguptofindoutwhat swrongwithhim Herefusedtoletmeeatasnackinpeace UsuallyhewantshalfofwhateverIhavetoeat Then whenhefinallygrowstired ittakesaboutanhourforhimtofallasleep 2020 4 16 26 3 Itisoftensaidthatlightningneverstrikestwiceinthesameplace Butthisisnotrue Goasktheforestrangers 护林员 Rangerswhospendtheirsummersasfirefighterswilltellyouthateverythunderstormbringsseveralboltsoflightningtotheircraggy 崎岖的 lookoutstation Notonlycanlightningstriketwiceinthesameplace butitislikelyto Thefamiliarsayingactuallystatestheoppositeofwhatreallyhappensduringanelectricalstorm 2020 4 16 27 3 Itisoftensaidthatlightningneverstrikestwiceinthesameplace Butthisisnotrue Goasktheforestrangers 护林员 Rangerswhospendtheirsummersasfirefighterswilltellyouthateverythunderstormbringsseveralboltsoflightningtotheircraggy 崎岖的 lookoutstation Notonlycanlightningstriketwiceinthesameplace butitislikelyto Thefamiliarsayingactuallystatestheoppositeofwhatreallyhappensduringanelectricalstorm 2020 4 16 28 4 Peoplewholiveincitiestodaythinkmeatissomethingthatcomeswrappedincellophane 玻璃纸 fromthesupermarket potatoescomebythepoundinplasticorpaperbags andfeathersgrowinhats Thecitydwellers viewsarequitedifferentfromtheviewsoftheirancestors whoknewthatmeatishunteddownintheforest potatoesareplantedandweeded andonlybirdscanproducefeathers Yet whetherpeopletodayrealizeitornor theyarestillasdependentonanimalsandplantsfortheirexistenceastheirancestorswere 2020 4 16 29 4 Peoplewholiveincitiestodaythinkmeatissomethingthatcomeswrappedincellophane 玻璃纸 fromthesupermarket potatoescomebythepoundinplasticorpaperbags andfeathersgrowinhats Thecitydwellers viewsarequitedifferentfromtheviewsoftheirancestors whoknewthatmeatishunteddownintheforest potatoesareplantedandweeded andonlybirdscanproducefeathers Yet whetherpeopletodayrealizeitornor theyarestillasdependentonanimalsandplantsfortheirexistenceastheirancestorswere Liketheirancestors peopletodaystillliveonanimalsandplants 2020 4 16 30 5 Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry Americanssay Hi whentheymeet Japanesebow ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen Japanesemendonot Onthesurface itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericaarenotgoodmannersinJapan andinawaythisistrue Butinanycountry theonlymannersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingoneperson sbehaviortowardanotherperson Inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothersandbadmannersnotto Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry 2020 4 16 31 5 Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry Americanssay Hi whentheymeet Japanesebow ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen Japanesemendonot Onthesurface itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericaarenotgoodmannersinJapan andinawaythisistrue Butinanycountry theonlymannersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingoneperson sbehaviortowardanotherperson Inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothersandbadmannersnotto Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry 2020 4 16 32 WritingaGoodTopicSentence Usingdirectstatements Avoidingusingtoogeneralcontrollingideas 2020 4 16 33 UsingDirectStatements 1 Can tweseethatthedemandfordelicacies 美食 hasendangeredsomespeciesalmostbecomingextinct Bear spaw forexample hasbeenenjoyedatleastsinceConfuciustime Notonlyitssmoothflavorisusuallycomparedtothatofthebestham butmanypeoplehavebeenoverwhelmedbyitshealingpower Duetotheexcessivehunting thepopulationofblackbearshas 2020 4 16 34 UsingDirectStatements 2 reducedtofewerthan15 000inAsia Consumersandrestaurantscannolongerpleadignorance 声称不知 becausetheevidenceiswelldocumented Inconclusion Chinesecuisine 烹饪 isrichandvariedwithhundredsofotherdishestopleasethepalate 口味 therefore leavetheendangeredspeciesaloneandchoosesomethingelsetoeat 2020 4 16 35 UsingDirectStatements 3 Thedemandforexoticdelicacieshascausedthereductionofpopulationforendangeredspeciesthroughexcessivehuntingandoverharvesting Topic ThedemandforexoticdelicaciesControllingideas reductionofpopulationforendangeredspecies 