工硕阅读2.doc

工硕阅读阅读理解常见问题分析阅读理解在英语考研中占了40分的大比重，是决定考试成败的一大题型，很多考生在这上面下了很大的功夫，但是还是不能收到很好的效果。那么，问题究竟出在哪儿呢？我们认为，主要有以下4个方面的问题：1.读不懂; 2.速度慢; 3.归纳能力差；4.准确度低。4.2.1读不懂怎么办？这是一个不少考生提出的普遍问题。我们认为，对于读不懂的问题，首先要检查原因，搞清楚不懂的是什么。是词汇量不够、不认识文中的生词，还是搞不清文章的结构？或是缺乏相关的背景知识，读了文章之后不知所云？突破词汇量要解决看不懂的问题，首要问题是攻克词汇关。当然，词汇量再大也没准会在考试阅读中碰到个别超纲词，总有看不懂的时候。在这种情况下，如果不影响对短文的理解和做题，就不必理会，目光一掠而过。但是如果是关键词，我们就必须通过上下文或其他手段猜测该词在文中的具体含义。巧记，活记，上下文记masterpiece, candidate, December, merchant, pour, draw, soap, soup, badminton 闯过语法结构关读不懂的第二种情况是语法功夫欠佳，需要在语法结构上下功夫。关于语法结构问题，考研大纲规定，考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。因此考生应当根据自己的情况，对英语语法知识进行系统地梳理，灵活运用。我们知道，考研阅读文章最明显的一个特征就是句子的结构复杂，而且比较长。因此，考生在考试阅读中读不懂，其关键问题是不知道如何对付长句，找不到句子的核心部分。所以，一定要学会解析长句，闯过难句理解这一关。关于长句的阅读训练，可采取层层抽丝拨茧法。其具体方法是：第一，对于有多个从句的长句，应该先找到主句的主体部分即主、谓、宾，然后再找从句的主体部分。一层一层进行，先把同一层次的看完，再进行下一层次的内容。第二，对于有很长插入成分的长句，先不要理会插入语，等把主句的意思看完再来分析插入语的意思和作用。第三，对于有分词状语或独立主格结构的长句，应该先分辨主句和从属部分，分清主次，不要错把从属部分当成了主句。当然，在实际的阅读过程中，可能会碰到以上三种情况都有的复杂句子，这个时候我们必须从前往后，抓住独立的谓语从而区别出主句和分词状语，再层层抽丝拨茧，找出从句，插入语到最后再去考虑。如果插入语是从句的就放在从句中分析，如果是主句的就放在主句中考虑。例如，2003年研究生考试Text 1 Para.2有这样一个句子：The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. 这个句子既有插入语，又有从句。在这种情况下，我们应当先找到该句的主谓结构：主语The winner, 谓语was a tiny Virginia company. 然后再看从句与主句之间的关系：whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world这一非限制性定语从句的主语是whose clear advantage，而关系词whose指的就是紧靠在其前面的叫做Open Source Solutions的小公司。最后，我们再看插入语 by a large margin（大幅度地），介于主句的主谓语之间，作状语。这样一来，这个句子的意思就很明显了：“以明显优势获胜的是富吉尼亚一家叫做Open Source Solutions的小公司，该公司明显的优势就是它掌握了电子世界”。经过较长时间的训练，阅读也就不会受语法结构的影响了。 掌握相关背景知识读不懂的第三种情况，单词全懂，语法都会，可就是读了文章之后不知所云。这种情况最令人头痛。这不仅仅是英语方面的问题，同时还涉及语言文化、风俗习惯、社会常识、逻辑分析等综合因素。这种情况凡是学外语的人或多或少都不可避免会遇到。举一简单的例子，英语中的很多成语、谚语都是一目了然的词语，可对中国读者来说却很费解。譬如下面几例：1. Everything in the room is at sixes and sevens. 房间里的一切东西都乱七八糟。2. It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱。3. Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早。（不必自寻烦恼。）几个句子中用的都是连小学生也学过的词语句法，但是大学生也不一定都看得懂。为什么呢？这就涉及语言文化、风俗习惯等问题。英语用sixes and sevens来表示杂乱的概念，而汉语则用“乱七八糟”；英语用cats and dogs表示滂沱大雨，汉语没有相应的习惯说法，只能舍去猫狗的形象；第三句英语看似不合逻辑：直到你到了桥边，不要跨过去。这是什么话啊，但学英语觉得硬着头皮去适应英语的语言文化、风俗习惯、不合逻辑的逻辑！就像汉语中的“救火”、“养病”、“吃食堂”之类，从字面上看，毫无逻辑可言，但非要这么说不可。由此可见，平时在阅读中广读博览、拓宽知识面，对于考研阅读是大有裨益的。当然，研究生入学考试并没有专项的语言文化、逻辑思维的考试，阅读题材也仅仅限于一般性的题材，关键在于弄清楚自己不懂的真正原因何在，有的放矢地准备复习备考，这样才能获取满意的考试成绩。4.2.3 准确度低怎么办？阅读理解题中另一令考生畏难的问题是阅读的准确度低。有的考生甚至提出这样一个问题：在做阅读题的过程中，有时候一些看不太懂的文章错误比较少，全看懂了的文章反而出错较多，这是这么回事？我们认为，要解决阅读准确度低的问题，首先要弄清楚所谓“懂”与“不懂”之间的关系。“懂”与“不懂”是一相对的概念，懂的是全文的中心思想、细节数据还是大致意思？是全部词汇的字面意思还是其蕴含意义？且举一例，高考语文的阅读部分，几乎没有看不懂的考生，但又有多少人能拿满分呢？另一方面，考研阅读题有的文章容易一点，但题目的干扰性比较大，有的文章难，题目相对容易一点，这也是一个重要原因。全都看懂了的而做题出的错误多，很可能是因为题目的干扰性大，考生只从字面意义上懂一个大概，很难辨别题目干扰上的一些陷阱，这种情况也就是通常所说的文章易读题难做。与此相反，另一类阅读题（特别是有关学术探讨研究类）读起来很费劲，所出的题却多半是宏观性的试题，可以通过总结归纳推理判断解决，可能你觉得有一些细节没有理解，但是整个文章的思路清楚了，照样可以回答问题，这种现象也常有发生。但决不可能靠瞎蒙解决问题。要解决阅读的准确度低的问题，归根到底关键是要两方面的工作：首先，要把阅读的重点放在准确理解的基础上；其次，善于动脑筋，理解思路要与出题者的思路保持一致，也就是要思考对路，因为理解准确的内容不一定要考，关键在于把握住题意，对于考的是什么要做到心中有数。在此我们提出“三主一问”的方针供考生作为阅读理解的解题思路。所谓“三主”（主题、主线、主谓）即抓文章的主题思想、布局结构的主线以及各关键句子的主谓结构；“一问”即根据文章后面所设问题而思索：此题的考点在哪里？一篇文章要是抓住了全文的主题思想，领会了贯穿全文的结构线路，把握了关键句的主谓结构，针对问题找信息、答案，阅读中准确度低的问题也就比较容易解决了。另外一点也很重要：做完题之后的错误分析。每做完一套阅读题。不要只看做对了多少，做错了多少，重要的是仔细对照答案，分析失误的原因，然后针对所犯错误提出相应的改进措施，进行有针对性地阅读训练。只有平时阅读过关，考试中才能做到胸有成竹，立于不败之地。 