江苏省英语B级考试复习大纲.doc

好好努力，相信自己英语B级考试复习大纲第一：单词这个是你自己的事我可解决不了！第二：短语见附表第三：语法；（一定要认真看哦。是哥哥精心挑选的嘻嘻）1 动词的时态和语态1） 一般现在时，考点：在时间或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如:III give this note to Tom as I meet him If he comes here tomorrow , please tell him to see me.2)一般过去式与现在完成时 用法区别：a. 一般过去式时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与一下时间状语联用：a moment ago , just now , yesterday ,the day before yesterday, last week , last year 等。而现在完成时表示过去的动作现在的影响，常与already，just，recently，lately，up to now等时间状语以及由since引导的时间状语从句连用。They held a birthday party last week。上周他们举办了生日聚会。Up to now he has finished writing ten paper。到目前为止，他已经写完了十篇论文。b. 一般过去时表示动已经结束。而现在完成时可表示过去开始的动作仍在延续。She worked as a nurse for two years。（她现在不是护士了）She has worked as a nurse for two years。（她现在还不是护士）3） 过去完成时 过去完成时指的是动作在过去某一时间完成，也就是“过去的过去”所以在句子中会出现两个发生在过去的动作，但两个动作之间有时间上的先后。He didnt found that he had lost his wallet until he got home。直道回家他才发现他的钱包丢了。4） 将来完成时将来完成时指的是到将来某一时刻完成的工作。常与“by+将来的时间”状语连用。比如：by the end of years，by 2015等。A new subway will have been built in our city by the end of next year.到明年末我们这个城市将建起新的地铁。They will have finished by the time I arrive here.等我到达这儿，他们将已经完成了这项工程。5）被动语态被动语态也是常考的一个语言点，要求考生识别动作和执行动作的人之间是主动还是被动关系。被动语态不可能单独考查，只能子啊不同的时态中体现。常见时态的被动语态形式列表如下（以take为例）：一般现在时am/is/are taken 一般过去时Was/were taken现在进行时Am/is/are being taken过去进行时Was/were being taken一般将来时Will/shall be taken过去将来时Would be taken现在完成时Have/has been taken过去完成时Had been taken将来完成时Will/shall have been taken过去将来完成时Would have been taken2情态动词情态动词用来表示说话人的看法或、猜想。英语中常见的情态动词有can (could), dare, must, may (might), have to, need, ought to, shall, should, will, would, used to, 等。1） 基本用法: a. can (could) can表示能力、许可和可能性，意思是“能、会、可以”。Could是can的过去式，但还可以表示比较委婉的语气或较小的可能性。You cant run fast. He can speak two foreign language. Can i read your newspaper? There is someone outside; who can it be?b. may(might)may(过去式might)表示允许、许可或可能，意思是“可能、可以”。May I set here?May I open the door?He didnt turn up ;he might have missed the bus.c. mustmust 表示“必须，应该”。When you enter the building, you must show your pass.You mustnt park the car here.(屁清 此处译为“禁止”)d. ought to ought to 表示有责任、有义务做某事。译为“应该、必须”。Ought to 后接动词原形。Ought to 否定式是 ought not to 。 we ought to start at once.You oughtnt to be late for the part.e. dare(过去式dared)dare意为“敢，敢于”，常用于否定句或疑问句中。How dare you tell a lie to me?I dare not tell this matter to my mother.Dare也可以用作实意动词，后接带to的不定式。He didnt dare to talk to the manager in person.f. Need need 意为“需要”，常用于否定句或疑问句中。You neednt finish that work today.He wondered whether they need give him a help.Need 也可以用作实意动词，后接带to 的不定式。You dont need to go there if you are tired.g. shouldshould 意为“应当，应该”，表示建议或劝告。You should stop drinking and smoking.The meeting should be held at 3 oclock this afternoon.2) 情态动词的推测用法情态动词意义时态例句MustCant表示肯定的推测，意为“准是一定”1一般时：（情态动词+动词原形）表示对现在状态的推测。 The girl must be his sister.She must have heard about the news.表示否定的推测，意为“肯定不（是）”。2.进行时：（情态动词+be+v.-ing ）对正在进行的动作的推测。3.完成时：（情态动词+have+动词）表示对过去已完成的动作的推测The girl cant be his sister.She cant have heard about the news. May(might)对可能性的推测，意为“可能，也许”。The girl may be his sister .She may have heard about the news.3） 常考的考点要好好看！ a.