2020 4 16 36 AvoidingUsingTooGeneralControllingIdeas 1 1 a Moderntechnologyisgoodandhelpfultous b Moderntechnologyhasimprovedthequalityofourlivesimmeasurably 2020 4 16 37 AvoidingUsingTooGeneralControllingIdeas 2 2 a Mybrotherenjoyswatersports b Amongthewatersportsthatmybrotherenjoysaresnorkeling 潜水 scubadiving 呼吸器跳水 andwater skiing 2020 4 16 38 AvoidingUsingTooGeneralControllingIdeas 3 3 a StarWarsandCloseEncountersofaThirdKindareinterestingmovies b StarWarsandCloseEncountersofaThirdKindareverydifferentkindsofsciencefictionmovies 2020 4 16 39 SupportingSentences Supportingsentencesareusedtofurtherexplainthecontrollingideasoftheessay Theydevelopthetopicsentencebygivingdefinitions illustrations reasons examples facts statistics quotations etc Examples 2020 4 16 40 Definition Acrowdisagatheringofmanypeopleinaplaceoflimitedsize suchasinahall asupermarketoratownsquare Inacrowd themovementofapersonisrestricted Heorshecannotmovefreelyandmayoftenhavetotakeactiontoavoidcollision 碰撞 withanotherperson Mostofthetime acrowdcanbeunbearable andIhaveanunpleasantexperiencewithcrowds 2020 4 16 41 Illustration 1 Themostglaringillofmoderncitiesisthatthepeopleinitarealwaysinahurry Businesspeople wage earners laborers peddlers crooks 骗子 andassorted 混杂的 charactersallrushaboutintheiractivities Cityfolksrushtowork rushtogettheirworkdone rushtohavelunch andrushhome Thenperhapsthey 2020 4 16 42 Illustration 2 rushtohavedinnerorrushtoparty Finally intheearlyhoursofmorning itisarushtoo astheysay grabsomesleepbeforetherushnextmorning 2020 4 16 43 Statistics 1 FloodingalwaysbringsseveredamagestoMississippibasin Thefloodingin1995hadcausedthedeathof12people destroyednearly3 000homes blewdownthousandsoffruittrees andwipedoutagoodportionofthecropsandpoultry Thefloodingaltogethercaused 2020 4 16 44 Statistics 2 US 10 2billionworthofdamage whichreducedtheMississippi s1995GDPby0 05 Therefore thegovernmentshouldtakeimmediatemeasurestopreventthedisaster shappeningagain 2020 4 16 45 ConcludingSentence Theconcludingsentence theendingofaparagraph shouldnotbetoolong Theauthorshouldnotaddsomenewmaterials Otherwise thereaderwillfeelthattheessayhasnoending Threewaysaregenerallyusedtowriteaconcludingsentence SummationRestatementResolution 2020 4 16 46 Summation 1 InTaiwan therearefourseasonsthatarespring summer autumn andwinter Ilikespringthemostbecauseitisaseasonofvitality Treesgrownewleaves flowersbloomnewbuds birdssingmerrily andmenareenergetic Summeristhewelcomeseasonforstudentsbecauseofthelongsummerbreak Autumnisthe 2020 4 16 47 Summation 2 seasonforharvest Allyourhardworksandeffortswillbepaidatthistime WinterisaholidayseasonbecauseChristmasandNewYearfallinthisseason Toconclude spring summer autumn andwinterarethefourseasonsinayear andIthankMotherNatureforHerwonderfulcreation 2020 4 16 48 Restatement 1 Smokingishazardoustohealth Aregularsmokerisalwayscoughingorclearinghisthroat Thegreaterdangeristhatitmaydeteriorateintosomethingworsesuchaslungcancerorotherdiseases Also itisanestablishedfactthatsmokersaremorepronetoheartdiseasesand 2020 4 16 49 Restatement 2 strokes Thesmokers healthisalsogenerallypoorer Myfriendswhosmokedonothaveenoughstamina 精力 astheysay Allinall smokingisharmfultoyourbody 2020 4 16 50 Resolution 1 Manyofuswishtoaccomplishseveraltasksatthesametime Whilewedonothavetheabilitytodoso wemustnottrytodoanythingelsetillwebringonetasktoasuccessfulend Thisisbecausewhenweconcentrateondoingonethingwemaynotconcentrateonothers 2020 4 16 51 Resolution 2 Consequently one saimatoverachievementmayendatachievingnothing So letusworkwhilewework playwhileweplay whichisthewaytobehappyandgay 2020 4 16 52 ParagraphDevelopingTechniques PlanningaParagraph WritinganOutline NarrowingdownTopicPatternsofParagraphDevelopment 2020 4 16 53 PlanningaParagraph 1 First thinkofthetopicorthemeormainidea andexpressitinacompletesentence topicsentence 2 Thenthinkofthedetailsorexamplesorfactsthatmaybeusedtosupportorexplainthemainidea 3 Arrangetheminalogicalorder andyouhavearoughplanoftheparagraph 4 Writeanoutlineiftheparagraph 2020 4 16 54 