unit 1 the hippocratic oath 医学院校硕士研究生英语读与写课件

医学院校硕士研究生英语读与写,中国人民大学出版社,English for Master Students in Medical Universities,China Renmin University Press,教材总主编 卢凤香,主编： 张海萍 张华君 殷红梅 编者： 闵 楠 苏 萍 任 雁 郑守志 刘 娟 谢 瑜,课件制作主编： 郑守志 刘 娟课件制作参与人：张海萍 张华君 卢凤香课件审阅人： 美籍专家James Boulton,Unit 1,Text A The Hippocratic Oath,Outline,Background information to Text AAnalysis of the textGlobal analysis of the textAnalysis of the text structureSummary of the text,Outline,Background information to Text BAnalysis of the textGlobal analysis of the textAnalysis of the text structureSummary of the textReference answers to the exercises,Background information to Text A,Introduction to the author Hippocrates was a Greek physician born in 460 BC on the island of Cos, Greece. He became known as the founder of medicine and is regarded as the greatest physician of his time. He based his medical practice on observations and on the study of the human body. He held the belief that illness has a physical as well as a rational explanation.,Background information to Text A,Introduction to the author He rejected the common view of his time that considered illness to be caused by superstitions, possession by evil spirits and disfavor from the gods. Hippocrates held the belief that the body must be treated as a whole and not just a series of parts. He accurately described disease symptoms and was the first physician to accurately describe the symptoms of pneumonia, as well as child epilepsy.,Background information to Text A,Introduction to the author He believed in the natural healing process of rest, a good diet, fresh air and cleanliness. He noted that there were individual differences in the severity of disease symptoms and that some individuals were better able to cope with their disease and illness than others. He was also the first physician that held the belief that thoughts, ideas, and feelings come from the brain and not the heart as others of his time believed.,Background information to Text A,Introduction to the author Hippocrates traveled throughout Greece practicing his medicine. He founded a medical school on the island of Cos, Greece and began teaching his ideas. He soon developed an Oath of Medical Ethics for physicians to follow. This Oath is taken by physicians today as they begin their medical practice. He died in 377 BC. Today Hippocrates is known as the Father of Medicine.,Background information to Text A,Introduction to the topic This oath, the oldest and best-known expression of a medical ethic, was for centuries regarded as the guide for proper medical conduct. Although the accomplishments of modern medicine appear to have taken the discipline far from its ancient roots, the oath continues to offer a powerful account of what it means to be a doctor.,Background information to Text A,Related background informationAncient Greek Medicine Medicine was very important to the Ancient Greeks and Ancient Greek Culture placed a high priority on a healthy lifestyle despite Ancient Greeces other great differences from the modern World.,Background information to Text A,Related background informationAncient Greek Medicine Ancient Greece was very different from the Greece of today. In Ancient Times Greece was a collection of City States. Each City State was independent but they all shared a similar culture as well as similar religious beliefs. Despite their lack of coherent government the Greeks developed a society that matched, if not exceeded, that of the Ancient Egyptians.,Background information to Text A,Related background informationAncient Greek Medicine Medical practices in Ancient Greece, like Egypt, were based largely upon religious beliefs. The Cult of Asclepios grew in popularity and was a major provider of medical care. This cult developed older theories and introduced several new treatments that are similar to our modern alternative medicines.,Background information to Text A,Related background informationAncient Greek Medicine The Ancient Greeks made major strides in the development of medical knowledge. The work of Hippocrates and his followers led to several scientific facts being recorded for the first time and perhaps more significantly the work of these philosophers began a tradition of studying the causes of disease rather than looking solely at the symptoms when prescribing a cure.,Background information to Text A,Related background information Ancient Greek Medicine The Ancient Greek world has provided a great legacy to the practice of medicine. Hippocrates theory of the Four Humours was, for a long time, the basis upon which medical reasoning developed. Likewise, the methodology employed by the Greeks has, to a large extent, been retained and modified to form what we now consider to be conventional medicine.,Background information to Text A,Related background information The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant: I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.,Background information to Text A,Related background information The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures which are required, avoiding those twin traps of over treatment and therapeutic nihilism. I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeons knife or the chemists drug.,Background information to Text A,Related background information The Hippocratic Oath - Modern VersionI