中国文化简介课后练习答案(1~10).doc

Chapter 1答案1. 1) c 2) b 3) a 4) d 5) c2. 6) Sumerian, Egyptian, Chinese characters7) red, rectangular, five stars8) form, sound, meaning9) family name, the given name, xing, shi, ming, zi3.10) a. the Imperial palace/the Forbidden City b. nature reserve c. autonomous region d. special administrative region 11) a. the Han nationality b. ethical tradition c. social status d. Chinese character 4. Explain the following in English.12) paper making, printing, the compass and gunpowder.13) 甲骨文，钟鼎文，小篆，隶书，楷书5. Answer the following questions.14) Chinese characters mainly have four ways of formation, namely pictographs, indicatives, ideatives and harmonics.15) A persons ming and zi were normally given by his or her elders. Hao was different from both ming and zi in that it was chosen by oneself rather than by others. A person often had more than one hao. Hao was not used to address one another but as a signature in ones poetic and artistic works. Hao usually revealed ones aspirations and moral values.16) A Chinese surname is generally composed of one character or syllable, such as Zhang, Wu, Li, or Yang. There are also two-syllable, three-syllable or even four-syllable surnames, such as Ouyang, Zhuge, Sima, Gongsun, Zhukehun, Buliugu, Houmochen and Jingjiangliushi.Chapter 2答案1Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) c 2) d 3) a 4) d 5) a2. Fill in the blanks.6) 221 B.C.7) Silk Road, Changan, Xinjiang, Mediterranean Sea 8) Opium War9) Sun Yat-sen, feudal monarchical system 3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. the Paleolithic Era b. the Neolithic Age c. slave society d. Dream of Red Mansions 11) a. painted pottery b. the spring and Autumn Period c. socialist market economy d. Opium War 4. Explain the following in English.12) During the reign of Emperor Wudi (Liu Che, r. 140-87 B.C.), the Han regime reached the period of its greatest prosperity: The emperor conquered the Xiongnu nomads, and sent Zhang Qian as envoy to the Western Regions (Central Asia), and in the process pioneered the route known as the Silk Road from the Han capital Changan (todays Xian, Shaanxi Province), through Xinjiang and onward, finally reaching the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea.13) During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, philosophy and other branches of scholarship were unprecedentedly thriving, with the representatives of various schools vying with each other in writing books to discuss politics and analyze society. Hence the appearance of a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended.5. Answer the following questions.14) The Opium War was the turning point in Chinese history in that it marked the close of the ancient period and the beginning of the modern history. 15) The reason why the construction of the Dujiang Dam was so important in Chinese ancient times is that it made possible rationalized irrigation supply, flood diversion and sand discharge. 16) During his reign, Qin Shi Huang standardized the script, currencies, and weights and measures, established the system of prefectures and counties, and constructed the world-renowned Great Wall as well as a large palace, mausoleum and temporary regal lodges respectively in Xianyang, Lishan and other places. In addition, the life-size terracotta horses and armored warriors excavated from sites near the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang are known as the eighth wonder of the world. Chapter 3答案1Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) d 2) b 3) a 4) b 5) d2. Fill in the blanks.6) 3000, 727) li, yi, yi8) Mo Zi9) Xun Zi, nature, materialism, atheism3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. Confucianism b. (Sun Wus) the Art of War c. Confucian analects d. Second Sage11) a. the feudal landlord class b. conservatism c. the policy of benevolence d. the nine-square field system4. Explain the following in English.12) The six documents (The Six Classics) under Confucius compilation include Shi (The Book of Songs), Shu (Collection of Ancient Texts), Li (The Rites), Yue (The Music), Yi (I Ching, or The Classic of Changes), and Chun Qiu (The Spring and Autumn Annuals), which are considered as the classics of Confucianism. 13) Mencius believed that human beings are good by nature. He held that this goodness is innate and can be acquired without learning or thinking; ones natural goodness is presented by the exercise of benevolence, righteousness, proprieties and prudence. Evil comes into being when one rejects their natural goodness. 