WritinganOutline Topicsentence Stampcollectingisaninterestinghobby 1 Therearebeautifulpicturesonpostagestamps 2 Thereareportraitsofhistoricalfiguresonthem 3 ItisalwaysadelighttogetastampIhaveneverseenbefore 4 IcanlearnsomethingbylookingatthestampsIhavecollected 2020 4 16 55 NarrowingdownTopic MyHouse livingroom yourfavoritedesk thefireplace yourbookcaseExample P5 6Samples1 2 3 2020 4 16 56 Assignment 1 Writeaparagraphwithin100wordsbyusingthefollowingtopicsentences 1 Therearefourseasonsinayear 2 Industrializationhasbroughtusmanybenefitsaswellasenvironmentaltragedies 2020 4 16 57 Assignment 2 3 Thestudentsintheclasscomefrommanydifferentpartsofthecountry 4 Thecampuslifeisbecomingmoreandmorecolorful 5 Moderntechnologyhasimprovedthequalityofourlivesimmeasurably 2020 4 16 58 Thankyou 2020 4 16 59 WaysofDevelopingParagraphs ParagraphdevelopmentTopicsentence controllingidea Supportingdetails major minor Details factual exampleorillustration descriptive Orders time space general specific specific general climax Patterns narration process definition classification comparison contrast cause effect analogy 2020 4 16 60 Identificationofdetails 1 factualdetails highlyinformative persuasive facts events statistics forexample Havingsmokedetectorsonguardinyourhomecansaveyourlife it sassimpleasthat AccordingtotheU S ConsumerProductsSafetyCommission over75 ofallhomefiredeathstakeplacewhilepeopleareasleep Whilesmokealarmswillnotextinguish 熄灭 fires thealarmtheysendoutwillwakeyouup increasingyourchancesofgettingup gettingoutandcallingthefiredepartment Ifyouareoneofthosepeople 2020 4 16 61 Continued whothinkfireshappenonlyto otherpeople considerthatmorethan6 000peoplewhodieandthatover300 000peoplewhoareinjuredfromfireseachyearwhoalsothoughtithappenedonlyto others beforetheirfireoccurred Smokedetectorsaresimpletoinstallandmoderately 适度地 priced Properlyplaced theywillhelptokeepyououtofthenation sfirestatistics 2020 4 16 62 2 Descriptivedetails Toconveyanimpression howsomethinglooked smelled tasted Forexample Fewpeopleknowthebasicfactsaboutdiamonds Theyconsistofpurecrystallized 结晶 carbon 元素 andareusuallyfoundintheformofcrystals Theycomeinmanyshapes somehaveeightfaces othershaveforty eight Diamondsarethehardestsubstanceknown andforthisreasonacidsdonotaffectthem Theyare however brittle 易碎 andcanbesplit Topolishdiamondsonemustuseoilanddiamondpowder 2020 4 16 63 3 Illustrations Examples Forexample Diamondshaveluredmanypeopleintotrouble ThefamousNikolasVerdenstoletheKhybarstonefromashopinAmsterdam 荷兰首都 Holland fledtoNaples 那不勒斯 意大利西南港口城市 anddiedtryingtoescapefromthepolice 2020 4 16 64 Illustrations Examples ThomasBright ajewelrysalesman swallowedtheVanNoosdiamondinordertosmuggleitoutofSouthAfricaandwasarrestedafteritwasfoundduringanoperationforappendicitis 阑尾炎 FivemembersoftheBurtonfamilydiedtryingtohidetheCourtneystonefromtheauthorities 2020 4 16 65 Ordersofparagraphdevelopment Everyparagraph longorshort consistsofseveralsentences Onlywhenallthesentencesarearrangedinareasonableorderofdevelopmentcanaparagraphmakesense Therearefivemajorordersofarrangingsentencesinaparagraph thatis 2020 4 16 66 Orders 1 orderoftime 2 orderofspace 3 general specificorder 4 specific generalorder 5 orderofclimax 2020 4 16 67 1 Orderoftime Oneofthesimplestwayswhichlendsitselfwelltoprocessdescription narration historicalaccounts 1 ToexplainaprocessTobuildawoodfirethatrequiresminimumtending youneedpaper cardboard kindling 引火柴 afewsmalllogs andtwoorthreelargelogs First youshouldwadupthepaperintoatightballorrollitintoacylinder 圆筒状 andtieitintoalooseknot 结 Next foldsomeofthecardboardoverthepaper Thenlaythekindlingoverit Thenpiletheremainingsmalllogs Finally lightthepaper 2020 4 16 68 2 Tonarrate He theKing gotupandsteppedoutofthestall andjustthenheheardthesoundofchildren svoice Thebarndooropenedandacoupleoflittlegirlscamein Assoonastheysawhimtheirtalkingandlaughingceased andtheystoppedandstoodstill gazinghimwithstrongcuriosity 2020 4 16 69 Tonarrate theypresentlybegantowhispertogether thentheyapproachednearer andstoppedagaintogazeandwhisper Byand