will not be ashamed to say I know not, nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patients recovery.,Background information to Text A,Related background information The Hippocratic Oath - Modern VersionI will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.,Background information to Text A,Related background information The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the persons family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick. I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.,Background information to Text A,Related background informationThe Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.,Background information to Text A,Related background information The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.,Background information to Text A,Related background information The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version -Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today.,Analysis of the text,To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with him;(Paragraph 2)To treat the person who taught me medicine as dear as my parents; to share with him all that I have, and if necessary, to share my wealth.,Analysis of the text,To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with him;(Paragraph 2)In the first sentence, the direct object of “consider” is “him.” Because “him” is followed by a relative clause, an ambiguity will result if it is put directly after “consider.” Since the object is put at the end of the sentence there is no ambiguity.,Analysis of the text,To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with him;(Paragraph 2)in common with sb/sth: in the same way as someone or something else. Example: In common with a lot of other countries, were in an economic recession.,Analysis of the text,2)to teach them this art if they so desire without fee or written promise; (Paragraph2)Even if they dont have the money to pay me or are willing to promise to pay me, I will still teach them medical skills if they want to learn the art of medicine;,Analysis of the text,2)to teach them this art if they so desire without fee or written promise; (Paragraph2)In this sentence “so desire” has the same meaning as “desire so”.Example: I so desire to visit the famous Buckingham Palace. My brother wanted to be a Nobel Prize winner, and I desire so, too.,Analysis of the text,3) to impart to my sons and the sons of the master who taught me and the disciples who have enrolled themselves and have agreed to the rules of the profession,(Paragraph2)to give knowledge to my sons and the sons of my teacher and his students, who have decided to study medicine and observe the rules of being a doctor,Analysis of the text,3) to impart to my sons and the sons of the master who taught me and the disciples who have enrolled themselves and have agreed to the rules of the profession,(Paragraph2)impart: to give information, knowledge, wisdom etc. to someoneExample: She imparted the secret to her boyfriend.enroll: to officially arrange to join a school, university or course, or arrange for someone else toExample: There were 500 people enrolled in the Western Civilization class.,Analysis of the text,4) To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death (Paragraph2)I will not prescribe a deadly drug in order to please someone, and I will not give my patients any advice that may cause their death.There is a “notnor” structure in this sentence. Since the negative word “no” is put at the beginning of the sentence, the rest of the sentence is inverted as “will I prescribe”,Analysis of the text,5) In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, (Paragraph2)The only reason that I enter a house is that I want to examine my patients and make them feel betterfor the good of: to help something or somebodyExample: I hate swimming and I only go for the good of my health.,Analysis of the text,6) , be they free or slaves. (Paragraph2)This sentence is an adverbial clause of concession introduced by “be.” In this case, the sentence is inverted. The normal sentence should be “whether they are free or slaves.”Another Example: Everybody must obey the law, be he a common citizen or a high-ranking official.,Analysis of the text,7) in daily commerce with (Paragraph2)in my everyday contact with people (especially, the patients) around meIn this phrase, “commerce” refers to “relationships and communication between people.” So “in commerce with” means “in the communication or contact with ” Example: He established self confidence in commerce with his friends.,Analysis of the text,8) If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it, may the reverse be my lot. (Paragraph 2) If I keep the oath, I will enjoy my life, will be a good doctor, and will be respected by all men and all time; however, if I break the oath, I will not enjoy my life or be a good doctor, I will be despised.,Global analysis of the text,The oath begins by invoking ancient Greek deities. The specific deities invoked are Apollo (Apollo Physician), the god associated with light, truth, and prophecy; Asclepius, the child of Apollo, the father of medicine; Hygieia, whose name means health and living well and Panaceia (all heal), both daughters of Asclepius and associated with what modern readers might call “prevention” and “treatment.” The oath concludes