利用上下文确定词义通过上下文来猜测词意是阅读考试中最常用的重要手段之一，联系上下文可以帮助我们理解句子，确定词义。下面我们通过一些实例来简要说明如何通过上下文来确定词义。例1：He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy.对于dynamic一词大家可能不熟悉，下文的He seems to have unlimited energy（他似乎有用不完的劲）就是对 dynamic词义的解释。这样，我们便知道该词意为“有干劲的”。例2：Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society假定sociology是一个不认识的词，系动词be后面就给出了明确的定义。这样，我们便知道该词意思为“社会学”。例3：A first-year college or university student is commonly a freshman, and sophomore, junior and senior designate the secondthirdand fourthyear student.要是对sophomore, junior 和senior几个术语不熟悉，通过后面的对应解释词语the secondthirdand fourthyear student我们便不难知道它们分别是指二、三、四年级的大学生。例4：The tired soldiers trudged through knee-deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep.通过后面的through knee-deep mud（没膝深的泥浆），我们知道trudged一词的意思为与行走这一动作有关，在泥浆中行走，也就是“跋涉”。例5：When it comes to manufactured goods there is actually more diversity in this country than Europe has ever known. The variety of goods carried by our stores is the first thing that impresses any visitor from abroad第二句中的variety与第一句中的diversity 同义，这样，我们便不难知道diversity的大意是“种类”或“品种”。下面我们联系上下文，试确定以下各句中斜体字的含义。1. The woman and the children were skilful in boats too, but there were usually several of them in a large boat called umiak.2. The doctor said that if a person ate even one leaf of the hemlock plant, he would die, because the plant is a deadly poison.3. Although dogs and cats often have large families, rabbits are famous for the size of their litters, which sometimes number more than twelve bunnies at one time.4. Mark became hysterical when his basketball team won, and he did not calm down for several days.5. With mud from head to toe, flowers still clutched in his hand, John looked so ludicrous that we couldnt help laughing.6. A bee collects nectar not in its own stomach but in a kind of shopping bag (called the honey sac) similar to the one ants have.7. Several generations ago, the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything is in a state of turmoil.8. After the first time someone tried to rob him, the banker became flustered easily, and in his confusion he would make many careless errors.9. Jane was intrigued by the behavior of animals; she could sit for hours observing a bird making a nest or an ant carrying a leaf.10. Some chimps are very independent and appear to be the superior members of a group; others seem to be ruled by the leaders and are quite submissive.通过上串下联，我们不难确定上述各句中斜体字的含义如下：1. umiak n. 一种大船2. hemlock n. 一种有毒植物（毒芹）3. litter n.一窝 bunnies小兔子4. hysterical a.歇斯底里，异常兴奋5. ludicrous a.滑稽可笑的6. nectar n.花蜜 honey sac蜜胃7. turmoil n.混乱8. flustered a.慌乱的9. intrigued a.感兴趣10. submissive a.顺从的 利用构词法确定词义掌握英语构词法，是提高阅读速度的技巧之一。在很多情况下，通过构词分析，便能理解不认识生词的含义，不至于中断阅读。因此，考生应当有效地利用自己所熟悉的词缀（包括前缀和后缀）和词根，通过构词法来是确定生词的含义。例1：Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy.Chemotherapy 是由chemo（意为chemical）和therapy (意为treatment），整个单词意思就是“化学疗法”。例2：They overestimate the interviewees ability and asked turn many difficult questions. overestimate over (过分、过度)estimate (估计)。因此overestimate的词义可猜测为“过高估计”。例3：The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible, he was able to murder a number of people without being caught.句中的imperceptible 一词由前缀im-（非，不）词根percept（感知、觉察）后缀 -ible（能的）构成。