语篇翻译——衔接与连贯

Chapter 7 语篇翻译衔接与连贯语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。它可以是独白、对话，也可以是众人交谈；可以说文字标志，也可以是诗歌、小说。它可以是讲话，也可以是文章；短者一两句可成篇，长者可洋洋万言以上。所以，可以说，无论是一句问候、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、一次记者招待会的问答，还是一张便条、一封书信、一份科研报告、一本文稿，都可以是语篇。语篇包括“话语”（discourse）和“篇章”（text）。7.1 衔接与连贯 (Cohesion vs Coherence)衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上，是语篇的有形网络；连贯存在于语篇的底层，是语篇的无形网络。 衔接与连贯密不可分，衔接是实现语篇连贯的一个重要前提，但并不是说，连贯必须要以衔接为前提。7.2 衔接 (Cohesion)7.2.1 定义衔接是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称，是语篇表层的可见语言现象。 e.g. Paris? Ive always wanted to go there. 7.2.2 分类衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段（grammatical cohesion）和词汇衔接手段（lexical cohesion）两种。前者包括指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)和关联/连接词(conjunction)；（后者指复现(reiteration)和同现(collocation)）。（Halliday & Hason）这些语言手段形成一个有形的完整网络，使篇章的各组成部分有机地衔接起来，从而增强整个篇章的内聚力。7.2.3英汉语衔接方式的差异1.就语句连接方式来说，英语多用连接词来连接，而汉语则通过意义来连接。2.在语法方面，英语语法是显性的，而汉语语法则属隐性。3.对英汉互译的启示。7.2.4指称/照应(reference)指称是指一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。 e.g. Tommy likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it. e.g. Whenever he saw an ice cream, Tommy would like to taste it.e.g. Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true? Psychologists have found theyre pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habitsand old sayingsdie hard.e.g. The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby. The doctor put it in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead.e.g “But if a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavor to conceal it, he must find it out.”“Perhaps he must, if he sees enough of her.” -Jane Austen: Pride and prejudice7.2.5 省略(ellipsis)省略是用词项空缺的方式达到上下文衔接的目的。省略是在简洁和清晰两者间的一种协调。它往往包括名词性省略、动词性省略和分句性省略。e.g. Because Alice wont, Mary has to dust the furniture.e.g. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.e.g. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.7.2.6 替代（substitution）替代指用较简短的语言形式替代上文中的某些词语，使行文简练流畅。它分为名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。A: Will we get there on time? B: I think so. 甲：我们能准时到达吗？ 乙：我想能.e.g. As for the soul of man, the Eskimos do not claim to know exactly what it is but then who does? They see it, however, as the beginning of life, the initiator of all activities within a being and the energy without which life cannot continue.e.g. I never met a more interesting man than Mayhew. He was a lawyer in Detroit. He was an able and successful one. By the time he was thirty-five he had a large and a lucrative practice, he had amassed a competence, and he stood on the threshold of a distinguished career. (Mayhew, William S. Naugham)7.2.7 连词（conjunction）连词作为衔接手段，是“使句子、分句和段落相互联系的形式标记”（Mona Baker）。可以分为四类：增补、转折、因果和时间（Halliday &Hason）。e.g. Our arguments were often brought before our father, and I guess I was either generally in the right, or else a better debater, because the judgment was usually in my favor. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin)e.g. We tend to treat persons like goods. We even speak of children “belonging” to their parents. But nobody is “belonging” to anyone else. (Love Is Not Like Merchandise, Sydney J. Harris)e.g. With night approaching, the boatman and I had no choice but to wait until the wind stopped. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin)7.2.8 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion） 指运用词语达到语篇衔接目的的手段 包括同义衔接和组合衔接 同义衔接：指运用同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概况词等所构成的词汇链。 组合衔接：词语一旦进入语篇生成过程，它们便不再是一个个孤立的词语，它们的意义也不在是字典上所罗列的孤立的、静态的意义。词语的意义是不同词语组合的结果，是受不同的上下文，或者说语言语境的制约而生成的。语篇中的词语处于一种动态的组合状态中，它们的意义是相互紧密衔接的，这便是所谓的组合衔接。 