心内科医学专业英语词汇.doc

医学 术语学 yi xue shu yu xue Introduction to the First Edition of Medical Terminology for the Chinese Medical Professional This is to serve as an introduction to medical terminology that is commonly in use by the English speaking international medical community This book is put together with the Chinese language speaker in mind but may be used by English language speakers who wish to familiarize themselves with Chinese medical terminology It is not intended as a replacement for the arduous study of the Greek and Latin languages which are the basis of the majority of the words used by the English speaking medical community but rather as a beginning in learning the myriad of words and terms in use by the modern medical community Learning the terms presented in this book will enable the student to understand most of the words and expressions in current use and armed with the knowledge of the construction of how Greek and Latin words are created should enable the reader to be able to obtain a comprehension of any new medical vocabulary terms Chinese has been added to facilitate a better understanding for the intended Chinese reader In the first part of the book the reader is introduced to the construction of medical terms Subsequent chapters then delve into the various medical fields which use terms specific to their disciplines Abbreviations and terms not of Greek or Latin origin are introduced to familiarize the reader with additional idiosyncrasies in English Medical Terminology How to Understand Medical terms and Expressions The foundation for medical terms in the English language has it roots in the languages of Latin and Greek Knowledge of these languages will give a Chinese Medical Professional a much better understanding of an unfamiliar word and or expression Conversely the Medical Professional whom has English as their primary language will benefit from seeing the construction of the Chinese Medical Terminology in their studies of the Chinese language Familiarize yourself with the Latin Greek and French works in this Book and you will be able to understand the vast majority of medical terms in use in the English language When you encounter a word you have never seen before you will be able to understand it s meaning by dissecting the word and knowing its components and how they are used in other words English being a dynamic language will continue to incorporate more new medical terms and replace older ones you need to prepare yourself by knowing the material contained within this manual Medical terminology words and words of importance are in Bold script Sometimes a definition is given for the word and this will be in parentheses Chinese is added to those words which are written in bold script to help the reader understand the relationship between the English Terminology and the Chinese Terminology Pinyin is written in Blue Italic Arial script within parenthesis An Example of this format is as follows Cardiology the study of the heart 心脏病学 xin zang bing xue Observe how in Chinese the word Myocarditis inflamed muscle layer of heart 心肌炎 xin ji yan has a structure which is not too dissimilar to the English with 心 xin meaning heart 肌 ji meaning muscle and 炎 yan meaning inflammation Using this word dissection technique the non Chinese speaker can familiarize themselves with the Chinese Medical Terminology Here is another example to illistrate how nicely the Chinese construct medical words The Chinese word for big is 大 da and Intestineis 腸 chang And from the previous example 炎 yan is understood to mean inflammation So when you start to put them together in wanting to say large intestine you have 大腸 da chang and for colitis which is an inflammation of the large intestine it is simply 大肠炎 da chang yan Generally there are three basic parts to English medical terms Word Root 词根 ci gen This is the central meaning of the term and is usually in the middle of the medical term Prefix前缀 