几部分组合在一起，也就是“难以觉察的”之意。例4：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003考研英语第62题)其中的dispassioned为超纲词，我们可根据构词法dis + passion + ed知其大概意思：除掉激情的，也即是“冷静的”。. 利用语法知识确定词义在很多情况下，各种语法知识可以帮助我们来判断词性、词义。例1：This set of books is for children. The first book of the sequence, which is one of the most popular series of childrens stories, is a group of stories about the inhabitants of a village.假定我们不认识sequence，利用定语从句which is one of the most popular series of childrens stories, 其中series就与sequence 同义，也就是“丛书”的意思。例2：For their fishing and hunting the men used a kayak, a small boat for one person.利用同位语a small boat for one person我们知道kayak是一种单人小船。例3：A solar eclipsewhen the moon passes between the Earth and the sunin an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely.通过破折号解释我们知道solar eclipse为“日食”。例4：Ventilation, as we know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.通过后面的解释我们知道Ventilation为“通风，流通空气”之意。例5：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patients heartbeat and breathing.Stethoscope一词大家都不熟悉，通过后面的同位语解释an instrument for listening to a patients heartbeat and breathing，我们便能理解stethoscope的确切词义，即“听诊器”或“听筒”的意思。 根据同义、反义关系确定词义阅读中，特别是要注意表示反意的信号词：in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to等，利用这些同义、反义关系，可以帮助我们确定词义。例1：My sister Mane is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen.从while的转折关系可知optimist意思是“one who expects the best”, 即“乐观的”。例2：Mother was tall, fat, and middle aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as Mother, and much shorter.根据Mother was tall, fat 以及后面as plump as的同义关系，我们知道plump为“丰满的”之意。例3：Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories, but her mother always knew when she was lying.concoct一词大家不熟悉，根据but的转折关系我们知道在此句中与was lying的含义大体相同，由此可知concoct的大概意思是“编造谎话”。例4：A gorilla always makes me think of the word aloofnot friendly, of distance from others.假定我们不认识aloof一词，破折号后的反义关系：“不友好，冷漠” 就解释了aloof一词的含义。 利用逻辑推理和常识确定词义有时候，逻辑推理和自身的生活经验及普通常识能帮助我们确定词义。例1：Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen.凭常识我们不难猜出fins, slimy和scales的确切意思分别是“鳍”、“滑溜的”和“鳞”，对于eels一词，我们只需知道是fish的一种（鳝鱼类）就行了。例2：Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten, I gingerly lifted her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater.根据前半句的Not wanting to disturb（不愿打扰），我们便可大致推测出gingerly一词的含义：“小心翼翼地”。例3：A mercury thermometer is made of a glass tube with a bulb at one end.凭常识我们知道温度计下面的bulb是“水银球”。例4：Most troubles can be avoided, but death and taxes are inevitable.凭常识我们知道死亡和税收是不可避免的（inevitable）事情。 解词汇题除了需要扎实的词汇基本功之外，前一节中所讲的利用上下文、利用构词法、利用语法知识、根据同反义关系、利用逻辑常识猜测词义都不失为解题的好办法。尤其是上下文和构词法，这两个方法是解词汇题的最常用的法宝。请看下面这段文字：The vertebrates can be divided into five groups: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.FISH. These live in water. Most of them have a body covered in scales. They breathe with gills in the neck and their shape is often pointed so that they can move easily through the water. The tail is flattened from side to side to push against the water as they swim. Most fish lay eggs and do not look after their young.AMPHIBIANS. These can live on land or in the water. Their bodies are often smooth and their skin is damp. They breathe with lungs or through their skins but