e.g. One hundred hours a week were devoted to study and 45 minutes to football. This bias was not wholly popular.e.g. There is nothing in the high comedy of the world so admirably as the special department called Fame.e.g. It is a very long time since I attended a Mass. In this pilgrimage town you get the real thing, with a crowd of real worshippers; and because of the shrine, those who come to church include the paralyzed, the crippled, the blind, the deformed, the dying, a terrible parade7.3 连贯(Coherence)是指以信息发出者和接受者双方共同了解的情景为基础，铜鼓逻辑推理来达到予以的连贯。是词语，小句，句群在概念、逻辑上合理、恰当地连为一体的语篇特征。e.g. Wife ( in the bedroom): Theres the doorbell. Husband (in the study): Im checking my e-mail. Wife: Okay. 连贯不当影响译文连贯的因素有如下几个：7.3.1衔接试改译：e.g. 蜜蜂这物件，最爱劳动。广东天气好，花又多，蜜蜂一年四季都不闲着。酿的蜜多，自己吃的可有限。每回割蜜，给它们留一点点糖，够他们吃的就行了。它们从来不争，也不计较什么，还是继续劳动、继续酿蜜，整日整月不辞劳苦（杨朔：荔枝蜜） The bees are industrious while our province has good weather and plenty of flowers. They work the whole year round, and eat only a fraction of the honey they produce. Each time we extract it we leave them a little sugar. They never argue or complain, just go on producing honey day after day. (英汉对照中国文学现代散文卷，281页）7.3.2 信息结构 试改译e.g. 恰逢山外集会，猎手一不做二不休骑着自行车驮着4只狼仔上了路。4只狼仔当做4只狼狗仔很快就出了手。每只60元，4只240元。一卷票子塞进了猎人的腰包。（张增有：“猎手”，见大学英语98/6，48页） It happened to be the time of the country fair outside the mountains. In for a penny, in for a pound. The hunter put his game on his bike and set out on his journey. The four whelps were soon sold as four baby wolfhounds, 60 yuan for each, 240 yuan in all. A wad of money was squeezed into his pocket. 联系信息的主位(Theme)、述位(rheme)（optional）补充：A message is made up of a topic and what is said about the topic. Similarly, a clause is made up of a theme, i.e., its topic, and rheme, i.e., what is said about the topic.e.g. Jonny failed the exam. THEME：Jonny；RHEME：failed the exam.e.g. Once I found a cave in a mountain outside the city.e.g. Sing a happy song to us.e.g. What words shall I say to her? 中英文的信息结构差异：*Topic-prominent vs Subject-prominente.g. There was a heightened awareness of each sunny day, the beauty of flowers, the song of bird. How often do we reflect on the joy of breathing easily, of swallowing without effort and discomfort, of walking without pain, of a complete and peaceful nights sleep?7.3.3 逻辑关系翻译过程不仅是一种语言符号的转换过程，也是逻辑关系的转换过程。翻译时要对原文进行逻辑重组。e.g. He wanted to join the Chinese Communist Party group in Berlin, he would study and work hard, he would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life, which had turned to ashes beneath his feet. 他要求加入中国共产党在柏林的党组织，他一定会努力学习和工作，（1）只要不再回到旧的生活里去（2）它已经在他的脚下化为尘埃了，（3）派他做什么工作都行。（张培基等，英汉翻译教程，288页）问题：谁与谁的逻辑关系更近？可否重组？e.g. 为了逃避那一双双熟悉的眼睛，释放后经人介绍他来到湖南南县一家木器厂做临时工。7.3.4 文化背景信息e.g. On the subject of extra-terrestrial lifesomething about which the cosmologist is frequently askedhe said he did not believe aliens had visited Earth. If they had, he added, it would have been “more like Independent Day than ET.”总结：翻译的着眼点不应只局限于词汇意义的层面，而应该有语篇意识，也就是说要使译文在语篇的层面更好地传达原文的意义，最大限度地做到等值。*总结：译者，必须是一个很好的协调者（coordinator）和媒介人（mediator）Chapter 7衔接e.g. The sacred cows in India are well known. Cows can go everywhere they want to in the street of India, and they can eat anything they want to from the supplies of the foodsellers on the street. As a result, the cows are a problem. However, no one in India will kill them or eat them. It is taboo to do so. This custom seems strange to other people, but anthropologist believe that there are reasons for it. First, cows are valuable because the farmers need them to help plow their fields. Second, cow manure is used as a fertilizer on the fields. In India, many farmers cannot afford to spend money on fertilizer. Third, the cow manure can be dried and burned to