德意志帝国宪法.doc

德意志帝国宪法德国制定宪法的历史始于1815年，全国统一宪法的制定始于1848年革命时期的法兰克福宪法。就对近代德国政治生活的影响而言，最重要的要推1850年的普鲁士宪法和1867年的北德意志联邦宪法，前者是一部以树立国王绝对权威和加强军国主义势力为内容的宪法，后者的基本内容来自晋鲁士宪法。1871年制定的德意志帝国宪法是以1867年北德意志联邦宪法为蓝本，仅加以稍微修改，反映容克与资产阶级共同意志、混杂着封建因素的资产阶级性质的宪法。其内容和特点是：（1）规定德国是一个联邦制国家，由22个邦和自由城市组成。帝国中央拥有极大权力，各邦地位很不平等。事实上，德意志各邦已成为联邦政府的地方自治单位，失去了其原有的独立性。上述规定肯定了德国统一的事实，有利于促进资本主义的发展。（2）帝国政权组织形式是君主立宪制，由普鲁士掌握帝国最高行政权，宪法赋予皇帝和宰相以极大权力。（3）宪法规定帝国立法权由联邦参议会和帝国议会两院制议会行使，但由选民直接选举产生的帝国议会完全处于从属地位。这在一定程度上表明，德国资产阶级在统一后的国家机构中，只获得很小一部分权力。（4）宪法以专章规定了帝国的军事制度，把普鲁士的军事法律施行于全国。这样，也就是把普鲁士的军国主义推行于全帝国。因此，1871年德意志帝国宪法所确立的国家制度，具有浓厚的专制色彩，国会只是点缀。劳动大众和资产阶级并未获得多少实际的政治权利。Paulskirchenverfassung:The so-called Paulskirchenverfassung (Constitution of St. Pauls Church, Frankfurt) of 1849 was the first constitution of a German Empire (German Empire usually being associated with the Empire founded by Bismarck in 1871), and as such was actually titled Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches (Constitution of the German Empire). It was proclaimed by the Frankfurt Parliament, during its meeting in the Paulskirche church on 27 March 1849, and came in effect on 28 March,1 when it was published in the Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt 1849, p. 101-147.Thus, a united German Empire, as successor to the German Confederation, had been founded de jure.citation needed De facto, though, most Princes on German soil were not willing to give up sovereignty and resisted it, so it did not succeed on land, with the German Confederation being restored a year later. On the other hand, this first and democratic German Empire, with its small Reichsflotte navy founded a year earlier, fought the First War of Schleswig at sea with the Battle of Heligoland. The fleets black-red-gold war ensign was one of the first instances of the official use of the Flag of Germany.After long and controversial negotiations, the parliament had passed the complete Imperial Constitution on 27 March 1849. It was carried narrowly, by 267 against 263 votes. The version passed included the creation of a hereditary emperor (Erbkaisertum), which had been favoured mainly by the erbkaiserliche group around Gagern, with the reluctant support of the Westendhall group around Heinrich Simon. On the first reading, such a solution had been dismissed. The change of mind came about because all alternative suggestions, such as an elective monarchy, or a Directory government under an alternating chair were even less practicable and unable to find broad support, as was the radical lefts demand for a republic, modelled on the United States.The people were to be represented by a bicameral parliament, with a directly elected Volkshaus (House of commons), and a Staatenhaus (House of States) of representatives sent by the individual confederated states. Half of each Staatenhaus delegation was to be appointed by the respective state government, the other by the state parliament.The constitutions text opens with 1 Sentence 1: Das deutsche Reich besteht aus dem Gebiete des bisherigen deutschen Bundes.“ (The German Empire consists of the area of the German Confederation). 德意志帝国宪法（1871年）简介：1871年4月16日由帝国制宪会议通过，宣告德意志帝国是君主立宪制的联邦国家，标志着德意志民族统一运动的最后完成，标志着德国走上资本主义发展道路。该宪法在俾斯麦一手包办下由北德意志联邦宪法修改而成，共14章78条。虽保存很多封建残余，但有利于资本主义的发展，对德国及其它亚洲各国产生了深远的影响。1918年德国爆发十一月革命，帝制被推翻，该宪法寿终正寝。1、联邦领土第一条 联邦领土由下列各邦组成：普鲁士与洛恩堡、巴伐利亚、萨克森、符登堡、巴登、黑森律贝克、不来梅和汉堡。2、帝国立法权第二条 帝国依据本宪法规定在联邦领土内行使立法权，帝国法律应高于各邦法律第四条 下列事务属于帝国的监督与立法权范围之内：1)制定关于迁徙的自由、归化与居住自由、公民权、护照、外侨警务、各种行业，包括保险在内的法规；2)制定海关与贸易的立法，及关于帝国所需赋税立法；3)规定度量衡与货币制度，以及制定关于发行有保证金的或无保证金的纸币之基本规章7)组织统一保护德国海外贸易、德国航运及其航海旗帜，设立由帝国开支经费的统一的领事馆；8)铁路事业10)邮政、电报事业13)关于全部民事、刑事与诉讼法之统一立法；14)帝国的陆军与海军舰队第五条 帝国立法权由联邦议会和帝国议会行使之。帝国法律应取得两个议会必要的和充分的多数的同意。3、联邦议会第六条 联邦议会由联邦成员代表组成，其票权分配如下：普鲁士连同汉诺威、库尔黑森、浩斯敦、拿骚及法兰克福的原有票权共有17票；巴伐利亚6票；萨克森4票；符登堡4票；巴登3票；黑森3票；梅格棱堡-许威林2票；布伦斯维克2票。4、主席职位第十一条 联邦的主席职位属于普鲁士国王，普鲁士国王享有德意志皇帝的尊称。皇帝在国际关系上为帝国的代表，以帝国的名义宣战与媾和，同外国缔结同盟及其他条约，委派并接受使节。以帝国名义宣战，必须取得联邦议会的同意，除非联邦的领土或其海岸已遭受攻击第十二条 联邦议会与帝国议会的召集、开会、延会、闭会之权属于皇帝第十五条 联邦议会的主席职务及其事务的领导权属于由皇帝任命的帝国宰相第十七条 建议并公布帝国法律及监督执行之权属于皇帝第十八条 皇帝委派官吏，命令他们宣誓效忠帝国，并在必要情况下，命令他们退职5、帝国议会第二十条 帝国议会由秘密