some also breathe with their mouth. They have two pairs of limbs and lay their eggs in water. These eggs hatch to produce a larva or tadpole which looks very different from the parents. The tadpole grows and then changes to look like the parent.REPTILES. These live on land or in the water. Their bodies are covered with scales. They breathe with lungs and have two pairs of legs (except the snakes and some lizards).They lay their eggs in warm places on land and the eggs hatch to produce a small animal just like the parent.BIRDS. These live on land. Some can swim on the water. A few, like the penguin and puffin, can also swim under water. Their bodies are covered with feathers. Birds breathe with lungs and have two pairs of limbs. The front limbs are the wings used for flying. They lay eggs and keep them warm with their bodies until they hatch. Then they look after the young chicks until they can fend for themselves.MAMMALS. This group includes Man. Mammals can live on land or in the water. The whale and the dolphin live in the sea. The bats have wings and can fly. All mammals breathe with lungs and often have bodies covered with hair. They have two pairs of limbs. They produce live young (there are two exceptions: the duck billed platypus and the spiny ant-eater, who both lay eggs) and feed them with milk that the mother makes in her special glands. The parent animals look after their young until they are old enough to look after themselves.其中的斜体字词语vertebrates脊椎动物, amphibians两栖动物, reptiles爬行动物, mammals哺乳动物, scales鳞, gills鳃, flattened扁平的, larva幼虫, tadpole蝌蚪, lizards蜥蜴, penguin 企鹅，puffin海雀, chicks雏鸟, fend照料, dolphin海豚, platypus鸭嘴兽, ant-eater食蚁兽, glands 腺等，都是超纲词和专业术语，但通过上下文，我们都能理解其大致意思。 一、主旨大意题二、具体细节题三、语义题四、推论题阅读理解方法一、识别信号词二、词义辨认三、意群阅读 一、主旨大意题1.The main idea of the passage is .2.The passage is mainly concerned with .3.The authors purpose in writing this passage is .4.A good title for this passage would be .5.What is the subject of the passage?6.What is the main topic of the passage07.What does the passage mainly deal with?S.What does the passage talk about?9.Which of the following best states the theme of the passage The actual amount of water in the plant at one time, however, is only a very small pan of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined - in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light - to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas - water vapor - to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, The loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leafs synthesized into carbohydrate.练习：指出下列文章的主题句1. An Australian primary school banned a teacher after she Told a class of six year olds that Santa Claus does not exist.Angry parents from the Corowa public school demanded action when some children arrived home in tears after a reserve teacher, on her first day on the job, told Them their parents brought their presents. Santa Claus has always visited our house at Christmas. mother Vanessa Lohse told the Daily Telegraph newspaper. My Three kids (aged five, six, and eight) dont believe Santa is real now - its really put a damper on Christmas,The schools headmaster Ian Paynter referred complaints about the incident to the New South Wales education department.She was a casual teacher but she wont be coming back, a department spokesman told Reuters.