英美文学赏析--英国文学部分

英国文学史资料british writers and works一.anglo-saxon period 贝奥武夫 :the national epicof the anglo-saxonsepic:longnarrativepoemsthat recordthe adventuresor heroicdeedsof a hero enacted in vast landscapes. the style of epic is grand andelevated. ( 主题严肃，语言庄重 )e.g. homer s iliad and odyssey artistic features:1. using alliteration( 押头韵 )（该文最大修辞特点， 每行第一个词辅音韵）definitionofalliteration:arhetoricaldevice,meaningsome words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（辅音）2. using metaphor （暗喻，隐喻）and understatementdefinitionofunderstatement:expressingsomethingina controlled way understatement is a typical way for englishmen to express their ideas二.the middle ages（medieval ages ）geoffery chaucer杰弗里 ?乔叟 1340(?)1400(首创“双韵体 ”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰德莱顿（john dryden ） 称其为精品资料“英国诗歌之父 ”the father of english poetry.first time to useheroic couplet (英雄双韵体 ) by middle english代表作坎特伯雷故事集the canterbury tales 。it is alone who, for the first time in english literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the english society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( a )a. geoffrey chaucerb. matinlutherc. william langlandd. john gowerwriting style:wisdom, humor, humanity.坎特伯雷故事集：first time to useheroic couplet (英雄双韵体 ) by middle english 特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 声誉之宫medieval ages popular literary form:romance( 传奇故事 ) famous three ：king arthursir gawain and the green knight beowulf三.the renaissance periodkey word:humanism (bacon,shakespeare,marlowe)精品资料a period of drama and poetry. the elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the english renaissance.renaissance : the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval tothe modern world.three historical events of the renaissancerebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology(占星术/学、星座 )2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient roman and greek culture the most famous dramatists:christopher marlowewilliam shakespeare ben johnson.1 francisbacon弗兰西斯 ?培根 15611626 （散文之父）the first english essayist.（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. the first english essayist.精品资料writingstyle: brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingand enriching by biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.学术的推进 随笔(famous quotas: )the theme ofofstudies : uses and benefits of study and differentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopleto pursue studies.2 christophermarlowe柯里斯托弗 ?马洛 15641595“university wits”(大学才子派 ), the pioneer of english drama（完善了无韵体诗。）blank verse:written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.（不押韵的抑扬格五音步）marlowe gave new vigor to with his“mighty lines”( d )a. the petrarchan sonnetb. sestinac. terzarimad. blank verse浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成） 帖木耳大帝马耳他的犹太人精品资料3william shakespeare威廉?莎士比亚 15641616 historical plays:henry vi ; henry iv : richard iii ; henry v；richard ii；henry viiifour comedies: 皆大欢喜 ; 第十二夜 ; 仲夏夜之梦 ;威尼斯商人four tragedies:哈姆莱特 ; 奥赛罗; 李尔王; 麦克白shakespeare sonnet :154three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg a sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefinitionrhymescheme.4. ben jonson狐狸精品资料5edmund spenser埃德蒙 ?斯宾塞 15521599（后人称之为 “诗人的诗人 ”。）the poets poet. the first to be buried in the poet s corner of westerminster abbeywhich of the following statements is not the reason for that edmund spenser is famous for“the poet s poet ”? ( b )a. spenser s idealismb. his struggle for criteriac. his love of beautyd. his exquisite melody仙后(for queen elizabeth)thethemeisnot“armsandtheman ”,butsomethingmore romantic“fierce wars and faithfull loves”.artistic features:1. using spenserian stanzadefinitionofspenserianstanza:astanzaofninelines ababbcbcc. eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last linein iambic hexameter.牧人日历the theme is to lament over the loss of rosalind. 爱情小唱6 thomasmore 托马斯 ?莫尔 14781535 乌托邦四.revolutionandrestoration( 资产阶级革命与王朝复辟)the17th精品资料century（ john milton ， marvell ,donne,dryden ） theme :sex and death1 john milton约翰?