World War I Mr. Dars History.ppt

worldwari chapter28 4 20 2020 1 theseedsofwarsection1 whatwerethemaincausesofww1 competitionforresourcesandterritoriesnationalismmilitarismalliances 4 20 2020 2 termstodefine militarism glorificationofwarandthemilitaryconscription compulsory mandatory callupofciviliansformilitaryservicealliancesystem defenseagreementsamongnationsentente friendlyunderstandingbetweentwonations 4 20 2020 3 peopletoknow ottovonbismarckfirstchancellorofthegermanempirecraftystatesman 4 20 2020 4 ottovonbismarck placestolocate moroccoalsace lorrainebosnia herzegovina 4 20 2020 5 sectiontheme cooperation europeanpowersformaseriesofalliancesbeforeworldwari 4 20 2020 6 frenchprimeministerbriand overview inthesummerof1914 assassinationsparkedthebeginningofwwicompetitionforresourcesnationalismmilitarismalliances 4 20 2020 7 europeancountriesinthewar 4 20 2020 8 overview wwiwasknownasthegreatwarand thewartoendallwars wwibroughtsignificantchangesempirestoppledandeuropeandominanceoftheworldshaken 4 20 2020 9 funeralofarchdukeferdinand europeanrivalries sincethemid 1800sindustrializationandexpansionledtointensecompetitionamongthecountriesofeuropeeachsoughtwhatwasbestforgrowth 4 20 2020 10 europeanrivalries duringthe1800s greatbritain france germany austria hungary russia anditalyallsoughttoacquirenewmarketsandtoestablishandexpandglobalempires 4 20 2020 11 europeanrivalries competitionturnedtohostilityasonepowercrossedanotherinitseffortstoaccomplishitsgoalsbritainwantedtomaintainitslifelinestoitsempireandensurenoothernationwouldthreatenitfrancewantedtoaddmineralstoitseconomybyacquiringmorocco 4 20 2020 12 europeanrivalries competition germanyhad eyes ontheottomanempireaustria hungarywantedlandinthebalkansrussiawantedcontrolofdardanellesneartheblackseaandmoreinfluenceovermanchuria 4 20 2020 13 nationalism growingspiritofnationalismbroughttensionsgermanyhadunitedfrancewantedalsace lorraineback lostafterfranco prussianwarinaustria hungary slavicnationalistswereattractedtopan slavism slavsneededtodeveloptheircultureandbecomeanation newnationwouldbecarvedoutofcurrentaustria hungaryneighboringserbssupportedtheslavsintheirefforts 4 20 2020 14 slavicnationalism austria hungarywasalarmedbyserbianactivitiesinthebalkansandwasconcernedthatayugoslavstatewouldharmthesecurityoftheempirein1908austria hungaryannexedtheslavicterritoriesofbosnia herzegovina eastofserbia onceoftheottomanempire 4 20 2020 15 slavicnationalism theserbswerethreatenedbytheaustria hungarymoveintobosnia herzegovinaserbscalledontherussianforhelp historicallytheirally russiaturnedawayserbcallsforhelprussiamadesecretdealwithaustria hungarythatitswarshipscouldhaveaccesstothedardanellesrussiastillweakfromwarwithjapan 4 20 2020 16 slavicnationalism russiaturnedawayserbia more russiaagreedaustria hungarycouldhavebosnia herzegovinarussiapersuadedserbstoretrainthemselvesrussiadiscoveredaustria hungarymadeitsmovebeforethefinaldealcouldgetdonerussiawasveryangryithadbeen duped 4 20 2020 17 balkanwars thefirstbalkanwarfurtherinflamedtheserbs 1912 serbiawantedalbaniaasawarmwateroutlettotheseaserbiawasnotawardedalbaniaafterthewar resentmentgrew 4 20 2020 18 balkanwars secondbalkanwar albaniamadeindependent morefrustrationfortheserbsrussianotabletosupporttheserbsineitherwar russianswerehumiliatedaustria hungaryworriedaboutitsfutureroleineurope 4 20 2020 19 militarism europeanpowersspentmuchtimeassessingeachother smilitarystrength diplomatsmaneuveredtowinnewallies militaryleadersarguedforincreasedspending andallnationsbutbritainadoptedconscriptionwithtensionsrising sodidmilitarism theglorificationofwarandthemilitary