中南大学2011级博士生综合英语考试试卷及答案.doc

Examination Paper for Doctor Candidates of Non-English Majors (A)December 25, 2011Part IListening Comprehension (15%)Section AShort dialoguesDirections:In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).1.A.He lost the calculator.B.He doesnt know where the calculator is.C.He thinks he broke the calculator.D.He doesnt know the answer to the problem.2.A.He lost it.B.He used it last night.C.He was the last to use it.D.He finally brought it back.3.A.The woman should buy some new trousers.B.The woman should buy some clothes for larger size.C.The woman should eat less.D.The woman should do exercises.4.A.At a theater.B.At a booking office.C.At a railway station.D.At a restaurant.5.A.The size of the room.B.Long working hours.C.The hot weather.D.The fan in the room.Section BPassagesDirections:In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Passage One6.A.A dozen.B.Two dozen.C.A half dozen.D.Five dozen.7.A.They dont stay fresh very long.B.They smell nice.C.They are too expensive.D.They arent very pretty.8.A.Oil and vinegar.B.Sugar and white vinegar.C.Sugar and oil.D.Aspirin.Passage Two9.A.Miller was loved by her parents.B.Miller was loved by her sisters.C.Miller was loved by her brothers.D.Miller enjoyed a happy life as a child.10.A.Maths.B.painting.C.Both A and B.D.Neither A nor B.Section CSummary writingDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read, you are required to write a summary of about 60 words on Answer Sheet II.Part IIVocabulary and Structure (10%)Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences or sentences with underlined words or phrases in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence or replace the underlined part of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).11.There has been a decline _ the number of people borrowing from public libraries.A.onB.inC.withD.at12.The harder a student studies, _.A.the more his body gives off heatB.his body gives off more heatC.the more heat does his body gives offD.the more heat his body gives off13.When she heard the bad news, she _completely.A.broke awayB.broke downC.broke outD.broke through14.The clerk muttered under his breath as he brought the _ the tenth pair of shoes.A.clientB.attorneyC.agentD.consumer15.Association refers to _ the material we want to remember and _ it to something we remember accurately.A.taking relatingB.take relateC.taking relateD.take relating16.They took _ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.A.fruitfulB.beneficialC.validD.effective17.With the help of a metal detector, they discovered that wreckage lay _ over a 2,000-square-feet area, often buried beneath sand and seaweed.A.scatteredB.separatedC.dispersedD.distributed18.It was his wifes encouragement that had _ his through the bad times.A.deliveredB.relievedC.sentD.brought19.The distance from the Earth to the spacecraft is often determined very accuratelyfrom the time _ between two radio signals.A.interactionB.alternativeC.interferenceD.interval20.Finding himself trapped in the Death Valley, he had a sudden feeling of _.A.despairB.desperateC.frightenedD.dreadful21.In a time of social reform, peoples state of mind tends to keep pace with the rapid changes ofsociety.A.take stepB.match upC.keep in touchD.make progress22.If decisions are delayed until the problems become worse, possibilities for effective actions will be severely reduced.A.optionsB.notionsC.fortunesD.occasions23.You can add the fluid to the powder, or, vice versa, the powder to the fluid.A.conventionallyB.convertiblyC.converselyD.conversationally24.She anxiously inspected the faces of the men leaving the train in the hope of find her husband.A.approachedB.searchedC.scannedD.recalled25.In Britain, and on the Continent too, the Japanese are sometimes viewed as a threat to domestic industries.A.looked likeB.varied withC.thought forD.supposed as26.With an old screwdriver he rasped the mortar away from around one of the bricks in the endwall.A.scrapedB.brushedC.pulledD.ported27.As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free tax-supported schools must be established inevery town having 50 household or more.A.foundedB.foundC.formulatedD.funded28.He said that he had never come across a painting which pleased him more.A.seen aboutB.viewed asC.happened toD.met with29.My book is practically finished; I have only a few changes to make in the writing.A.virtuallyB.verticallyC.violentlyD.visually30.The teacher congratulated the student who won the prize in the speech contest.A.consoledB.comfortedC.applaudedD.consultedPart IIICloze (10%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Scientists searching for precious metals have turned to the ocean floor, where natural chimneys are spewing out a metal-enriched black dust containing particles of gold, silver and zinc.Scientists 31 these hot springs are recreating the process which, billions of years ago, created 32 metal deposits now found on land.The discovery is giving geologists a 33 into the earths early history and fuelling some new theories on origin of life.It also has huge implications for 34 companies.Geologists are just beginning to understand how these chimneys, 35 clusters of sulphur and minerals, are formed, and what makes them spew out the mineralized dust.At present it is not commercially 36 for mining companies to operate beneath the sea, although some scientists believe the “black smokers”, 37 known as active mineralizing systems, will be a majorand renewablesource of metals in the next decade. 38 the meantime, mining companies are using the ocean-floor research to locate similar deposits on land.“The hottest thing in the mining research game right now is the 39 within the past few years of mineral deposits currently formingin front of our eyeson the ocean floor,” said Dr. Joseph Fox, a Montreal (加拿大蒙特利尔) geologist.Canada has mined some of the richest copper, zinc and gold 40 in the world. In the past year, mining companies have used knowledge about where mineral formations 41 on the ocean floor to find the deposits on land.Geologists are excited because, 42 metal deposits on land, which are two or three billion years old, the undersea deposits keep 43 themselves.