“情态动词+have+动词过去完成时”例句：Tom the party as no one saw him there yesterday evening. A. cant attend B. mustnt attend C. wont have attend D. couldnt have attended 根据句意可以判断该句表示对过去所发生事情的一种肯定的推测，而且推测的把握性很大，因此选DThis ATM has been out of service for a few days.It should last Week. A. fix B. be fixed C. have fixed D. have been fixed 本题考察的是should+have+动词过去分词的形式，含义为本应该做实际却没有做。本句话翻译为 自动取款机有好几天不能用了，上星期就应该把它修好。 暗指到现在也没有人修理。所以正确选项为 D 。清 注意shouldnt have+动词过去分词的形式及其含义， 含义与上面表述正好相反。3.非谓语动词非谓语动词有不定式，动名词和分词三种形式。它们在句中不能直接充当谓语，但具备谓语动词的许多特征，如时态和语态等1） 不定式动词不定式有两种形式，一是带to的不定式，一是不带to的不定式，即动词原形。不定式在句中可以做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。a.不定式的时态和语态的变化（以hold为例） 时态主动语态 被动语态一般时态To holdTo be held进行时To be holding 完成时To have heldTo have been heldThe boy was glad to have passed the exam.（不定式的完成时）那个男孩通过了考试很高兴。They seem to be working over there. (不定式的进行时) 他们好像在那边干活。He doesnt like to be treated as a child.(不定式一般时的被动语态)他不喜欢被当作孩子对待。b.“特殊疑问词+不定式”结构 特殊疑问词who、what 、which、when、where和how后面接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可以做表语、主语和宾语等。When to hold a meeting has not been decide.(做主语)何时开会尚未决定。The general manager told the new employee where to find the new supplies.(做宾语)这位总经理告诉新来的员工哪里能找到新的货源。The question is how to solve the problem.（作表语） 问题在于如何解决这个问题。 c.不定式或者不定式的被动语式作定语There were plans to be made at once.要立即制定计划 。The meeting to be held tomorrow is about environmental protection.明天召开的会议是关于保护环境的。d. 不定式的否定形式 不定式的否定形式为not 加不定式。如:He tried to persuade me not to accept the job which is beyond my ability.他劝说我不要接受那份工作，它超出了我的范围。 e.动词不定式“to”的省略动词不定式省略“to”的结构有would rather.than.cant help but ,do nothing but ,have(make let 等使役动词)somebody do something等。I would rather stay at home than go shopping with you.我宁愿呆在家也不愿意和你去购物。We can do nothing now but wait for the result.我们现在什么都不能做，只能等待结果。2） 动名词动名词主要起到名词作用，在句中可以充当主语、宾语和表语。考点:a.动名词的时态和语态的变化以do为例，时态主动语态被动语态一般时doingBeing done完成时Having doneHaving been doneI suggest having a party this evening.The task was being done at8 oclock yesterday evening.I remember having met you somewhere before ,but I cant tell the exact place.b.动名词做主语或宾语8a) 作主语 常用结构有:It is no good doing something.It is worth doing something.It is no use doing something.b)作宾语admit ,avoid ,consider,deny,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,permit,practice,risk,suggest,cant help, look forward to ,feel like, object to 等。后面的动词要用-ing形式。c.动名词的逻辑主语一般情况下，动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语:如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动词的主语，则需要有自己的逻辑主语。Is there any hope of John winning the first prize?（句中winning的逻辑主语为John）I dont remember my mothers complaining about it.我不记得我母亲为此抱怨过。（句中complaining的逻辑主语为my mother）d.动名词与不定式作宾语的区别有些动词既可以接动名词做宾语，也可以用不定式作宾语。a） like/love/prefer/hate在这些词后的动名词做宾语表示习惯性动作，不定式作宾语表示一时或者一次性动作。I like reading .I like to go fishing with him on Sunday.b)stop doing something stop to do something前者表示停止做某事，后者表示停止某事去做另外一件事。My father stopped drinking and something.He stopped to listen to me .c)regret/forget/remember+doing something/to do something动名词做宾语表示后悔、忘记、记得做过某事，不定式表示后悔、忘记、记得将要做的事。Please remember to take the medicine.I remember finishing my task.I forgot to lock the door when I left.d)mean+doing something/to do something前者表示意味着某事，后者表示打算做某事，含义截然不同。Your laziness means failing in the exams.He means to give me help when necessary.3)分词 有现在分词和过去两种分词。在句子中都可以做表语、状语、定语、补语等。现在分词表示主动意义，它所修饰的人或事物是动作的执行者，而过去分词表示被动意义，它和所修饰的人或物构成一种被动关系。