法律英语试题与答案

.;.一、英译汉法律英语考查试题及答案1.general jurisdiction一般管辖2.bar examination律师考试3.ripeness案件成熟度4.substantive law实体法5.no contest pleas 不辩护也不认罪的答辩二、汉译英1.巡回法院circuit courts 2.模拟法庭moot court 3.案件决议度mootness 4.起诉书complaint5. 被上诉人appellee三、翻译短文1. notwolegalsystems,then,are exactlyalike.eachisspecifictoitscountryorits jurisdiction.this does not mean,of course,that every legal system is entirely different from every other legal system.not at all.when two countries are similar in culture and tradition,theirlegal systems are likely to be similar as well.no doubt the law of e1salvador is very much like the lawof honduras.the laws of australia and new zealand are not that far apart.没有两个法系是恰好相似的。每一种法系对于它的国家和它的管辖范围是特定的。当然， 这并不意味着每一种法系是完全不同于其它任何一种法系。当两个国家在文化和传统上相似 的时候， 他们的法系也很可能相似。难怪萨尔瓦多的法律和洪都拉斯的法律异常相似。澳大利亚的法律和新西兰的法律也不是相差甚远。2. in many jurisdictionsinthe unitedstates,felonies are crimes punishableby death or imprisonment in a state prison or penitentiary and misdemeanors are those punishable by fine of imprisonment in a local jail.(the term jurisdiction refers to the authority of a political entity,suchas a state or a county ,or the territory over which that authority is exercised.)in other jurisdictions,crimes punishable by fine or imprisonment in a local jail.(the term jurisdiction regersto the authority of a political entity,such as a state or a county,or the territory over which that authority is exercised.)in other jurisdictions,crimes punishable by imprisonment for one yeat or more are folonies,and those punishable by fine or imprisonment for less than one year are misdemeanors.since each jurisdiction determines the penalties for offenses it defines,a misdemeanor in one jurisdiction may constitute a felony in another.some jurisdictions have an additional classification for petty offenses,also called infractions,which are usyally punishable bya small fine.在美国的许多地区，重罪是被处以死刑或者在州监狱里终身监禁的犯罪，而轻罪是被 处以罚款或者是在当地监狱监禁的犯罪。（这个管辖术语涉及政治性实体的权威，例如一个州或者一个国家，或者一个培训权威的领地。 ）在其他地区，被处以监禁一年或一年以上的是重罪， 被处以罚款或监禁少于一年的是轻罪。 因为每个地区各自定义决定罪犯的刑罚， 在一个地区的轻罪可能在别的地区是重罪。 一些地区对轻微违法有另外的分类， 称作侵害， 通常被处以数量不大的罚款。3. thesystemofcriminalprocedureintheunitedstatesisbothadversarialand accusatorial.the adversatial aspects are as follows:the parties themselves develop and present the evidence before a passive and impartial decisionmaker,with the judge acting only as necessary to assure overall fairness of the contest between the sides.accusatorial principles are not the same as adversarialprinciples,buttheycomplementeachother.accusatorialprinciplesrequirethe “government in itscontest withthe individualto shoulder the entire load,”whileadversarial principles require that the prosecutor,as the governmen t s representative,present the case against thedefendant.thus,theprosecutor must bear the entire burden of proving the defendant s guilt on everyelement of the crime without the compelled assistance of the accused.the u.s. system allows for exceptions to the accusatorial principle,justas it contemplatesexceptions to the asversatial principle,butit remains primarily accusatorial and adversarial.在美国，刑事诉讼体系包括对抗式（当事人主义）和控告式（职权主义）。当事人主义包括以下几个方面：当事人自己在一个消极的公正的决策者之前收集和呈现证据，而法官仅扮演一个能够保证争议双方公正的必要角色。职权主义原则与当事人原则不同，但双方是互补的。职权主义原则要求政府在个别争议中承担全部责任。然而当事人主义原则要求政府代 表的检察官呈现针对被告的案件。因此，公诉人必须承担证明被告有罪的全部责任，并且在每一个犯罪要素上排除被告被强迫的帮助。美国体系容许排除职权主义原则，正如他沉思排除当事人主义原则，但它仍保持着主要的职权主义原则和当时人原则。4. direct examination and cross examinationthe plaintiffs lawyer calls her or his witness and question the witness.this is know as directexamination.whenthe plaintiff s lawyer has finished,thedefendant s lawyer may cross-examinetheplaintiff s witness .on cross-examination ,the defendtan s lawyer is free either to limit his questions totopics raised by the plainftif s lawyer or to limit his questions to topics raised by the plafintifs lawyer of to open a newline of questioning.whenthe defendantslawyer has finished,the plaintiffs lawyer mayredirect,or ask assitional questions ofthe same witness.onredirect examination,however,theplaintiffs lawyer may ask only questions raised by the defendants lawyer on cross-examination;she or he may not openanewlineofquestioning.upon completionofredirect,thedefendants lawyermay recross-examination;sheor he may not open a new line of questioning.uponcompletion of redirect,the defendants lawyer may recross-examinebut also is limited to questions raised on redirect.whenboth lawyers have asked all of their questions,the witness is excused.原告律师可以直接要求她或者他的证人出庭和询问证人