“Its really incredible to think that we have a renewable metal resource 44 weve been taught to think of metal resources as non-renewable,” Fox said.The 30-foot-high (10-metre) chimneys or vents, 45 in 1979, are found along fractures in the oceans crust.Scientists believe the deposits form when cold sea-water seeps into the fractures, leaving metals 46 it is drawn down.As the water travels in the direction of the earths core, it 47 up. Eventually, the hot water rises, carrying with it the hot metal sulphide 48 the ocean floor.When the hot sulphide meets the cold sea water, a thick black smoke-like substance is formed, spewing out of vents in built-up deposits of 49 .The particles in the smoke eventually 50 on the ocean floor, forming vast solid sheets of metal sulphide.31.A.believeB.thoughtC.uncoverD.found32.A.smoothB.tinyC.vastD.rust33.A.chanceB.revisionC.weaponD.glimpse34.A.metalB.miningC.alloyD.global35.A.made ofB.consisting inC.resulted fromD.dealing with36.A.periodicB.reliableC.comparativeD.feasible37.A.formallyB.chieflyC.economicallyD.occasionally38.A.AtB.OnC.InD.For39.A.inventionB.discoveryC.findingsD.theory40.A.samplesB.depositsC.minesD.fractions41.A.rangeB.sufferC.occurD.form42.A.unlikeB.likeC.asD.except43.A.to renewB.renewingC.having renewedD.to be renewed44.A.beforeB.untilC.becauseD.when45.A.brokenB.fixedC.discoveredD.originated46.A.sinceB.asC.forD.whereas47.A.speedsB.goesC.givesD.heats48.A.fromB.onC.towardD.beyond49.A.sulphideB.substanceC.depositsD.element50.A.relyB.moveC.turnD.settlePart IVReading Comprehension (25%)Directions:There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Passage OneQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Professor Smith recently persuaded 35 people, 23 of them women, to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for a fortnight. When he came to analyze their embarrassing lapses in a scientific report, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings. None did the lapses appear to be entirely random.One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earnings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear. “The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer,” explains the professor. “People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly. It was the womans custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her earrings. But somehow the action got reversed in the programme.” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “programme assembly failures.”Altogether the volunteers logged 433 unintentional actions that they found themselves doingan average of twelve each. There appear to be peak periods in the day when we are at our zaniest. These are two hours some time between eight a.m. and noon, between four and six p.m. with a smaller peak between eight and ten p.m. “Among men the peak seems to be when a changeover in brain programmes occurs, as for instance between going to and from work.” Women on average reported slightly more lapses12.5 compared with 10.9 for men probably because they were more reliable reporters.A startling finding of the research is that the absent-minded activity is a hazard of doing things in which we are skilled. Normally, you would expect that skill reduces the number of errors we make. But trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worseeven dangerous.51.In this study Professor Smith asked the subjects _.A.to keep track of people who tend to forget thingsB.to report their embarrassing lapses at randomC.to analyze their awkward experiences scientificallyD.to keep a record of what they did unintentionally52.Professor Smith discovered that _.A.certain patterns can be indentified in the recorded incidentsB.many people were too embarrassed to admit their absent-mindednessC.men tend to be more absent-minded than womenD.absent-mindedness is an excusable human weakness53.“Programme assembly failures (Sentence 6, Paragraph 2)” refers to the phenomenon thatpeople _.A.often fail to programme their routines beforehandB.tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurryC.unconsciously change the sequence of doing thingsD.are likely to mess thing up if they are too tired54.We learn from the third paragraph that _.A.absent-mindedness tends to occur during certain hours of the dayB.women are very careful to perform actions during peak periodsC.women experience more peak periods of absent-mindednessD.mens absent-mindedness often results in funny situations55.It can be concluded from the passage that _.A.people should avoid doing important things during peak periods of lapsesB.hazards can be avoided when people do things they are good atC.people should be careful when programming their actionsD.lapses cannot always be attributed to lack of concentrationPassage TwoQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout; the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right side or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws farther diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmer. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a stutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry; the intact and regenerated claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions that trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact, but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determines their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher. To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobster could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively, to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by borrowing in the substrate.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric claws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.56.The passage is primarily concerned with _.A.drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humansB.discussing a possible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is determined inlobstersC.explaining differences between lobsters crusher claws and cutter clawsD.developing a method for predicating whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear onthe left or right side57.Which of the following experimental result, if observed, would most clearly contradict thefindings of Victor Emmer?A.A left cutter like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on theright side.B.A left cutter like claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on theleft side.C.A left cutter like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on theright side.D.A left cutter like claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on theright side.58.It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stagesof development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the earlystages are _.A.more likely to regenerate a lost clawB.more likely to replace a crusher claw with a cutter clawC.likely to be less symmetricalD.likely to be less active59.Which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failureof a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A.The loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of development.B.The loss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of development.C.The loss of a claw during the sixth st