例句：Seen from the top of the hill ,the city so beautiful.从这个句子我们可以看出see和主语the city 构成一种被动关系，所以只能用see的过去分词。I see a group of people playing basketball on the playground.在这个句中people 和play形成一种主动关系，因此我们用play的现在分词表示主动关系和动作正在进行。Playing在句中作宾语补足语。考试热点a.现在分词的时态和语态 以do为例时态主动语态被动语态一般时doingBeing done完成时Having doneHaving been doneThe story is moving.The factory being built now is a big one .Having finished his homework ,he left the classroom.c. 分词作定语分词作定语时置于被修饰的后面，与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：The first textbook for teaching English as a foreign language came out in 16th century.A. writing B .written C .to write D. to be written本题考查过去分词作后置定语，与前面的名词构成一种被动关系，因此本题选 B。The proposal at the meeting now is of great importance to our department.A . being discussed B. to be discussingC. having discussed D. discussing本题考查现在分词作后置定语，表示动作正在进行。本题中尽管主语proposal与动词discuss是被动关系，但是由于句中有now表示建议正在被讨论，所以需要用现在分词被动语态，故选 A。4. 虚拟语气虚拟语气用来表示说话的意图或态度1）should+动词原形虚拟语气用来表示形式用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-从句中。表示这类含义的动词有：advise，ask, demand，device，insist，order，recommend，request，required，suggest等。表示这类含义的名词有：advice，decision，demand，order，request，requirement，suggestion等。此虚拟语气形式还用在important，impossible，necessary，ital等形容之后的that-从句中。She insisted that she （should）go to the south for her holiday。她坚持要去南方度假。His suggestion is that we （should）finish this task in three days。她的建议是我们在三天内必须完成这项任务。It is important that everyone should get there before noon。大家在正午前到达那儿很重要。例1：The manager required that all the employees at the office before9：00 in the morning。A will arrive B arriveC arrived D have arrived句中required表示要求的含义，而且后面带有that-从句，我们可以断定从句应该是“（should）+动词原形”的虚拟语气，所以选B例2：It is important that we the task ahead of timeA will finish B finishedC finish D shall finish在It is important/necessary/strange that这样的句子中，后面从句中的谓语动词均为“should+动词原形”。Should 也可以省略， 选C2）非真实条件语句从句主句与事实相反一般过去时Would/could/might+动词原形例If I knew his address，I should go to visit him与事实相反过去完成时Would/could/might+have+动词过去分词例If I had got up earlier，I would the first train与事实相反Were to/should+动词原形Would/could/might+动词原形例If I were to snow tomorrow。I would still leave for Beijinga 与现在事实相反的非真实条件句If I （be）you，I wouldnt miss the job interview tomorrow morning根据主句中wouldnt miss结构，可以判断此句为非真实条件句，表示与现在相反的诗诗。选 wereB）与过去事实相反的非真实条件句IF I hadnt attended an important meeting yesterday，I to see youA will have come B would have comeC have come D had come根据主句中的过去完成时我们可以判断此非真实条件句中表示与过去事实相反的事实，主句应该是would have comeC）与将来事实相反的非真实条件语句例 IF you （be）to miss the chance，you would regret在if 引导的条件句中，谓语动词be应用were表示虚拟，选wered)非真实条件语句中“if”的省略非真实条件语句中连词if可以省略，但从句要采用倒装语序，即把从句中的were，had，should置于主语前例：he was seriously ill，I wouldnt have told him the truthA If I knew B If I knowC had I know D did I know与过去相反的虚拟语气主句动词形式为would+have done，从句为had done，因为该虚拟语气省掉了连词if，从句要部分倒装，选CEbut for ，without和otherwise替代ifBut for/without和otherwise可替代if 表示非真实条件，主句要用虚拟语气But for/without his help，I couldnt have arrived at school on time 要不是他帮助，我无法准备到校I used my computer；otherwise，I wouldnt have sovled the problem so early我使用了计算机；否则，我不会这么在就解决问题2） 一些特殊句式的虚拟语气用法a it is（high）time+that-从句在这以结构中，从句中的时态一般过去时It is time you went to work你该去上班了b would rather/wish/if only/as if引导的从句从句中表达的愿望如果与现在事实或将来的情况相反用一般过去时，与过去事实相反用过去完成时I would rather you went with me tomorrow afternoon我想你明天下午和我一起去。