qian zhui Seen at the the beginning of the term it helps to identify the central meaning Suffix后缀 hou zhui Always at the end of the term the suffix modifies the central meaning as to what or who is interacting with it or what is happening to it Here is an example of how to take apart a word to understand the term Myocarditis 心肌炎 xin ji yan Prefix Word Root Suffix myo muscle 肌 ji card heart 心 xin itis inflammation 炎 yan Myo as the Prefix helps to identify the Word Root card and it is modifying the Word Root by implicating an inflammation process that is occurring Ergo we can now understand that Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle Prefix change Myocarditis inflamed muscle layer of heart 心肌炎 xin ji yan Pericarditis inflamed outer layer of heart 心包炎 xin bao yan Endocarditis inflamed inner layer of heart 心内膜炎 xin nei mo yan Suffix change Cardiologist a physician specializing in the heart 心脏病专家 xin zang bing zhuan jia Cardiomyopathy damage to heart muscle layer 心肌症 xin jin zheng Cardiomegaly enlargement of the heart 心脏扩大症 xin zang kuo da zheng The basics illustrated above are just to introduce the parts of medical terms and demonstrate 示 范 shi fan how moving the parts of the word around modifies the central meaning without changing the Word Root cardio 心 xin When the Prefix and Suffix changes it can alter the meaning of a term without changing its central meaning by keeping the Word Root the same Now let us take the Word Root therm 发热 fa re which means heat and see how it is used to make words Hypo is the Prefix and means less so Hypothermia 体温降低 ti wen jiuan di can mean less heat And another Prefix added to therm is Meter which means to measure consequently a Thermometer 温度计 wen du ji 体温计 ti wen ji is a something used to measuring heat Here both forms of the Chinese word for Thermometer are listed as the Chinese language distinguish between a thermometer used for measuring the air temperature 温度计 wen du ji and another for body temperature 体温计 ti wen ji The following are frequently used word beginnings prefixes and word endings suffixes used to make up many medical terms If you know them you will know the majority of simple medical terms Note that some organs have more than one word root For example let us look at the word Breast 乳房 ru fang which can be written as masto or mammo Typically one is derived from the Greek and one from Latin You need to know both roots because you may see either of them used An x ray of the breast is called a Mammogram 乳房 X 线照片 ru fang X xian zhao pian and is used to help detect Mastocarcinoma breast cancer 乳癌 and if the surgeon must remove the breast then that procedure is termed a Mastectomy 乳房切除术 lu fang qie chu shu Remember the parts that make up medical terminology are prefixes word roots and suffixes The most typical sequence is prefix word root and suffix with the word root being central but this is not always the case In this manual you will see a hyphen in front of a suffix to indicate it is added to the end of a word let us take the example of itis inflammation 炎 yan or oma tumor 瘤 Liu Prefixes and word roots are shown as freestanding word parts A slash and a vowel such as seen in the example of Leuk o white are called combining forms which make it easier to attach to other word parts and make the word easier to pronounce A larger listing of Root Words Prefixes and Suffixes are given in Appendix B and is included in this book to help the reader in further dissecting words and understanding them Common Prefixes a an without none Anemia 贫血 pin xue Hyper more then normalHypertension 高血压 gao xue ya Hyperthermia 过高热 guo gao re Hypo less then normalHypotension 血压过低 Xue ya guo gao Hypothermia 降低体温 jian de ti wen Normo NormalNormotensive 正常血压的 zhen chan xue ya de Brady slowBradycardia 心搏徐缓 xin bo xu huan Tachy fastTachycardia 心动过速 xin dong guo su micro small Microstomia abnormally small mouth 小口的 xiao ko de macro large Macrostomia abnormally large