5. Answer the following questions.14) According to Mencius, the ideal moral personality is that one should never be “corrupted by neither riches nor honors, shaken by neither poverty nor adversity, faltered by neither threats nor force”.15) Han Feizi argued that human nature is basically selfish, and thus the social order can be maintained only when the ruler imposes rules and his subjects must obey without questioning and enforces them with strict punishments. As a moral and ethical system, “ren” is the central theme of Confucius Analects, which focuses on human love that is hierarchical and differentiated. Thus Confucius created his version of humanism. In his idea, human nature is partially good and partially evil. Based on “ren”, Confucius objected to the fantastic powers that confused the human spirit.16) As one of the greatest thinkers and educators in the history of China, Confucius contributions lie in the following three aspects. Firstly, he compiled and preserved literary works of three generations. The six documents (The Six Classics) under his compilation, including Shi (The Book of Songs), Shu (Collection of Ancient Texts), Li (The Rites), Yue (The Music), Yi (I Ching, or The Classic of Changes), and Chun Qiu (The Spring and Autumn Annuals), are considered as the classics of Confucianism. Secondly, Confucius established a system of philosophical thoughts with “ren”(benevolence) as its fundamental virtue. Thirdly, Confucius established private schools and founded a systematic educational framework.Chapter 4答案1Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) d 2) d 3) b 4) b 5) c2. Fill in the blanks.6) naturalistic, primitive7) the simplicity, true nature, selfishness, desire8) Old Master9) the social order, individual freedom3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. prehistoric times b. pessimism c. Taoism d. men-cosmos correspondence11) a. Chinese martial arts b. astrology c. Chinese alchemy d. social order4. Explain the following in English.12) compassion, moderation, and humility 13) Mount Longhu (Mount Dragon and Tiger) in Jiangxi Province, Mount Qingcheng in Sichuan Province, Mount Wudang in Hubei Province, and Mount Qiyun in Anhui Province.5. Answer the following questions.14) The core of Lao Zis thought is “Tao” (the Way), by which he refered to the condition of the universe before the creation of the heaven and the earth. Therefore, it is from Tao that all the elements of the universe are derived. Reversal enables Tao to have a circular movement, that is, when the development of anything brings it to one extreme, a reversal to the other extreme takes place. 15) Taoism is one of the most important religions in China, which refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions and concepts. These traditions have influenced East Asia for over two thousand years and some have spread to the West. As the native religion of China, Daoism, together with Confucianism and Buddhism, comprises the main body of traditional Chinese culture. Daoists, in pursuit of the ideal of becoming immortals by practicing Dao, made great efforts to transcend conventional wisdom about life and knowledge and thus helped both to define ancient science in China and to advance it through a great number of inventions. Chinese alchemy, astrology, cuisine, several Chinese martial arts, Chinese traditional medicine, fengshui, and many styles of qigong breath training disciplines have been intertwined with Daoism throughout history.16) Lao Zis “ruling by non-action or inaction” reflects the exploration of an intellectual for the ultimate solution of the social order and individual freedom. His pursuit of vacuity and action through non-action echoes the reality of his time, a period torn by ceaseless wars among states. Lao Zi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding wars, harsh laws and heavy taxes. For him, it was more important to “see the simplicity, to realize ones true nature, to cast off selfishness, and to temper desire”.Chapter 5答案1. Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) c 2) c 3) a 4) a 5) d2. Fill in the blanks.6) the Han Dynasty, the Sui and Tang7) Confucianism, Taoism8) Wutai, the “roof of northern China”9) Buddhist temples, 76 temples, first3. Translate the following terms into English.10) a. Buddhism b. meditation c. Confucianism d. Buddhist temple 11) a. the Great Buddha Hall b. Buddhist scripture c. joss stick d. summer resort4. Explain the following in English.12) The Four Wonders of Mount Emei are the “Golden Summit Sunrise”, “Sea of Clouds”, “Buddhas Halo” and the “Holy Lamp”. 13) The Ten Schools of Chinese Buddhism are as follows:a. Reality School or Kosa School or Abhidharma School.b. Satysiddhi School or Cheng-se School. c. Three Sastra School or San-lun School.d. The Lotus School or Tien-tai School.e. The Garland School or Hua-yen. f. Intuitive School or Chan School or Dhyana School.g. Discipline School or Lu School or Vinaya School. h. Esoteric School or Chen-yien School or Mantra School.i. Dharmalaksana School or Chu-en School or Fa-siang School.j. Pure-land School or Sukhavati School or Ching-tu School. 5. Answer the following questions.14) The cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy is the view that all life is suffering. 