非谓语动词--分词.doc

非谓语动词你知道非谓语动词是高考单选中的重点，也是我们高考语法中的难点，现在我们就拿它来入手。那么什么是非谓语动词呢，简言之，就是不能做谓语的动词，包括：动名词，动词不定式，分词（分词又包括现在分词和过去分词）第一讲 分词分词包括：现在分词 doing 过去分词 done一分词的意义1.从语态角度来讲，现在分词表“主动”，过去分词表“被动”（不及物动词除外）。例如：The boy standing at the gate is Tom.(看看，站在那里是男孩子自己发出的动作，是主动意义，所以我们要用想在分词standing)例如：The bright built in 1990 has collapsed.(什么样的桥呢，建于1990年的桥，桥肯定不是自己建起来的吧，是被人们建起来的，所以，这里我们要用表被动的过去分词built)2.从时态角度来讲，现在分词表“正在进行”，过去分词表“动作的完成”（用我们自己的话来说就是“动作完成了”）。例如：fallen leaves 落叶 falling leaves 正在落的叶子a sunken ship沉没的船只 a sinking ship 正在下沉的船the risen sun升起的太阳 the rising sun冉冉升起的太阳现在分词的构成形式现在分词的主动现在分词的被动一般形式doingbeing done完成形式having done(只表发生在主句动作之前)having been done过去分词只有一种形式：done及物动词的过去分词表：过去、被动、完成。不及物动词的过去分词表：过去、完成。现在我们就现在分词和过去分词进行比较：being done 是现在分词的被动形式（记住啊，这个动作跟主句动作同时进行），它暗含：正在进行、被动。done 是过去分词（注意啊，看到它说明这个动作完成了），它暗含：过去完成、被动。所以，既然being done 和done都有表“被动”，那么它们的主要区别在于：being done表动作正在进行，done 表动作已经完成。having been done 是“现在分词的完成式的被动语态”（好啰嗦，这句话可以不记啊），它暗含:过去完成、被动。我们知道，done 是过去分词它暗含：过去完成、被动。既然having been done 和 done所表示的意义完全相同，那么我们就可以大胆地得出：having been done = donehaving done 表：完成+主动。done 表：完成+被动。二分词的功能分词相当于形容词或副词，在句中主要是充当定语、状语、和补语。1.分词作定语 单个的分词作定语，一般放在被修饰名词前。 A barking dog seldom bites. A watched pot never boils. the swimming fish the forbidden fruit the damaged boat附：在这里再穿插一点点有关定语位置的内容，英语定语要遵循“左二右五”原则。即：限定词+单个的形容词+名词+ 形容词短语/不定式短语/分词短语/介词短语/定语从句。最长的定语从句要放在最后，是英语的重尾原则。例句：I fancy the red car made in China which Tom purchased.分词短语作定语，放在被修饰名词之后，现在分词作定语相当于一个主动语态的定语从句；过去分词短语作定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。例：A man getting up as soon as the cock crows is a diligent one.The glass broken by Lucy has been swept away.(=The glass which was broken by Lucy has been swept away.)被露西打破的玻璃已经扫走了。2.分词作状语（相当于一个状语从句）分词作状语有两种结构：分词逻辑主语和句子的主语一致；独立主格结构。作状语时，相当于时间状语从句。例如：Having fulfilled the task, he took a nap on the couch.=After he had fulfilled the task, he took a nap on the couch.（注意到了吧，在第一句里主句的主语跟分词逻辑主语都是he）Questioned by the police about the fire, he became tense.= When he was questioned by the police about the fire, he became tense.作原因状语，相当于as, since, because引导的从句，这类状语多放在句子的钱半部分。例句：Givenadvicebythefamousdetective,theyoungladywasnolongerafraid.=Since/Asshewasgivenbythefamousdetective.)有了著名的侦探的指点,姑娘不再害怕了. Having lost his key, he could not come into the room.=Because he had lost his key, 作条件状语时，相当于if, unless 引导的从句。(unless = if not) 例句：Givenmoreattention(=Iftheyhadbeengivenmoreattention),thecabbagescouldhavegrownbetter.如果再精心一些,这些大白菜还可以长得更好. 作让步状语时，相当于though, even if引导的从句，“尽管”Even if Im invited, I wont take part in the party.= Even if invited, 作结果状语时，相当于so that 引导的从句。（多用于句尾）Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children.作方式状语和伴随状语，可改写成并列句。例句：The teacher entered the classroom, and he was followed by a group of students.= Followed by a group of students, the teacher entered the classroom.The manager held his head high, and he walked into the room.= Holding his head high, the manager walked into the room. 3.分词作宾语补足语分词只在感官动词和使役动词后面做宾补。感官动词有：see, observe, notice, watch, hear, look at, find (find 不是感官动词)。使役动词有：set, have, let, make, help.感官/使役动词+宾语+现在分词宾补 （这类是表主动进行）例如：He saw the thief stealing the money from t