verymuchassociatedwithsettingstatepolicies 4 20 2020 20 militarism eachnationbelievedthatitsnationalsecuritydependedentirelyonnewtechnologyandmilitaryreadiness 4 20 2020 21 heavyfieldgun militarism eachnation sactionscausedareactionintheothernationsgermansexpandtheirnavybritainfeltthreatenedasanislandnation 4 20 2020 22 alliances alongwithmilitarismcameahardeningofalliancesystemsdefenseagreementsamongnationsottovonbismarckcreatedthethreeemperorsleaguetoisolatefrancegermany austria hungary andrussiadidn tlastlongbecauseofconflictbetweenrussiaandaustria hungaryinthebalkans 4 20 2020 23 alliances withthecrumblingofthethreeemperors league bismarckcreatedanewandstrongeralliancewithaustria hungary 4 20 2020 24 ottovonbismarck alliances in1882 italyjoinedtheaustrian germanalliance nowbecamethetripleallianceitalywantedalliesagainstfranceitalyangryaboutfranceoccupyingtunisinafricaitalyconcernedthatfrancewouldaidthepopewithwhomtheywerehavingadisputeallagreedtoaidoftheotherifthreatened 4 20 2020 25 alliances franceandrussiadevelopedfriendlierrelationsandanotheralliancebegantodeveloptheydevelopedanalliancetoaideachotherifattackedbygermanyoraustria hungaryfranceandgreatbritain 1904 developedanalliancecalledtheententecordial notafullfledgedalliance friendlyunderstanding 4 20 2020 26 alliances theseagreementsdevelopedintothetripleententeloosealliancebetweenfrance russia andgreatbritaingreatbritainjoinedbecauseoftheperceivedthreattoitsnavalfleetanditsempire 4 20 2020 27 alliances theestablishmentofthetriplealliance germany austria hungary italy andthetripleentente russia france andgreatbritain threatenedthepeaceofthecontinent aminorconflictnowhadthepotentialtoinvolveallmajoreuropeanpowersinwar 4 20 2020 28 alliances triplealliance germanyaustria hungaryitaly tripleentente russiafrancegreatbritain 4 20 2020 29 thespark chapter28section2 4 20 2020 30 termstodefine ultimatum asetoffinalconditionsthatmustbeacceptedtoavoidsevereconsequencesmobilization thegatheringandtransportofmilitarytroopsandfightingequipmentinpreparationforwar 4 20 2020 31 peopletomeet francisferdinandgavriloprincipwilliamiinicholasii 4 20 2020 32 sectiontheme tensionsbetweenthetwoeuropeanallianceseruptintoaeurope wideconflict 4 20 2020 33 austriandead overview whatseriesofeventsprovidedthesparkthatignitedworldwari theassassinationofarchdukefrancisferdinanddeclarationsofwarmobilizationofaustria hungary russia germany france andbritain 4 20 2020 34 overview until1914 afalseoptimismprevailedineuropemostpeopledidn tthinktherewouldbewarabsenceofwarforlongtimelulledpeopleintothinkingtherecouldn tbeonesocialreformsandscientificdiscoveriesmadepeoplethinkallwaswell otherwaystosolveproblemswarwas triggered inthebalkans 4 20 2020 35 troubleinthebalkans onjune28 1914 archdukefrancisferdinand heirtotheaustro hungarianemperor andhiswifewereassassinatedinsarajevo capitalofbosnia herzegovina bymembersofasecretserbiannationalistgroup 4 20 2020 36 troubleinthebalkans archdukeferdinandhadactuallyplannedongivingmorevoicetotheslavsvoiceequaltoaustriansandhungarians 4 20 2020 archdukeferdinand troubleinthebalkans sevenassassinationshadbeenplacedalongtherouteoftheirrideinaconvertiblethroughthestreetsallmembersofsecretserbianationalistgroupcalledtheblackhandthefirstassassins attemptdidnotwork 4 20 2020 38 troubleinthebalkans thecarmadeawrongturnandgavriloprincip gah vree loh preen seep shotthem 4 20 2020 gavriloprincip39 germansupport althoughtheassassinationhadnotoccurredinserbia austria hungaryheldtheserbsresponsible germany throughemperorwilliamii assuredaustria