mouth 颊横裂 jia heng lie mega megaly enlarged Megacolon abnormally large colon 巨结肠 ju jei chang Prefixes Showing Location Endo within Endoscopy 内窥镜检查法 Nei Kui Jing Jian Cha Fa Peri around Perianal around the anus 肛门周围的 Gang Men Zhou Wei De Circum around Circumcise to cut around 环切术 Huan Qie Shu Retro behind Retrosternal behind the breastbone 胸骨后的 Xiong Gu Hou De Epi upon on top Epidermis outermost layer of skin 表皮 Biao Pi Trans through Transurethral through the urinary duct 经尿道的 Jing Niao Dao De Intra within Intravenous inside the veins e g IV fluids 静脉内的 Jing Mai Nei De Sub below Subclavian below the clavicle or collar bone 锁骨下的 Suo Gu Xia De Prefixes Showing Color Leuk o whiteLeukemia Overabundance of white blood cells 白血病 Bai xue bing xanth o yellow Xanthoma Yellow tumor 黄瘤 Huang liu cyan o blueCyanosis Blueness due to cold or no O2 in blood 苍白病 Cang bai bing melan o blackMelanoma Black tumor of the skin 黑素瘤 Hei su liu Common Word Roots Stomato Mouth Stomatitis 口腔炎 kou qiang yan Dento Teeth Dentist 牙科医生 Ya ke ti sheng Glosso Linguo Tongue 舌头 she tou Glossitis 舌炎 She yan Lingual nerve 舌神经 She shen jing Gingivo Gums 齿龈 Chi yin Gingivitis 齿龈炎 Chi yin yan Encephalo Brain 脑 nao Encephalitis 脑炎 Nao yan Gastro Stomach 胃 Wei Gastritis 胃炎 Wei yan Entero Intestine 腸 Chang Gastroenteritis 肠胃炎 Chang wei yan Colo Large intestine 大腸Colitis 大肠炎 Da chang yan Megacolon 巨结肠 ju jie chang Procto Anus 肛门 Gang men Proctitis 直肠炎 Zhi chang yan Proctology 直肠病学 Zhi chang bing xue Hepato Liver 肝脏 Gan zang Hepatitis 肝脏炎 Gan zang yan Hepatomegaly 肝肿大 Gan zhong da Nephro Rene Kidney 腎 Shen Nephrosis 肾变病 Shen bian bing 肾病 Shen bing Renal artery 肾脏的 动脉 Shen zang de dong mai Orchido Testis 睾丸 Gao wan Orchiditis 睾丸炎 Gao wan yan Orchidectomy 睾丸切除术 Gao wan qie chu shu Dermo Skin 皮肤 pi fu Dermatitis 皮炎 pi yan Masto Mammo Breast 乳房 ru fang Mastectomy 乳房切除术 ru fang qie chu shu Mammography 乳房 X 线照相术 ru fang X xian zhao xiang shu Osteo Bones 骨骼 gu ge Osteoporosis 骨质疏松症 gu zhi shu song zheng Cardio Heart 心脏 xin zang Electrocardiogram ECG 心电图 xin dian tu Rhino Nose 鼻子 bi zi Rhinitis 鼻炎 bi yan 鼻粘膜炎 bi nian mo yan Phlebo Veno Veins 静脉 jin mai Phlebitis 静脉炎 jing mai yan Phlebotomy 刺骼 放血 fang xue Phlebosclerosis 靜脈硬化 jing mai ying hua Pneumo Pulmo Lung 肺 fei Pneumonitis 局限性肺炎 ju xian xing fei yan Pulmonologist 肺科医生 fei ke yi sheng Hemo Emia Blood 血 xue Anemia 贫血 贫血症 pin xue pin xue zheng Hematologist 血液学家 xue ye xue jia Common Suffixes itis Inflammation 炎症 yan zheng Tonsillitis 扁桃腺炎 bian tao xian yan Appendicitis 阑尾炎 lan wei yan 盲肠炎 mang chang yan osis Abnormal 反常的 fan chang de Cyanosis 苍白病 Cang bai bing ectomy to remove Appendectomy 阑尾切除术 lan weiqie chu shu Tonsillectomy 扁桃腺切除术 bian tao xian qie chu shu otomy to cut into Tracheotomy cut into windpipe气管 qi guan 气管切开术 qi guan qie kai shu ostomy to make a mouth Colostomy 结肠造瘘术 jie chang zhao lou shu scopy scopic to lookColonoscopy 结肠镜检查 jie chang jing jian cha graphy recording an image Mammography 乳房 X 线照相术 ru fang x zhao xiang shu gram image Mammogram 乳房 X 线照片 ru fanf X xian zhao pian X ray X 光照片 X guang zhao pian Cardiology 心脏病学 xin zang bing xue Cardi o Heart 心 xin Endocarditis 心内膜炎 xin nei mo yan Myocarditis 心肌炎 xin ji yan Pericarditis 心包炎 xin bao yan Brady Slow Bradycardia rate100 心动过速 xin dong guo su Angi o Vessel 血管 xue guan Angiography 血管造影术 xue guan zao ying shu Angiogram artery X ray 血管造影 xue guan zao ying Angioscope Veno phlebo Vein 血管 xue guan Venogram 静脉造影 jing mai zao ying Phlebitis 静脉炎 jing mai yan stasis to stopHemostasis 止血法 zhi xue fa cyte Cell 细胞 xi bao Erythrocytes 红血球 hong xue qiu Leucocytes 白细胞 bai xi bao Hem o emia Blood 血 xue Anemia 贫血 pin xue Hypoxemia 血氧不足 xue yang bu zu Hematosalpinx 输卵管积血 shu luan guan ji xue Cardiologist 心脏病专家 xin zang bing zuan jia A physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart and circulatory system A cardiologist does not do surgery as that is beyond their training and is done by a cardiovascular surgeon 心血管医生 xin xue guan xi