15) the doctrine of Four Noble Truths refers to: life is suffering, the cause of suffering is desire, the answer is to quench desire, and the way to this end is to follow the Eight-Fold Path, which consists of right knowledge, right thought, right speech, right behavior, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration.16) When Li Bai, famous Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty, was invited to Mount Jiuhua, he was overwhelmed by the scene of nine peaks that look like lotus blooms from heaven. Out of admiration he composed the lines: “Two forces preserve between the World and the Heaven; Nine lotuses blossom on the Jiuhua Mountain.” Since then the mountain has been attracting men of letters throughout the ages, and thus Jiuhua obtained its fame.Chapter 6答案1 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) d 2) d3) d4) d2 Fill in the blanks.5) Feng, Ya, Song, Fu, Bi, Xing6) The Classic of Poetry; The Classic of History; The Classic of Rites; The Classic of Rites; The Classic of Changes; The Spring and Autumn Annals. 7) Feng (Ballads); Ya (Odes); Song (Sacrificial Songs)3 Translate the following terms into English8) a. The Great Learning b. The Analects of Confucius9) a. The Doctrine of the Mean b. The Classic of History 10) a. The Classic of Changes b. The Four Books and Five Classics 4 Explain the following in English.11) “Confucius Way of the Heart” means if everyone makes strict demands on himself/herself, and does everything according to the Confucian rites, then the relations between the king and the minister, the father and the son will eventually be harmonized, and the society will go smoothly.12) “To know something is not so good as to like it; to like it is not so good as to delight in it.” It means a person who prefers it can learn better than one who merely understands it; but a person who delights in it learns even better than one who only prefers it.5. Answer the following questions.略Chapter 7答案1 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) a 2) b 3) a 4) a2 Fill in the blanks.5) controlling flood, Yv the Great, Shun6) Pan Gu, Nv Wa, her own modal, yellow clay3 Translate the following terms into English7) a. the descendants of Yan and Huang b. Yv the Great controlling the flood8) a. the Eight Immortals crossing the sea. b. Nv Wa creating man 9) a. Pan Gu creating the world b.Kua Fu chasing the Sun 4 Answer the following questions.10) Huang Di is resourceful in invention as well as in war and is credited with the invention of many things, like carts and boats, clothes, houses, writing and silkworm breeding and Silk weaving. Yan Di is credited with the invention of farming and medicine. He invented the wooden plow and taught people how to treat diseases. Wars urged the mixture and the assimilation of different tribes and eventually formed a tribal alliance of Huang Di and Yan Di. Traditions has it that Chinese civilization originated from the era of Huang Di and Yan Di, for they are the ancestors of the Chinese people. That is why the Chinese call themselves the descendants of Yan and Huang. 11) 略5 Retell the stories with the help of the following pictures.略Chapter 8答案:1 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) a 2)d 3)d 4) a 2 Fill in the blanks.5) the guti verse forms, jinti verse forms, classical, verse form, moder6) Shijing7) Li Sao8) Sage Poet, the greatest realist poet9) Su Shi, Li Qingzhao3 Translate the following terms into English10) a. Tang Poems b. Songci11) a. yuanqu b. Chuci4 Explain the following in English12) Yuefu originally referred to the “music bureau” in the Han Dynasty, responsible for collecting or writing poems, folk songs and ballads, and having them set to music. Later, poems, folk songs and ballads collected and compiled by yufu were given the name Yuefu. 13) Ci is a kind of poetry written to certain tunes with strict tonal patterns and rhyme schemes, in fixed numbers of lines and words, originated in Tang Dynasty and fully developed in Song Dynasty.14) Apart from the above verse forms, there is also Fu, its something between poetry and prose, similar to rhapsody: a descriptive poem, and much cultivated from Han times to the Six Dynasties. Examples are Su Shis “Fu on the Red Cliff”, Ban Gus Rhapsody on Two Capitals”, etc. 5 Answer the following questions略Chapter 9 答案:1 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) b 2)d 3)c 4) d 5)a 6)d2 Fill in the blanks.7) A Dream of Red Mansions, The Pilgrim to the West, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and Outlaws of the Marsh.8) Monkey King9) Cao Xueqin , Gao E10) Wei, Shu, Wu 11) Jin Ping Mei12) The Family, The Spring and The Autumn3 Translate the following terms into English13) a. vernacular novel b. Grand View Garden14) a. trilogy Torrent b. Three Kingdoms4 Explain the following in English.15) Hua Ben is actually a kind of monologue for actors to tell stories to the lower-class audience who were unable to read for themselves.16) The Grand View Garden is a large landscaped interior garden in the classic Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber, built within the compounds of the Rongguo Mansion. It is the setting for much of the story. When the Jia family estates are confiscated, the Garden