hungarythatitwouldgiveitsfullsupporttoanyactionstakenagainstserbiagermanyhadapprovedanyactionsaustria hungarywantedtotake 4 20 2020 40 declarationofwar onjuly23 austria hungarygaveserbiaanultimatum tocooperateinanaustro hungarianinvestigationoftheassassinationorfacewar theyweregiven48hours serbianleaders outraged rejecteddemand austria hungaryresponded declaredwaronserbiajuly28 1914bothcountriesissuedgeneralordersformobilization thegatheringoftroopsandequipmenttoprepareforwar 4 20 2020 41 aeuropeanwar believingfalselytheotherswouldbackdownatthelastmoment themajoreuropeanpowerspushedeachothertothebrinkofwar 4 20 2020 42 archdukeferdinandfuneral aeuropeanwar russiaimmediatelyannounceitssupportforserbia onjuly30 czarnicholasiiorderedageneralmobilizationofhisarmedforcesagainstbothaustria hungaryandgermanyrussianewitwouldreallylosefacewiththeslavsifitbackeddownagainrussiaalsohadthebackingoffrance 4 20 2020 43 aeuropeanwar onjuly31 germanyorderedrussiatocancelitsmobilizationorderorfacewar afterfrancegaveitssupporttorussia germanydeclaredwaronbothcountriesbritainwasundecidedforawhileandstillhopedtousenegotiationsthegermansmarchedintoluxembourganddemandedpassageacrossbelgium 4 20 2020 44 aeuropeanwar belgiumwasaneutralcountryanditsneutralityhadbeenguaranteedbyan1839treatysignedbygreatbritain russia france andgermanygermanyinvadedbelgiumanywaythebritsprotestedtheinvasionofbelgiumthegermanchancellorcalledthetreaty ascrapofpaper thebritsenterthewaraugust4 1914 4 20 2020 45 aeuropeanwar mosteuropeanbelievedwarwasamatterofdefendingtheircountry shonororupholding rightagainstmight fewpeopleimaginedhowlongthewarwouldlastthewarseemedtohavenoclearobjectivetheentireworldwasdraggedin 4 20 2020 46 thewar chapter28section3 4 20 2020 47 sectiontheme conflict theeuropeanwaristransformedintoawarthatengulfsmuchoftheworld theglobalconflictdirectlyaffectsmanyciviliansaswellassoldiers 4 20 2020 48 termstodefine belligerent warringpropaganda ideasorrumorsusedtoharmanopposingcausewarofattrition tearingdonetheothersidebyconstantattackstrench ditchcontraband prohibitedgoods 4 20 2020 49 peopletomeet alfredvonschlieffenhelmuthvonmoltkejosephjacquesjoffrehenri philippepetainwinstonchurchillwoodrowwilson 4 20 2020 50 placestolocate paristannenbergverdungallipoli 4 20 2020 51 overview germany austria hungary ottomanempire andbulgariabecameknownasthecentralpowersgreatbritain france russia serbia belgium japan andmontenegrobecameknownasthealliedpowers orallies noneofthepowerswerereallyreadyforwhathappenedtheeuropeansthoughtthewarwouldbeoverbychristmas 4 20 2020 52 theschlieffenplan germany sinvasionofbelgiumonaugust3waspartofastrategydesignedbythegermangeneralalfredvonschlieffen whobelievedthatthegermanscoulddefeatthefrenchinsixweeksandthenmoveontotheeasternfrontandfightagainstrussianforcesschlieffenbelievedtherussianswouldtakelongertomobilize 4 20 2020 53 theschlieffenplan germanyencounteredfarmoreresistanceinbelgiumthananyoneexpected furthermore russiamobilizedfarmorequicklythatschlieffenhadestimatedthegermancommander helmuthvonmoltke wassurprisedbytheresistanceadvancewasdelayeduntilaugust20th 4 20 2020 54 theschieffenplan thegermantroopswereheldupfurtherwhentheymetbritishandfrenchforcesinthenorthoffranceandinalsace lorraine 4 20 2020 55 frenchshellingofgermanpositions thebattleofthemarne francestruggledtorecoveraftertheirdefeatatalsace lorrainefrenchgeneraljosephjacuesjoffrepulledbacktoparistofortifyhisarmy spositionthefrenchcounter attackedandpushedthegermansback50miles calledonfrenchtaxistohelpmovetroops thisbattlewascalledthebattleofthemarnethegermanretreatfromthebattleofthemarnesignifiedtheabandonmentoftheschlieffenplan 4 20 2020 56 thebattleofthemarne thebattledsignifiednotonlytheabandonmentoftheschlieffenplan butthatneithersidecouldwineasily 4 20 2020 57 arussiandisaster russiasenttroopsintobattleevenbeforefullymobilizedrussia sspeedyinvasionofeastprussiadivertedgermantroopsfromtheattackagainstthefrenchandbritishattannenberginpresentdaypoland therussianssufferedadisastrousdefeattherussianarmywasencircledanddestroyed 4 20 2020 58 yearsofdeadlock afterthebattleofthemarne thegermansandthealliesbeganaseriesofbattleseachwasattemptingtoreachthenorthseafirst knownas theracetothesea reachingthere onecouldoutflanktheotherinnovember thewarreachedastalematetoprotectthemselvesinthewarofattrition soldiersonbothsidesdugtrenchesthrough1915casualtiesmounted 4 20 2020 59 yearsofdeadlock allthebelligerent warring nationsnowhadtoadjusttheirplanstoproducetheweapons food ammunition etc civilianshadtoenterthewareffort becameatotalwartoraisemorale newspapersgaveeventhesmallestvictoriesbigheadlinesgovernmentsusedpropaganda ideas rumors toharmanopposingcause toportraytheenemyasbeastlyandinhuman 4 20 2020 60 trenchwarfare thewarturnedintoawarofattritioneachsidetriestoweardowntheotherthroughconstantattackstrenchesspread500miles switzerlandtonorthseainthemiddle noman sland trenchwarfare rats disease filth barbedwire death 4 20 2020 61 trenchwarfare atthebattleofypes thegermansintroducedpoisongasyellow greenchlorinegaswindcarriedgasintofrenchtrenchesblindness choking vomiting tornlungs death 4 20 2020 62 verdunandthesomme infebruary1916 thegermansstagedasurpriseattackagainstfrenchforcesatverdunafter6bloodymonths withthefrenchholdingfirm thegermansfinallyabandonedtheattackfrenchgeneralhenri philippepetain pay tan ralledthetroopswith theyshallnotpass bothsideshadhalfamillioncasualties 4 20 2020 63 verdunandthesomme later thebritish aidedbyasmallfrenchforce launchedasimilarattackagainstthegermansinthesommerivervalleynorthoffranceterribleandinconclusivegermans 500 000menbritish 400 000french 200 000frenchintroducetank madelittledifference tooclumsy slowatthetime generalsdidn tknowbestuseforthem 4 20 2020 64 theeasternfront lessentrenched moremobile noadvancegermanyandaustria hungarymadedeterminedeffortstoremoverussiafromthewar 4 20 2020 65 theeasternfront astheleastindustrializedoftheeuropeanpowers russiadidnothavetheresourcesandskillstofightamodernconflictrussiansforcedtogiveuphugelandmassrussianssufferedhugeamountsofcasualtiesrussianspromisedaccesstothedardanelles 4 20 2020 66 theeasternfront inspiredbytheagreementforthedardanelles therussiansrebuilttheirarmytheiroffensiveagainstaustria hungarywasverysuccessfultookmanycitieslostamillionmenandmostoftheirsupplieshelpedthewesternfront germanshadtotransfermenandsupplies 4 20 2020 67 gallipolicampaign winstonchurchill secretaryofthebritishnavyasked aretherenototheralternativesthansendingourarmiestochewbarbedwireinflanders hisplan takeconstantinople cutsuppliestoanddefeataustria hungary helpserbia anddefeattheottomansbadplanningandthereinforcedturkscausedthealliestowithdraw 4 20 2020 68 ontheseas thebritishhadbeendominatingtheseas stoppedshipsfromcarryingcontraband prohibitedgoods greatbritain sblockadeofallportsundergermancontrolwasveryeffectivegermanscallingit thehungerblockade oldsaying allisfairinloveandwar 4 20 2020 69 ontheseas toweardownbritishseapower thegermansintroducedsubmarinewarfarein1915theu boatsbegantostrikecivilianandcommercialships includingthebritishpassengership thelusitania 4 20 2020 70 submarinewarfare lusitaniaabout1200killed128americansgermansarguedlusitaniacarriedweaponspresidentwoodrowwilsonthreatenedtostopdiplomaticrelationswithgermanygermansrespondedbyendingunrestrictedsubmarinewarfare 