The West 1860-1900 - Immigration and Urbanization 1865-1900

TheWest 1860 1900 NativeAmericans PlainsIndiansCulture Semi nomadichuntingculture centeredaroundbuffaloAdaptations horse gunBythe1840s only30 000NativeAmericansremaineastoftheMississippiMajorgroups SiouxCheyenneBlackfootPawneeNezPerceApache IndianPolicy 1831 1887 1850s whitemovementintotheGreatPlainsleadstoconflictswithwesterntribesDiscoveryofgoldandsilverinCA CO NV MTHomesteadAct1863 160acresfreelandpersettlerRRs PacificRailwayAct1862TranscontinentalRRbuilt1863 1869TreatyofFt Laramie 1851 tribesaccept boundaries promisedtoleaveemigrantsaloneonwestwardtrailsProblem nocentraltribalauthority manysubgroupsdon tacceptterms IndianPolicy 1831 1887 2 By1860s whitesencroachingonIndianlands1850 1860 150 000MinnesotansillegallymoveontoSiouxlands PeacecommisisonersgatheratFtLaramie TheIndianWars Sporadicwarfareandraidingfrom1860sto1870s tribesforcedtorelocateonreservations MajorIndianConflicts SiouxUprising 1862SiouxIndiansattempttomovebackontolandinMinnesota MajorIndianConflicts 2 SandCreekMassacre 1864Col JohnChivingtonattacksaCheyennesettlement underaflagoftruce atSandCreek FettermanMassacre 1866USbuildingaroadthroughSiouxhuntinggrounds SiouxwarriorCrazyHorseattackstheconstructionpartyandmutilatesthebodies SiouxcalloffattacksandsigntheTreatyof1868 promisingtheirlandintheBlackHillswillbeprotected MajorIndianConflicts 2 RedRiverWar 1874 75USwageswaronComancheandKiowaIndianswhorefusetosettleonareservation Gen PhilipSheridan destroytheirvillages killtheirwarriors bringbackallwomenandchildren SecondSiouxWar 1876Gen GeorgeA CusterinvestigatesclaimsofgoldintheBlackHills SettlersencroachingonSiouxland USwon tprotectSioux butofferstobuyland WarwithSiouxresults endstragicallyforGeorgeCusterathteBattleofLittleBigHornandfortheSiouxwholosethewar WoundedKnee 1890Wovoka Siouxmedicinemanwhopromotesthe GhostDance religion Apocalyptic dancewillbringaboutthereturnofbuffaloanddeathofwhites 25 000SiouxAtPineRidgeReservation UStroopsattempttodisarm350SiouxindiansatWoundedKneeCreek amassacreresults ASioux GhostShirt wornbyIndiansperformingtheGhostDance SomeSiouxbelievedthatthosewearingthesespecialgarmentswouldbeimpervioustobullets afactprovenfalseatWoundedKnee DestructionofIndianLife ExterminationoftheBuffaloIn1865 over15millionbuffaloontheprairies sourceoffood fuel shelter clothing etc Railroadsspeedtheexterminationoftheherdsbuffaloseenasanuisance herdsblocktrackslaborgangsconsumebuffalomeatWilliam BuffaloBill Codyshoots4 000in18monthsworkingfortheKansasPacificRRsportsmenpaytoshootbuffalooutoftrainwindowsBy1885lessthan3 000buffaloremaining DestructionofIndianLife 2 DawesAct1887amisguidedattemptatreformdissolvestribes establishedprivatelandownership 160acresperhousehold fundsfromremainingreservationlandusedforeducationand assimilation by1900 Indianshadlost50 ofthe156millionacresallottedundertheact DestructionofIndianLife 3 ACenturyofDishonorbyHelenHuntJacksonCarlisleSchools PA Three Frontiers CattleFarmingMining TheCattleFrontier CattleIndustry LonghornCattleFirstbroughttoAmericabytheSpaniards alongwithhorsesThosethatescapedthrivedonthesouthernplains PriortotheCivilWar cattleranchingwaslimitedRancherssoldhideandmeattolocalmarkets1849 someranchersdrivecattletomarketinCaliforniatocollect 25 125 head1854 cattledriventoMuncie IndianaandthenshippedbyrailtoNYC Stampedeon3rdAvenue PostCivilWar demandforbeefgrows espincitiesHowtogetcattletomarket JosephMcCoyCreatesfirststockyardsinAbilene KS1866 1888 4millionsteerdrivennorthbyhiredhands 1 4black 1 10Mexican BeefBarons Swift Armourindustrializemeatpacking DemiseoftheCattleDrive Populationofwestgrows farmersandranchersdon twantherdstramplingovertheirland Barbedwire JosephGlidden Inventedin1874 10 000lbssold By1878 27millionlbssoldGreatFreezeUpof1887Tempsbelow 68FOvergrazinganddroughtCattlebreeding ranching TheFarmingFrontier FarmingExpandsWest HomesteadAct1862160acrespersettlerfreeIFAsettlercanliveonandimprovelandfor5yearsPays 30Alsoauthorizestheimmediatesaleoflandalowcost 1 25 acre Purpose rapidsettlement not isthegoal 500 000familiesmovewestundertheHARailroads Railroadboom1850 1871Railroadsgivenlandgrantstopaycost Landthensoldtosettlers manyareimmigrants TranscontinentalRRcompletedin1869 UnionPacificandCentralPacific OklahomaLandRush18892millionacresgivenawayin24hrs boomers and sooners FactorsencouragingsettlementCheap accessiblelandRailroadsNewrailroadshelpbringsettlersoutandsendcropstoeasternmarketsRRsgivenlandbygov taspayment selllandtoimmigrantsTechnologiesSteelplowDryfarmingtechniqueswestof100thmeridian rainfalldropsfrom20 30in yrto10 20in yrDroughtresistantcrops Russianwheat etc usedWindmillspumpwaterupfromwellsBarbedwireMcCormick sHarvester ThresherCancutandthreshwheatinonepass1830 takes180minutestoproduceabushelofgrain by1900 10minSeeddrillHighprices WheatandcornpricesupduetocropfailuresinEuropeinthe1860sandCivilWarinAmerica LifeintheWestHardshipsLonelyexistenceDifficultconditions heat wind dust insects rattlesnakes drought andharshwinters LocustsLackofwaterandtreesAdaptationsDugoutsandSoddiesLocustsusedasafoodsourceBuffalochips dung usedasfuel Adugout above andasoddy below TheCycleofDebtHighpricesforcropsencourageinvestment Farmersgetloanstopurchasemachinerytoproducemore Dropsinthepricesinthe1870smakeitdifficultforfarmerstorepayloans BonanzaFarmsHighpricesencouragemassiveinvestmentHugefarmsrunbycorporationsandinvestorsSomehad10 000 acresincultivationManyfoldbecauseofdroughtsinthe1880s 90s RailroadsFarmersgrowupsetatrailroadratesthatchargewesternfarmersmoretheneasternfarmers andsometimeschargemoreforhaulingitemsshortdistancesthantheydolongdistances TheFarmer sMovement Inresponsetohardships debt anddiscontent andangeratrailroadmonopolies farmorganizationsemerge TheGrange 1860s 70s OriginallyacommunalorganizationCooperativeefforts grainelevators negotiatedrateswithRRsPoliticalefforts GrangerLawsFarmersAlliance 1880s Politicalorganization amoderndayP A C Endorsescandidates AllianceYardstickSouthernAlliance ColoredFarmer sAlliance PopulistParty 1892 Significant3rdpartythatchallengestheDemsandRepublicansin1892 1896 Agrainelevator SchematicofaGrainElevator Farmer sAlliance thePopulistParty PopulistParty theElectionof1896 Populistsuccessesin1892anddiscontentoverthePanicof1893pavewayforamajorcampaignin1896Centralissue bi metallismGoldbugsvs silverites Popocrats afusionticketPopulistPartynominatesWilliamJenningsBryan NE andVPTomWatson GA DemocratsnominateWJBandVPArthurSewall aMainebanker Electionof1896 GOPnominatesWilliamMcKinley OH ProtectionistMarcusH