(She) was not disciplined but did receive counseling about the age appropriateness of responses to childrens questions. The spokeswoman said the education department had no formal position on Santa Claus but advised teachers to tell students to ask their parents when questions about Father Christmas, the Easter Bunny and the Tooth Fairy arose.2.Authorities in the city of Lucknow have decided to ,serve the 35 or so primates at the local 200 a daily doseof brandy to ensure they stay warm and happy, the Asian Age newspaper reported last Friday. Thus it maybe a warm and tipsy winter for dozens of monkeys and apes in the zoo as the thermometer slides towardfreezing over the next couple of months.The drink will be mixed with warm water and served in special glasses, the daily said, adding the size of the shot would depend on the age. size and weight of the primate.Since apes and monkeys have a digestive system that is almost similar to that of human beings, they will have no problems digesting the drink, said Lucknow Zoo director B. Prabhakar. The Asian Age said alcohol has been served to monkeys in the zoo in the past, but not every day.3.Its impossible to build skyscrapers that could withstand the kind of attack that destroyed the World TradeCenter, but experts say steps can be taken to improve the overall safety of tail buildings.We cant design buildings to withstand inbound airline or missile attacks, said Ron Klemencic, who leads a U.S. group of construction experts formed after the Sept, 11 strike on the 110-story twin towers. But it is possible to make them safer against other types of terrorist attacks, such as truck bombs and biochemical hazards, Klemencic said in an interview on December 11, at the end of an international conference on urban development.Klemencic and other officials at the three-day meeting in London agreed the World Trade Center did well b surviving the impact of the hijacked jetliners long enough to give many people time to escape. His task force had previously concluded that tall buildings are basically safe, and that existing building codes in America are adequate.After several thousand people died in the World Trade Center and U.S. forces targeted Afghanistan in their battle against terrorism, there is widespread concern about skyscraper safety.二、具体细节题a.Which of the following is a major advantage of.?b.What do we know about.?c.According to the passage when .d.Why are .?e.In which year.?a.Which of the following is true according to passage?b.Which of following is NOT mentioned as a fact?c.All of the following are true EXCEPT?d.Which of the following is wrong according to the author?a.The author states that b.The real cause for . isc. The investigation shows that d. According to the author, most people.1The difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious under the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the surface of the Earth. A liquid can be kept in an open container and fills it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms