EATING学法指导.doc

Unit 13 Healthy Eating学法指导 你一定喜欢美食吧！通过本单元的学习，我们将了解什么是健康食品，哪些是垃圾食品，以及菜谱、烹调方面的相关术语，请同学们在学习中注意此方面的词汇、句型和日常用语。我们还要学习提出建议和劝告的句型以及相应的回答，它属于交际英语的一部分，是近年来考试的重点。另外，情态动词had better, should 和ought to 也是本单元的重点。学习要点词汇stomach bag-like part of the food canal into which food passes to be digested.examine look at carefully in order to learn about or from.energy force to do things and get things done.soft non-alcoholic（不含酒精）.bar long piece of hard material (e.g. metal, wood, soap, chocolate).fuel material for producing heat or other forms of energy, e.g. wood, coal, oildiet the usual food and drink of a person or animal.pace distance covered by the foot in a single step in walking or running.fibre(=fiber) a slender threadlike object mineral any of various natural substances（物质）balance ( vt, vi ) compare two objects, plans, etc in order to judge the relative weight, etc. n. condition f being steady.fit be the right measure, shape and size for.digest (of food) change, be changed, in the stomach so that it can be used in the body.gain get sth. wanted or needed; increase, add.function special activity or purpose of a person or a thing.brain (in man and animals ) the mass of soft grey matter in the headpeel (vt, vi ) take the skin off (fruit, etc). ( n) skin of fruit, some vegetables, young shoots, etc.tasty having a pleasant flavour; pleasing to the taste.steam give out vapour.boil to reach the boiling point. slice a thin, broad piece cut from a larger amount.短语ought to / plenty of / keep up with / make a choice / be short of / now and then / roll up / a bar of no longer / be good for / be harmful to / spendon doing sth. / go for / lose weight / as as possible / be short of / invite sb. to do sth. / be dying for / avoid doing / now and then句型You ought to be careful with fruit.Take this medicine three times a day.And I advise you not to eat fruit that isnt ripe in future.Ive got a pain here. This place hurts.Which of the following gives you the most energy: a banana, a soft drink, a bar of chocolate?日常交际用语表示建议，劝告的常用语：1 advise sb. (not) to do sth.2 Youd better (not) do sth.3 suggest doing sth. / suggest that sb. (should) do sth.4 Why not do sth. ?5 Why dont you do sth ?6. How about/ What about doing sth?7. Lets do sth , shall we ?8. Will you please do sth?9. Shall we do sth?10. Cant we do sth?重点难点突破1.You ought to be careful with fruit.你吃水果时要小心。1)ought to 表示“应该” You ought to take care of him. 你应该照顾好他。表示 “推测” 注意与must表示推测时的区别：He ought to be home by now. （不十分确定）他现在应该已经到家了。He must be home by now. (十分确定) 他现在一定已经到家了。This is where the oil ought to be. (比较含蓄) 石油应该在这个地方。This is where the oil must be. （比较直率）石油一定在这个地方。 “ought to + have + 过去分词” 表示过去应做某事而实际未做。You ought to have helped him. (but you did not) 你本应该帮助他。（但你没有）2)should 表示劝告，建议，命令，其同义词是ought to 。在疑问句中常用should。You should go to class now. 你现在应该去上课了。Should I open the window? 我可以打开窗户吗？“should + have + 过去分词”， 表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。You should have stared earlier. 你本应该早点儿开始。2. It was a bit green. 它有一点儿生。1）在肯定句中a bit 和a little 同义，表示“一点儿，一些”。如：Im a bit / a little hungry. 我有点儿饿2）在否定句中not a bit = not at all / not in the least 意思是“一点儿都不”，是全否定，语气较强；not a little = very / much/ very much ， 意思是“非常”。I was not a bit tired after the climb. 那次登山后我一点都不感到疲劳。The children were not a little tired after the climb. 那次登山后孩子们累极了。注意：a bit of 和a little修饰不可数名词，表示“少量的，一点儿”please give me a bit of / a little bread. 请给我一点面包。Please lend me a bit of / a little money. 请借给我一点钱。3.It is nothing serious. 没有什么。修饰不定代词时，形容词放在不定代词的后面。nothing important 没什么重要的 everything necessary 一切必要的事情nothing specially interesting 没什么特别有意思的4.I advise you not to eat fruit that isnt ripe in future.我建议你今后不要吃不熟的水果。1) advise 建议sb (not ) to do sth 建议某人（不）作某事 doing sth 建议作某事 sth 建议某事 advise vt. that sb (should) do sth 建议某人作某事 sb on sth. 在某事上给某人提出建议 sb against doing sth 建议某人不要作某事 give sb on 给某人在某方面提出建议 give to sb 给某人提出建议 advice n. follow / take ones 接受某人的建议 a piece / bit of 一条建议I advise you not to read in bed 我建议你不要躺在床上看书。.What do you advise me to do? 你建议我怎么做呢？We advise starting early. 我们建议早点出发。The doctor advised a good rest. 医生建议多休息。The teacher advised that he (should) read English every morning. 老师建议他每天早晨读英语。2）比较suggest和advise的用法： sth to sb doing that (should) do 宾语从句用虚拟语气suggest Its suggested that (should) do 主语从句用虚拟语气 The suggestion that (should) do 同位语从句用虚拟语气 My suggestion is that (should) do表语从句用虚拟语气注意： suggest that 暗示，说明（不用虚拟语气）The smile on her face suggested that she agreed with me.她脸上的微笑表明她同意我的观点。suggest后不能接 sb to do，而advise可以。例如：他建议我们参观长城。He suggested to us a visit to the Great Wall.He suggested us visiting the Great Wall.He advised us to visit the Great Wall.2) in future：from now on今后 in the future：in time yet to come 将来 Youd better not go out alone after dark in future. 你以后天黑后最好不要单独出去。 No one knows what will happen in the future. 没人知道将来会发生什么事。5.Ive got a pain here. This place hurts. 我这儿疼。这个地方疼。 1）pain指身体上的痛苦，既可用做可数名词也可用做不可数名词。I have a pain/pain/pains in the stomach. 我胃疼。I have a sharp pain in the chest. 我胸口剧疼。He was seriously hurt and in pain. 他伤势严重，很痛苦。指精神、情感方面的痛苦，用做不可数名词。His bad behaviour caused his parents a great deal of pain. 他的不良的行为举止给他的父母带来了极大的痛苦。It gave us much pain to learn the news of his death. 听到他的死讯，我们感到极度痛苦。辛苦、辛劳，常用复数形式。 No pains, no gains.不劳动，不收获。He always takes great pains with his work. 他工作很努力。2）hurt vt. 普通用语，指精神、肉体上的受伤均可。vi 疼痛 You have hurt his feeling. 你伤了他的感情。I was hurt by his words. 他的话刺伤了我。He fell off his bicycle. I hope he wasnt badly hurt.他从自行车上摔了下来，我希望他伤得不重。Does your head still hurt? 你的头还疼吗？注意：pain 可数名词。“肉体上的疼痛”。不可数名词。“痛苦”。复数。 “努力，辛苦”，也指“身体上的疼痛”。ache 指“人体局部疼痛”，或用作名词后缀， 如：headache, toothache hurt 指“肉体上的疼痛和肉体上的疼痛伤害”。I have a pain in the leg. 我腿疼。His head aches terribly. 我头疼的厉害。My feet hurt because my shoes are too tight. 我脚疼因为我的鞋太紧了。注意： injure 常指意外事故中受伤 wound一般指外伤，常指战场上或冲突中所受的枪伤或刀伤。 hurt 常指肉体的疼痛和精神上的伤害 harm 主要指对人或事物造成危害，这种危害不一定是直接的，也不一定有痛楚。 Twenty passengers were injured in the traffic accident yesterday. 在昨天的交通事故中有20人受伤。 The bullet wounded him in the left leg. 那颗子弹打伤了他的左腿。 He was hurt by a falling brick. 他被一个落下来的砖头砸伤了。 Smoking may harm your health. 吸烟有害健康。 injured 和wounded可做定语，意思是 “受伤的” the wounded / injured受伤的士兵 the injured, the wounded用来指一类人“伤员” The injured have been taken to hospital. 伤员已经被送往医院。 All the wounded were removed. 全体伤员都被运走了。6. Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was. 选择吃什么不像以前那么简单了。no longer = not any longer 指时间上和状态上不再延续。常与延续性动词和形容词连用。no more = not any more 强调数量，次数上不再增加和动作中止的结果，常与名词或瞬间动词连用。China is no longer what it used to be. =China is not what it used to be any longer. （多指眼下不再）He said he would go there no more.= He said he would not go there any more. （多指将来不再）7. Our eating habits have changed, as has our way of life, and the fuel we need for our body is also different. 我们的饮食习惯变了，生活方式变了，我们身体所需的热量也与以往不同了。关系代词as和which ：比较下面两个例句：This elephant is like a snake, as / which everybody can see.= As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake.Tom didnt pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry.这两个例句中，as 和which 代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容，是非限定性定语从句。不同之处：.在形式上，as引导的非限定性定语从句可以位于主句的后面，也可以位于主句的前面；而which 引导的非限定性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。在意义上，as定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如，就象”,which 定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或是对主句的评论。He was late again, as / which we had expected. = As we had expected, he was late again.正如我们所料，他又迟到了。He takes exercises every day, which has done a lot of good to his health.他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。 （不用as）The street hasnt been cleaned for weeks, which makes it very dirty.街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。（不用as）注意在such as , the same as, as many as, as much as等结构中，as 不能用which 替代。Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 这样的书对初学者来说太难了。These two words are pronounced differently but they spelt the same as each other. 这两个单词发音不同，但是它们的拼写相同。8.If we want to keep up with the high pace of modern life, we had better make the right choices about what and how we eat. 如果我们想跟上现代生活的快节奏，我们最好学会正确选择吃什么和怎样吃。keep up with 跟上；不落后；赶上Dont run I cant keep up with you. 别跑了，我赶不上你了。Are wages keeping up with inflation? 工资跟得上通货膨胀吗？keep in with 不得罪 keep back 阻止，阻挡keep down 控制，压制 keep off 避开；不接近keep on 继续；保持 keep out 关在门外；不准入内keep out of 躲开；置身于之外 keep up 继续；坚持9.Some nutrients help build our body and make it stronger. Protein, for example, is good for our muscles. 一些营养物有助于增强我们的体质并且使它更强壮。例如，蛋白质有益于我们的肌肉。build (built, built) vt, vi 1)建筑；建造；盖He built a model ship out of wood. 他用木头造了个模型船。根据；依赖 His argument is built on facts. 他的论点是以事实为根据的2)向最高峰发展, 达到最高峰The wind began to build. 风力开始增大。build n 体格；体型 。v.t 健身We are of the same build. 我们体型相同build a reservoir 修建水库 build a fire 生火build a character 培养性格 a man of strong build 体格健壮的人10.Other nutrients help keep our body functioning well. 其它营养物有助于很好地保持我们的人体机能。keep on doing (有间断地)继续干，反复干（强调决心毅力）keep doing (无间断地)继续干，（无感情色彩）keep sb doing 使某人一直干keep（prevent / stop） sb from doing 阻止某人干keep up with 跟上（原来一个层次） catch up with 赶上（原来落后）keep in mind 把.记在心里 keep out of 不使入内11. If our diet includes foods from all the food groups, in the right amounts, we do not have to buy any supplements. 如果我们的饮食中，适量摄入各种食品，我们就没必要购买其它的营养品。1)diet n. food and drink饮食A balanced diet and regular exercise are both important for your health. 均衡的饮食和有规律的锻炼对你的健康很重要。 节食 a high-fibre diet 高纤维的饮食a low-fibre diet 低纤维的饮食No potatoes for me Im on a diet. 我不吃土豆，我在节食/减肥。 注意区分：diet和food, diet指的是习惯的食物或规定的食物，特指维持健康的定量的或病人的疗养food是食物的一般用语。 The sick man cant live without food, but he must have a diet without sugar. 那个病人不能不吃东西，但是他必须吃不含糖的食物。2)include 和contain 的区别：两者都有“包括”之义，区别：contain 侧重于“整体，内有”指在某一范围或容器内容纳某物。不用进行时态。翻译为“包含，含有，内装”include 侧重包含者只是整体中的相对独立的一部分。翻译为“包括”。including 一般被看作介词。The plan includes most of your suggestion.The book contains forty maps , including three of Great Britain.12 The same goes for “crash diets” that some companies say will make us lose weight fast. 有些公司建议我们用来快速减肥的“速成食疗”也是如此。(1)go for冲向；进攻；打击;抨击；责备They went for each other in the papers. 他们在报上互相指责。喜欢；被吸引 She doesnt go for men of this type. 她不喜欢他这种类型的男人。对.适用He thought the lunch was terrible, and the same goes for all the rest of us too. 他认为午饭很糟糕，我们也是。go about 到处走动;从事；着手做 go along 进行；继续 ;赞成；同意go down 下降；下沉；坠落；降价 go for 冲向；进攻；打击 抨击；责备go in for 参加（考试）；应试 go off 爆炸；（爆竹、铃等）响;（食物等）变坏go through 经历；经受；遭到 go up 涨价；上涨(2)weight n. 重量net weight净重 gross weight 毛重 put on weight 体重增加 lose weight 体重减轻by weight 按重量by 后接表示计量单位的名词时，通常用the.I am paid by the hour. 我按小时计愁。Is this cloth sold by the metre . 这种布是按米卖的吗？ weigh v.称的重量How much do you weigh? = What is your weight? 你的体重是多少？ 13. The best way to make sure that we will feel and look fine is to develop healthy eating habits.最好的方法是养成健康的饮食习惯，这将使我们感到并且看上去很健康。develop v. a new business发展新业务 mind and body 身心发展 speaking skills 培养会话技巧a developing country 发展中国家a developed country 发达国家 a film 冲洗胶卷 out of / from 由发展起来 develop .into 发展成Plants develop from seeds 植物由种子发育而成。Several industries are developing in this area. 几种工业正在这个地区发展。Some children develop more slowly than others. 有的儿童比其他儿童发育得慢。Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies.新鲜空气和运动能使身体健康。He developed the photographs which he had taken.他拍摄的照片冲洗出来了。With hard work, she developed into a great writer.经过艰苦地工作，她成为一位伟大的作家14 Only in that way will we be ready for the challenges and opportunities in life. 只有用那种方式我们才能准备好迎接生命里挑战与机遇。当副词only放于句首,修饰状语(副词，介词短语和状语从句)时，句子要倒装，其结构是： 副词 Only + 介词短语 + 助动词+ 主语 状语从句Only then did I realize that I was wrong直到那时我才意识到我错了。Only with hard work can you expect to get a pay rise. 只有努力工作，你才能期望涨薪水，Only when the war was over was he able to get back to work 只有到战争结束后，他才能重新开始工作。15 You will stay healthy if you eat a balanced diet that includes the right amount of nutrients from different foods groups. 如果你饮食均衡，适量摄入各种食物，营养多样均衡，你将会保持健康。stay vi 停留，暂住；逗留；做客Stay in your classroom until it is time to go home. 在教室里一直待到该你们回家的时间。He stayed with his father while he was ill. 当他生病时，他和父亲待在一块儿。 In my letter, I told her that she could stay with us.我在信中告诉她,她可以和我们住在一起。 (系动词) 支撑；支持，持续不变；保持The patient is at the critical stage. The food wont stay down.病人处于危急状态,东西吃下去就呕出来。How can you stay so cool, calm and collected after such a hot argument?这样一场激烈的争论过后,你怎么还能保持如此心平气和,镇静自若?16 They are dying for some good food to refuel their little bodies.他们需要一些高质量的食品补充身体需求。die v. death n. dead adj. 死；死亡；逝世；辞世，（常与of, from, with连用）中止；结束；消亡Every winter some old people die from hypothermia.每年冬天都有些老人死于体温过低。To die for the people is a glorious death!为人民而死,虽死犹荣。The day is dying in the west. 日薄西山。be dying for 渴望I am dying for a new bike. 我很想要一辆新自行车。常用短语：die away 逐渐停止，逐渐消失 die back （植物）枝叶枯萎 die down 逐渐减弱，逐渐模糊 die out 逐渐消失 ;灭绝die of 因(患病)死亡 die from 死于(外因)die for 为而死 die hard （旧习惯等）难改掉，难消失17.You should avoid eating vegetables that are grown with too many chemicals. 你应该避免吃被施加了过量的化学制品的蔬菜。avoid 避开；避免 doing sth ; sth.I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.我横穿马路以便避开他,但他看到了我并朝我跑过来。To avoid confusion, the teams wore different colors.为避免混淆,两队分穿不同颜色的衣服。逃避Are you trying to avoid me? 你是不是想躲开我？名师随堂解题基础题例This book _ forty maps, _ three of Great Britain. A. contained; included B. is containing; including C. includes; contains D. contain; including.导析：contain意思是“包含，含有，容纳”。侧重“某一范围中包含哪些内容，某种物质中含有某种成分或某一容器和空间容纳某物。”contain不用于进行时态。Include强调某事物中包括哪些组成部分。常用它的分词短语形式作定语。本题The book中“含有四十幅地图”， 侧重的是内容；其中的三幅英国地图是四十幅图中的一部分。因为逻辑主语 “forty maps与include three of Great Britain.”之间是主动关系，因此应当使用表主动关系的现在分词。故选D。 答案：例The guide suggested _ to the Great Wall tomorrow. A. to us a visit B. us visiting C. us a visit D. we should visit 导析：此句的意思是“导游建议我们明天参观一下长城。”在做题时，除了注意suggest的用法：suggest doing ; suggest sb should do sth；suggest sth to sb或suggest to sb sth(向某人建议某事)，还要注意visit的用法：visit是及物动词，后面直接跟表示地点的名词，故可排除答案B，D，而visit用做名词时，表示参观某地或某物时，后应加to。故选A。答案：A例3 You are seriously ill. You _ stay in bed for a few days. A. would better B. would C. had better D. would prefer导析：本句的意思是“你病的很严重，最好卧床休息几天。”四个选项中只有would better具有迷惑性，英语中没有这个习语。表示建议“最好”如何做时，应当用“had better”。would表示 “愿意”。Would prefer表示两者中比较更喜欢做。答案：C易错题例4 In order to avoid _ overweight, youd better take _ regularly. A. become, exercise B. becoming, exercises C. becoming, exercise D. to become, exercise 导析：avoid避免发生某事，avoid后必须接动词的ing形式。exercise泛指体育锻炼时是不可数的。指“练习题” 或 “体操” 时是可数的。 答案：A例5 Billy was the youngest boy on the hike, he found it difficult to_the rest of the class. A. keep in with B carry on with C. keep up with D. go on 导析：本题是指Billy由于年龄小而在步行野营训练时跟不上其他同学。选项中的keep up with就相当于keep pace with表示 “跟上, 及时了解，不落在后面”。符合句意。Keep in with 表示“不得罪”。如：Youd better keep in with Mr. Parson, for he is our manager. Carry on with 表示“把继续下去”。如：After his father died, Bob carried on with the business. “go on with”表示继续做，如: My father went on with his paper after a short rest. 答案：C例6 _ succeed in doing anything.A. Only by working hard we can B. By only working hard we can C. Only by working hard can we D. Only we can by working hard导析:only 强调状语（介词短语，状语从句， 副词）放在句首，句子要部分倒装。需要将助动词,情态动词和be动词提到主语的前面。因此C为正确选项。答案C例7 Toms father is not _satisfied with his study, for he does very poorly in it. A. a bit B. a little C. a bit of D. a little of 导析：not a bit = not at all , not a little = very根据句意，“汤姆的父亲对他的学习一点都不满意，因为他的成绩很差。” 故选A。在此要注意a bit 和a little的用法：1)当用于肯定句中，修饰形容词、副词时。二者可互换使用。2) 用于否定句时，not a bit = not at all , not a little = very或 much。3)a bit of 后直接加不可数名词，如：a bit of ink; a little后接不可数名词， 如：a little ink.4) a little of后接特指的不可数名词，如: Could you lend me a little of your money? 答案：A例8 The doctor ordered him a _ without sugar.A. fruit B. food C. vegetable D. diet导析:diet指人或动物的某类饮食，或适合病人吃的某种特殊饮食。既可作可数名词，也可做不可数名词使用。常用习语有： go on a diet,开始节食，on a diet正在节食。Food指食物，食品时是不可数名词。用作可数名词时指某种食物。如：Hardly any fried foods agree with me now.各种油炸食品我都不太适应。答案D高考题例9Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _ fresh for several days.（2003年全国高考题） A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed 导析：stay此处是系动词,意思是”保持”。类似stay, keep, remain等系动词没有进行时，也不用于被动语态。答案单元综合训练I. 单项填空：1. The children were lying flat on their _. A. stomach B. stomachs C. stomaches D. the stomach2As I felt better