弥尔顿 16081674( 文风：庄严，敬畏 )（诗人、政论家 ;失明后写失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙 .）a great master of the blank verseepics: 失乐园theme: fall of man 复乐园 dramatic poem:力士参孙 论出版自由为英国人民声辩我的失明the metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人 ).(marvell ,donne,dryden)milton和 bunyan对比(1)miltona. was the chief puritan poet;b. gave us the only epic sincebeowulf;c. voiced the puritan ideals forthe educated class; (2)bunyana. was the chief puritan writer ofprose;精品资料b. gave us the only great allegory -the pilgrim s progress ;c. spoke for the common people.metaphysical poetry(玄学诗)：poetry of a group of 17th century english poets whoseverseischaracterizedbyanintellectuallychallengingstyleand extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar thingsmysticism in content and fantasticality in form(主题神秘，语言奇特 )the diction（用语）is simple, the imagery(意象) is from the actual, the form isfrequentlyan argumentwiththepoet s beloved,withgod,or with himself. （主题： love, religious, thought）artistic features:1. conceits （狂想，自负，幻想） or imagery奇思妙喻2. syllogism三段论 meditations沉思录the flea虱子(donne) songs and sonnets holy sonnetsvalediction:2.johnbunyan约翰?班扬 16281688（代表作天路历程 ，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的神曲、奥古斯丁的忏悔录并精品资料列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。 ）puritan poet( 清教徒派诗人 )religionaryallegory: 天路历程五 the 18th century： enlightenment andneo-classical(pope,swift , defoe,)同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。a revival of interest in the old classical works,order, logic,（秩序，逻辑）restrained emotion(抑制情感 ) and accuracythe age of enlightenment/reason: the movement was a furtherance of the renaissance of the 15 th and 16 thcentries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18 th century)小说崛起（ the rise of english novel ）：in the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern english novel rised (realistic novel 现实主义小说 )gothic novel (哥特式小说 )：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)characteristics of neo-classical literatureprose: should be precise , direct , smooth ,flexiblepoetry: should be lyrical , epical , didactic and dramatic and each class should be guided by its own principles;精品资料dram: should be written in the heroic couplets1alexanderpope亚历山大 ?蒲柏 16881744（18 世纪英国最伟大的诗人， 其诗多用 “英雄双韵体 ”/ “heroic couplets ”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。 ）as a representative of the enlightenment， pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism（理性主义） to england.amongthe representatives of theenlightenment, who wasoneof thefirst tointroduce rationalism to england? ( c )a. john bunyanb. daniel defoec. alexander poped. jonathan swift批评论artistic features:1. using “heroic couplets ”卷发遇劫记 道德论 人论 愚人记2. jonathan swift乔纳森 ?斯威夫特 16671745讽刺小说家 a master satirist 格列佛游记 (fictional work) yahoos 出自格列佛游记。半人半兽的马精品资料four parts:lilliput小人国 brobdingnag大人国flying island飞岛 houyhnhnm马岛一个小小的建议 书战 木桶的故事 一个麻布商的书信3. daniel defoe丹尼尔 ?笛福 16601731 鲁宾逊漂流记（小说家， 新闻记者， 小册子作者； 十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）he is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, andhe is the founder of realistic novel. 鲁宾逊漂流记it praise the fortitude of the human labor and the puritan.robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.it is an adventure story, robinson, narrates how he goes to精品资料sea,getsshipwreckedandmaroonedonalonelyisland, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to england. 4. robertburns罗伯特 ?彭斯17591796 （前浪漫主义，苏格兰民间诗人, national poet of scottish）the greatest scottish poet in the late 18th century.poems chiefly in the scottish dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 约翰?安德生，我的爱人 一朵红红的玫瑰 往昔时光5. henry fielding亨利?菲尔丁 17071754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父 ”。）he is called“father of english novel”. he was the first to write a“comicepicinprose ”(散文体史诗 ),andthefirsttogivethe modern novel its structure and style. novels:精品资料弃婴汤姆 ?琼斯约瑟夫 ?安德鲁大诗人江奈生 ?