with a plea, acknowledging that the physicians fortunes depend on their fulfillment of the oaths terms.,Global analysis of the text,The Oath addresses first how a physician should comport himself with respect to his teachers, as well as his teachers offspring, his own offspring, and all other students of medicine. Physicians are literally called into a fraternity with one another and the gift of the art of medicine is equated with the gift of life. The next part indicates how a physician should conduct himself with respect to his patients and their households.,Analysis of the text structure,The Oath divides into two parts: Part IParagraph 1 serves as an introduction for the whole passage, declaring that the author will obey the oath.Part IIParagraph 2 demonstrates each clause of the oath.,Summary of the text,The text mainly tells us what a physician should do with respect to his teachers, his teachers offspring, his own offspring, other students of medicine, and his patients and their families. This oath is a mirror for all physicians to examine themselves to see whether they have fulfilled their jobs.,Unit 1,Text B 12 Principles from Christoph Wilhelm von Hufeland,Outline,Background information to Text BAnalysis of the textGlobal analysis of the textAnalysis of the text structureSummary of the textReference answers to the exercises,Background information to Text B,Introduction to the authorChristoph Wilhelm Hufeland (August 12, 1762 - August 25, 1836), a German physician. He is famous as the most eminent practical physician of his time in Germany and as the author of numerous works that display his extensive reading and his cultivated critical faculty.,Background information to Text B,Introduction to the authorHe was born in Langensalza, Thuringia and educated at Weimar, where his father held the office of court physician to the grand duchess. In 1780 he entered the University of Jena, and in the following year went on to Gttingen, where in 1783 he graduated in medicine. After assisting his father for some years at Weimar, he was called in 1793 to the chair of medicine at Jena, receiving at the same time the positions of court physician and professor of Pathology at Weimar.,Background information to Text B,Introduction to the authorIn 1798 Frederick William III of Prussia appointed him as director to the medical college and general of state medical affairs at the Charit, in Berlin. He filled the chair of pathology and therapeutics at Humboldt University, Prussia, which was founded in 1809, and in 1810 became councilor of state. In time he became as famous as Goethe, Herder, Schiller, and Wieland in his homeland.Of his practical works, the System of Practical Medicine is the most elaborate. His autobiography was published in 1863.,Background information to Text B,Introduction to the topicThe medical profession has long subscribed to a body of ethical statements developed primarily for the benefit of the patient. As a member of this profession, a physician must recognize his responsibility to his patients as first and foremost, as well as his responsibility to society, to other health professionals, and to himself. The following Principles adopted by the American Medical Association are not laws, but standards of moral conduct, which define the essentials of honorable behavior for a physician.,Background information to Text B,A. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAA physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights.,Background information to Text B,A. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAA physician shall uphold the standards of professionalism, be honest in all professional interactions, and strive to report physicians deficient in character or competence, or engaging in fraud or deception, to appropriate entities.,Background information to Text B,A. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAA physician shall respect the law and also recognize a responsibility to seek changes in those requirements which are contrary to the best interests of the patient.A physician shall respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals, and shall safeguard patient confidences and privacy within the constraints of the law.,Background information to Text B,A. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAA physician shall continue to study, apply, and advance scientific knowledge, maintain a commitment to medical education, make relevant information available to patients, colleagues, and the public, obtain consultation, and use the talents of other health professionals when indicated.,Background information to Text B,A. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAA physician shall, in the provision of appropriate patient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate, and the environment in which to provide medical care.A physician shall recognize a responsibility to participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the community and the betterment of public health.,Background information to Text B,A. Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMAA physician shall, while caring for a patient, regard responsibility to the patient as paramount.A physician shall support access to medical care for all people. Adopted by the AMAs House of Delegates June 17, 2001. (From http:/www.