sheng Hematologist 血液学家 xue ye xue jia This is a physician specializing in diseases of the blood Atherosclerosis 动脉硬化症 dong mai ying hua zheng Atherosclerosis comes from the Greek word athero gruel 稀粥 xi zhou or paste 黏土团 nian tu tuan and sclerosis hardness 硬化症 ying hua zheng As this implies the condition is characterized by deposits of fatty substances such as cholesterol and other materials hardening on the inner lining of an artery High fat diets can lead to this formation of fatty plaques lining blood vessels These fatty areas can become calcified and hard leading to arteriosclerosis hardening of the arteries When blood vessels become less stretchable 伸长的 shen chang de blood pressure rises and can result in heart and kidney damage and strokes Myocardial infarction MI 心肌梗塞 xin ji geng se The word myocardial 心肌的 xin ji de means the muscle of the heart An infarction 梗死形成 geng si xing cheng is a blockage of blood flow resulting in death of muscle tissue A simple way to say myocardial infarction is simply heart attack 心脏病发作 xin zang bin fa zuo Mitral Valve Prolapse MVP 僧帽瓣脫落 seng mai ban tou luo 二尖瓣脫垂 er jinan ban tou chui Blood flows through four chambers in the heart separated by one way valves A major valve is the one separating the upper and lower chambers on the left side of the heart The left side is especially important because freshly oxygenated blood returning from the lungs is circulated out of the heart to the rest of the body The left valve called atrioventricular 房室的 fang shi de for the chambers it separates is also called the Mitral valve 瓣膜 ban mo because it is shaped like an upside down Bishop s hat a miter If the flaps of this valve tear away due to disease the process is called prolapse 下垂 xia chui 脱垂 tuo chui falling forward This results in leakage and backward flow called regurgitation 回流 hui liu With Mitral Valve Prolapse MVP symptoms do not normally begin before the early teenage years however people of any age may be affected MVP has a strong genetic 遗传的 yi chuan de tendency and is inherited as a dominant gene 显性基因 xian xing ji yin with a greater expression in females than males Stenosis 瓣膜狭窄 ban mo xia zai Sometimes a valve is abnormally narrow causing partial obstruction constricting flow Stenosis 狭窄 xia zai means a narrowing This condition is thought to affect anywhere from five to twenty percent of the general population 種群 zhoug qun 族群 zu qun 人口 ren luo Angina pectoris 绞痛 jiao tong Angina pectoris is literally a pain in the chest But this is a special kind of pain associated with the heart and is distinctive as crushing vise like and often accompanied by shortness of breath fatigue 疲劳 pi lao and nausea 恶心 e xin Anginal pain indicates not enough blood is getting to the heart muscle Often the term is shortened to just angina咽喉炎 yan hou yan Electrocardiogram ECG EKG 心电图 xin dian tu 心动电流图 略作 ECG Recording the Electrical activity of the heart In Europe an electrocardiogram is often spelled electrokardiogram hence the alternative in abbreviations as EKG the most common reading from an ECG is the Regular Sinus Rhythm 有規律的竇性節奏 you gui lv de dou xing jie zou which is the normal heart rate and seen in patients with no cardiac problems Regular Sinus Rhythm 有規律的竇性節奏 you gui lv de dou xing jie zou Arrhythmia 心律不齐 xin lv bu qi Dysrhythmia 心律失常 xin lv si chang Abnormal heart rates and rhythms all have special names like ventricular tachycardia 心动过速 xin dong guo su or fibrillation 纤维颤动 qian wei zhan dong but generically are termed arrhythmias no rhythm 心律不齐 xin lv bu qi or dysrhythmia abnormal rhythm 心律失 常 xin lv si chang Ventricular Tachycardia VT 心动过速 xin dong guo su Atrial Fibrillation AF 纤维颤动 xian wei chan dong Ischemia 心肌缺血 xin ji que xue This means not quite enough blood Typically the patient suffers anginal pain 绞痛 jiao tong which is a pain in the chest and is quite often the first symptom of heart problems Echocardiography 超声波心动扫描技术 chao sheng bo xin dong sao miao ji su Usi