威尔德 爱米利亚 plays:一七三六年历史记事堂吉柯德在英国六 the romantic periodage of passion rebellion and creativitythe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of wordsworth and coleridge s , and end in 1832 with sir walter scott s death.romanticism: it emphasize the specialqualities of each individual s mind.( 人应该是独立自由的个体 )in it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free fromall rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.two major novelists of the romantic period arejane austen (realistic)精品资料and walter scott (romantic).1. william wordsworth威廉?华兹华斯 17701850被称作 worshipper of nature, natures prient（与柯尔律治 (coleridge )、骚塞(southey )同被称为 “湖畔派 ”诗人。 the lake poets ） 抒情歌谣集(withsamueltaylorcoleridge): alandmark in english poetry theme:1.nature embodies human beings in their diversecircumstance. it is nature that give him“strength and knowledge fullof peace”2. it is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.comment:thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthe beautifulsights.in thepoemon the beautyof nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of livelyandlovelydaffodils( 水仙 )andpoet sphilosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey the solitary reaper孤独的割麦女精品资料 序 曲2. samuel taylorcoleridge塞缪尔 ?泰勒?科尔律治 17721834 the lake poets 古舟子颂 柯里斯塔贝尔 忽必烈汗artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrong imagination,a strange territory 半夜冰霜 忧郁颂 抒情歌谣集 (with william wordsworth)3. george gordon byron乔治?戈登?拜伦 17881824（拜伦式英雄 byronic heroes 孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德 哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄 ”。）“byronic hero ”is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin,against tyrannical rules or moral principles. 唐?璜 恰尔德 ?哈罗德尔游记 该隐精品资料当初我们俩分别4. persy bysshe shelley波西?比希?雪莱 17921822poetic drama ：解放了的普罗米修斯theme:thedramacelebraiesman svictoryovertyranny and oppression 麦布女王 伊斯兰的反叛 钦契一家诗辩无神论的必要性 lyrics:西风颂(destroyer and preserver)theme:theauthorexpresshiseagernesstoenjoythe boundlessfreedomfromthereality.comparethe west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new whoscattertheseadsshichsill cometo lifein the spring.thisisapoemaboutrenewal,aboutthewind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc oflife (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts精品资料again when something dies.comment:percybyssheshelleysodetothewestwindis written in iambic pentameter. it contains five sonnet lengthstanzas, each with a closing couplet. the rhyming schemeformis ababcbcdcdedee.thetone is poignant.manywill agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force totake control and revive life.artistic features:using rerzarima(三行诗 aba bcbcdcdedefe) 致云雀ode : a long lyric poem that isserious in subject and treatment; elevated in style;elaborate in stanzaic structure5. john keats约翰?济慈 17951821(“美即是真，真即是美 ”是他的著名诗句。 ) four great odes: 希腊古瓮颂夜莺颂 心灵颂忧郁颂 秋颂精品资料theme: the theme of john keats poem, to autumn, is that change is both natural and beautiful. the poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.comment:the speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yieldssomethingnewand betterthanwhat came before.eachofthepoemsthreestanzas representstheevolvingoftwodifferenttypesof change. one type of change shown in the poem isthe change of periods in a day.on first looking into chapmans homer 6. jane austen简?奥斯丁 17751817she compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire.理智与感情傲慢与偏见 (chapter i)7. walterscott沃尔特 ?斯科特 17711832精品资料(历史小说之父 ”)father of history novels 罗伯?罗伊 艾凡赫poetry in the neo-classical period:tooartificial;toorhetoricalinlanguage;toorestrainedinitsexpressionof emotion; too repressive of the imagination“preface tolyrical ballads ”:spontaneousoverflowof emotion;poet as mantalkingto man;languageof common man; common people represent natural man七 the victorian period1832-1900(realism and naturalism)(现实主义 realism ，小说为主 )commonsenseandmoralpropreity,againbecamethe predominant preoccupation.critical realistswere all co