幼儿教育健康课件（英文）

Physical Development and Health Duringthe First Three Years,Chapter Six,Guideposts for Study,1. How Do Babies Grow, and How and What Should They Be Fed? 2. How Does the Brain Develop, and How Do Environmental Factors affect Its Early Growth?,Guideposts for Study,3. How Do the Senses Develop During Infancy?4. What are some early millstone in motor development and what are some influence on it?5. How Can We Enhance Babies Chances of Survival and Health?,Growth and Nutrition,Children grow faster during the first 3 years of life, especially during the first few months than they ever will again.,Growth and Nutrition,Patterns of GrowthBy 5 months average baby boy will double weight to 7 kg.By 1 year his weight will triple to 10kg.,Growth and Nutrition,Recap from chapter 4Cephalocaudal principleGrowth occurs from top downProximodistal principleGrowth occurs from the center of the body outward,Growth and Nutrition,NourishmentBreastfeeding: Benefits and CautionsEncouraging BreastfeedingBabies prefer sweet taste,Growth and Nutrition,Nutritional concernsMany parents do not follow the guidelines given by pediatric expertsOverweight infants are a concern,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,Central Nervous SystemBrain and spinal cordSensory messages travel to the brain and motor commands travel back,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,Building the BrainMajor parts of the brainBrain stemCerebellumLateralizationCorpus callosum,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,Building the BrainCerebral hemisphereOccipital lobeParietal lobeTemporal lobeFrontal lobeCerebral cortexRegions govern vision, hearing, and other sensory information,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,Parts of the Brain, side view.,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,Building the BrainBrain cellsNeuronsAxonsDendritesSynapsesNeurotransmittersGlia cells,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,Building the BrainAs neurons multiply, migrate, and develop connections. they undergoIntegrationDifferentiationCell death,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,MyelinationMyelin, a fatty insulating substance, begins about halfway through gestation in some parts of the brain and continues into adulthood in others,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,Growth of Neural connections during the first 2 years of life. There is an increase in brain density and weight; due to the formation of dendrites, extensions of nerve cell bodies and the synapses that link them.,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,Early ReflexesAutomatic, innate responses to stimulationPrimitiveSucking, rooting, and MoroPosturalLocomotorWalking, swimming,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,Wiring the Brain!Development of neural connections before and after birth.,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,Molding the Brain: The Role of ExperiencePlasticityFormative period vulnerabilityHazardous drugsEnvironmental toxinsMaternal stress,The Brain and Reflex Behaviour,LEFT: A PET scan of a normal childs brain shows regions of high (red) and low (blue and black) activity. RIGHT: A PET scan of the brain of a Romanian Orphan institutionalized after birth, show little activity.,Early Sensory Capacities,Touch and PainFirst sense to developDevelops in the wombSmell and TastePreference of pleasant odours in utero“Sweet tooth”,Early Sensory Capacities,HearingFunctional before birthRecognition of voices and language can occur in the wombSightLeast developed at birthUnderdeveloped structuresBinocular vision develops at 4 to 5 months,Motor Development,Milestones of Motor DevelopmentSimple skills Systems of actionPincer gripDenver Developmental Screening TestGross motor skillsFine motor skills,Motor Development,Milestones of Motor DevelopmentHead controlFully controllable at 4 monthsHand controlAt 7 to 11 months can pick up a tiny objectLocomotionSelf-locomotion,Motor Development,Motor Development and PerceptionVisual guidanceDepth PerceptionThree dimensionsHaptic perceptionAbility to acquire information by handling objects rather than just looking at them,Motor Development,How Motor Development Occurs: Thelens Dynamic Systems TheoryElement of timeMotor Development is Interaction between infants ands their environmentIntegration of perception and cognition with actionDiffering developmental pathways of individual children,Motor Development,Cultural Influences on Motor DevelopmentSome cultures actively encourage early development of motor skills while others inhibit themHandling routines in African and West Indian cultures,Health,Infant Mortality RateProportion of babies who die within the first yearBirth defects are the leading causeReducing Infant MortalityPreventable deathsPovertyPoor maternal health and nutritionInfectionPoor medical careSIDS,Health,Infant mortality rates in industrialized countries, 2003. In recent years most nations, including Canada, have shown dramatic improvement.,Health,Birth weight distributions by ethnic group in Canada (2000-2002).Low birth weight proportions for Aboriginal refer to off-reserve groups. On-reserve low-birth weight rate is the same as the Canadian Non-Aboriginal average.,Health,Reducing Infant MortalitySudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)Low birth weight babies are more susceptibleGene mutations affecting the heart have been linkedDefects in the brains ability to use serotonin,Health,Unintentional injuries are the fourth leading cause of death in infancy in Canada, and the third leading cause of death after the first 4 weeks of life, following SIDS and birth defects.,Health,Immunization for Better HealthMeasles, pertussis, and polio95 percent drop of vaccine-prevented infectious diseases since 1993Many children not adequately protectedUnsubstantiated concern about Autism,Review Your Guideposts,?,Review Your Guideposts!,Guideposts Review Question #1At the end of the average childs first year, his/her weight has _ since birth.A.increased by 25%B.doubledC.tripledD.quadrupledAnswer: CFor more information, review your notes and see Page: 132 in your textbook.,Review Your Guideposts!,Guideposts Review Question #2Together, the brain and the spinal cord comprise theA. central nervous system.B. peripheral nervous system.C. neuroleptic circuit.D. neurogenetic matrix.Answer: AFor more information, review your notes and see Page: 136 in your textbook.,Review Your Guideposts!,Guideposts Review Question #3The sense that seems to be the first to develop in infants isA.taste.B.smell.C.touch.D.sight.Answer: CFor