（事实上你回去）I wish I hadnt told him the had news我真希望我没告诉他那个坏消息。（事实上我已经告诉他了）If only I were a millionaire我要是个百万富翁就好了。（事实上我不是百万富翁）Alice talked as if she had been to the moon 爱丽丝说起话来好像她已经去过月球了。（Alice肯定没去过月球）5.复合句、该项的主要目的是考查考生对复合句的结构是否了，是否在句子中能够使用相关的连接词和关系代词。1） 名词性从句2） 名词性从句在主句中充当主语、宾语、表语以及同位语。名词性从句常用的引导词有“：从属连词that，if, whether, 连接代词who, whom whose ,which, what 和连接副词when ,where, how , why .当特殊疑问词引导名词性从句时要陈述句语序。a 主语从句在复合句中充当主语成分叫做主语从句That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all 他在如此短的时间内完成作文使我们大家很吃惊Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown我们明天是否外出郊游就是未知数Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet谁是我们的班长还没有觉得下来what we need are good doctors我们需要的是好医生b 宾语从句a） 用作宾语从句。常用疑问词、whether或that引导，连词that也可以省略He told me(that)he felt ill 他告诉我他感到不舒服I doubt whether he will succeed 我怀疑他是否成功I will tell you why I asked you to come 我会告诉你我为什么要求你来b） 宾语从句后如有补足语，要用形式宾语it来代替，把宾语从句移到后面。如：I made it clear that I would support him at any time 我清楚地表明我在任何时候都支持他c表语从句用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的词有疑问代词、疑问副词和连词等。The problem is how we can find a better way to solve it 问题是我们如何能够找到解决问题的更好办法The trouble is that I forgot to finish my term paper 麻烦的是我忘记完成自己的学期论文了The reason why I couldnt come is that I was ill 我不能了的原因是我病了c 同位语从句所谓同位语从句是指用作同位语的从句。他是对目前出现的名词做进一步的说明。一般用that引导，有时也因为先行名词的意义不同而用一些特殊问词引导。同位语从句的先行名词多为fact，idea，news，question等。I got the news that he succeeded in the last contest 我得到了消息，他在上次竞赛中取得了成功This is the fact that our new product doesnt sell well on the market事实就是我们是新产品在市场上的销路不好I had no idea how many teacher are needed 我不知道还需要多少教室3） 定语从句4） 在句子中起定语作用的句子叫定语从句。定语从句修饰主句中的名词或代词，也可以修饰句子的一部分或整个句子。如：I told him all that I had heard of.(修饰代词all)They all agree with the plan that he put forward at the meeting .（修饰词plan）It s raining heavily, which made us hard to walk.( 修饰整个主句)We thought she like music, which she doesnt 。（修饰主句的部分like music）定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。定语从句中通常置于先行词之后。关系代词或关系副词除了连接主句和从句外，还在定语从句中充当句子成分。关系代词在从句中可做宾语和定语；关系副词在从句中作状语。a 关系代词who ,whom ,whose 关系代词who ,whom ,whose引导定语从句，修饰表示人的名词或代词，who在从句中做主语；whom在从句中做宾语；whose在从句中做定语，表示所有关系。He is the man who often helps the poor people The teacher whom we visited yesterday is his mother The artist whose paintings are on display is his father Whose 有时也可以用来指物，意思是“它的”The building whose roof is red was built last yeard. 关系代词which ,that 关系代词which 和that引导定语从句，修饰表示物的名词或代词（that也可修饰表示人的先行词），在从句中做主语或宾语The car that he bought is of good quality They went to a famous city which was beside the sea e. 关系代词which ,that 关系代词which ,that引导定语从句都可以修饰表示物的先行词，但在下列情况下只能使用that，不能用whicha） 在即指人又指物的两个或两个以上先行词后面。如：They are talking about the people and things that they still remember b)先行词前有only ,all ,little 或形容词最高级修饰时。如：this is the only /best film that I have ever seen please tell the news to all the people that have just come back c)先行词前有no，every，some和any 修饰时，或先行词是以这些词的合成词时，they feel upset about something that has happened there is no person that is right 在下列只能使用which，不能用thata） 引导非限制性定语从句时 。如：He won the game ,which is a great comfort to this parents b)在介词后面。如：this is the in which the book was written d.