4 20 2020 71 unitedstatesenterswar untilthispoint americansweredividedaboutwhethertheunitedstatesshouldenterthewarmanyirishwereanti britishmanygermanamericanssidedwiththegermansothers brits scots etc sidedwiththealliesmostamericansbelievedpresidentwilson thiswasaeuropeanconflict 4 20 2020 72 unitedstatesenterswar germansdidnotwantamericatoenterthewarbuttheyannouncedtheywouldsinkmerchantsshipsgoingtowesternorbritishportswilsonbrokediplomaticrelations 4 20 2020 73 unitedstatesenterswar thezimmermantelegramgermanforeignministerarthurzimmermannsenttelegramtomexico germanywouldhelpmexicoregainnewmexico texas andarizonaafteragermanvictoryzimmermanproposedmexicotalktojapanaboutjoiningcentralpowersalliance 4 20 2020 74 unitedstatesenterswar zimmermanntelegram morethebritishgovernmenthadinterceptedthetelegramandpassedittotheamericangovernmenttheamericannewspapersprintedthemessagethemessageheightenedtheanti germanattitudesintheu s 4 20 2020 75 unitedstatesenterswar aftergermanshipssinkfouramericanmerchantsships presidentwilsonaskscongressforadeclarationofwarandcallsuponamericanstohelp maketheworldsafefordemocracy americanfinancialaidandmilitaryinterventionledtoaneventualalliedvictory 4 20 2020 76 therussianrevolution chapter28section4 4 20 2020 77 readtofindout mainidea aseriesofkeyeventsledtotherussianrevolutiontermstodefine provisionalgovernment communismpeopletomeet nicholasii grigorirasputin alexanderkerensky vladimirilyinchlenin leontrotskyplacestolocate petrograd siberia poland ukraine 4 20 2020 78 overview russiadevastatedbywaroveronefourthofthesoldiershadtopickupweaponsofthedeadenemytofightresourceswenttosupplythearmythesituationhelpedtoppletheautocraticczarandbringincommunism 4 20 2020 79 falloftheczar czarnicholasiiandhiswifealreadynotpopularbadpoliciesrelianceonmystichealer grigorirasputintworelativesoftheczarassistedinkillingrasputinindecember 1916publicangermountedasaresultofshortagesprotestersinpetrogaddemandedfoodandanendtothewar 4 20 2020 80 falloftheczar orderedtoputdowntheriots troopsfailtofireonprotestersmanytroopsjoinedtherebellionwiththecountryslippingintochaos theczarfinallyabdicatedonmarch15themrchrevolutioncostfewwlivesandtookplacewithouttheleadershipofitrevolutionaryintellectuals 4 20 2020 81 theprovisionalgovernment aftertakingpower themiddle classprovisionalgovernmentsoonhadasocialistrivalforpower thepetrogradsoviet thesoviets ledbythepetrogradsoviet calledforimmediatepeace thetransferoflandtopeasants andthecontroloffactoriesbyworkers asthewarwenton thesovietprogramgainedgreatpopularity 4 20 2020 82 theprovisionalgovernment middleclassgovernmentconsistedofdumamiddleclassthemajorityofthepetrogradweremensheviks themostradicalwerethebolsheviksalexanderkerensky moderate movedfreelybetweenthetwogovernmentclassestheprovisionalgovernmentdidnotwithdrawfromthewaritdidn tcarryoutitspromisedreformsandlostmuchpopularsupport 4 20 2020 83 lenin avarietyofprovisionalgroups includingthebolsheviks viedtofillthepowervacuumthemensheviksoutnumberedthebolsheviks butwerenotgoodplannersbelievedthemasseswouldcreatetherevolution butnothinghappened 4 20 2020 84 lenin theradicalbolsheviksbelievedrevolutioncouldbeintroducedbyforcetheybelievedasmallgroupofrevolutionariessupportedbyasmallgroupofpeasantscouldforcechangeleninurgedthemtotrylenin sbrotherhadbeenhangedforconspiracytokillalexanderiilenindedicatedhislifetorevolution 4 20 2020 85 lenin lenin more1895 governmenthadarrestedleninandexiledhimtosiberiaafterrelease hewroterevolutionaryarticlesfrombritain germany