关系副词when ,where, why a)关系副词引导when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的名词或代词，when子啊从句中作状语I still remember the day when (=on the day )I came to this universityb)关系副词where引导定语从句修饰表示地点的名词或代词，where在从句中做状语This is the place where (=at this place )I met my husband for the first time 这是我第一次遇到我丈夫是地方b） 关系副词why引导定语从句只修饰先行词reason，why子啊从句中做状语We want to know the reason why (=for the reason )he was late yesterday e介词关系代词a）一般情况下，关系副词引导的定语从句也可以转换成介词加关系代词引导定语从句：I still remember the day when/on which I came to this universityThis is the place where/at which I met my husband for the first time We want to know the reason why/for which he was late yesterday b)“名词、代词、数次+of+which/whom”结构she has two sons,both of whom are teachersthere have learned a new poem, the meaning of which is hard to understand3)状语从句在句子中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。状语从句常置于句首或句末，有时也置于句中，可以修饰动词。非谓语动词、形容词和副词。状语从句用从属连词引导。下列表中经常涉及的一些从属连词及其功能。状语从句类型从属连词例句条件状语从句If, unless ,in ,case (that),as (so) long as I will not do it unless you agreeWrite the telephone number down in case you forget As long as you drive carefully ,you will be very safe让步状语从句Though ,although ,even ,though(if)The sun give the earth heat and light even though it is far away,Although he is clever ,he cant work out the problem 比较状语从句As ,than ,asasHe is taller than his brother (is).You can have as much fun as you had in your old school.目的状语从句So ,that ,in order that ,for fear that ,lest They got to the top of the hill in order that they could get a birds view of the city.Beware your hat ,lest is should be blown away. I study hard ,so that I may not fail in the examinations .原因状语从句Because ,since ,as ,now that Now that you are grow up, you should not rely on your parent.We didnt know what to do as we were just visiting there.结果状语从句So/suchthatHis lecture is so boring that I left halfway .She is such a nice girl that we all like her 时间状语从句Notuntil,whenever, no soonerthan, hardlywhen ,the momentYou can come here whenever you want .I didnt wake up until I heard the alarm clock .No sooner had she walked out than the phone rang .We had hardly entered the house, when is began to rain .The boy cried out moment (=as soon as )he saw his mother 地点状语从句Where ,whereverI will go wherever you go .They live where two roads meet. 6.倒装倒装有分为完全倒装和部分倒装。完全倒装是指整个谓语提到主语之前，部分倒装是指谓语的一部分，通常是助动词、连系系动词或表语提到主语之前。如：Here comes our new teacher .( 完全倒装)Never have I been invited to a party .( 部分倒装)Young as he is .he know a lot. (部分倒装) 1) 倒装主要有两个原因，一是出于语法原因，二是结构或修辞的需要。a 疑问句、感叹句等多用倒装语序。Has he passed the exam?What a beautiful city it is!b.省略if的非真实条件句中。常采用部分倒装。Should he fail the exam ,he would not graduate on time .Had I come yesterday ,I should have attended the lecture .c.以No mater how ,whatever , however ,as/though等词引导的让步状语从句中，用倒装语序。However hard the solid is ,we can change its shape.No matter how difficult the problem is ,we should try to solve it .Simple as/though the book may seem,it is very hard to understand.2) 修辞倒装主要用来强调，或为了保持句子平衡。a 当句首为here，there，now, then ,such 等时间或地点副词，谓语动词be,go ,come 等时，用完全倒装。Here is the book you need Now comes our turn 但主语为人称代词则不用倒装。如：There he comes !Here they are.b.以out，away，up，down，off等方位副词置于句首采用完全倒装。 Away flew the bird. Out rushed the angry girl. 在上述结构中，如主语为代词，则用自然语序。如： Away they went .Out rushed the angry girl .c)以表示范围，程度的状语开头的句子，要采用倒装结构。这种状语用only,so