LECTURE FOUR THE GOVERNMENT OF UK_PPT英语课件下载.ppt

人教版高中英语系列优秀课件 thesociety cultureofmajorenglish speakingcountries lecturefour thebritishgovernment itsjudicialsystem thebritishgovernment itsjudicialsystem thegovernment judicialsystem thepoliticalparties generalelection i thegovernment thepoliticalsystemoftheuk introductiontotheuk sgovernment theparliament i thegovernment thepoliticalsystemoftheuktheunitedkingdomisaconstitutionalmonarchy whichhasbeenpractisedsincethegloriousrevolutionof1688 theheadofstateisakingorqueen thesovereignreigns butdoesnotrule 统而不治 i thegovernment constitutionalmonarchyaccordingtothissystem theconstitutionissuperiortothemonarch themonarchactuallyhasnorealpower doingwhattheparliamentandtheprimeministerwanthim hertodo inlaw themonarchhasmanysupremepowers butinpractice therealpowerofmonarchyhasbeengreatlyreduced limitedbylawandparliament i thegovernment theconstitutionofukthereisnowrittenconstitutionintheuk i e thebritishconstitutionisnotsetoutinanysingledocument itismadeupofstatutelaw commonlawandconventions etc i thegovernment threetiersofuk sgovernmentthecentralgovernment thecountygovernment thedistrictgovernment i thegovernment structureofcentralgovernmentthemonarchparliamentthecabinet elizabeththesecond bythegraceofgodoftheunitedkingdomofgreatbritainandnorthernirelandandherotherrealmsandterritories queen headofthecommonwealth defenderofthefaith 上帝神佑 大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的女王 英联邦元首 国教保护者伊莉莎白二世 elizabethii i thegovernment therolesofthemonarchythesymbolofthewholenation headoftheexecutive andintegralpartofthelegislature headofthejudiciary thecommander in chiefofallthearmedforces the supremegovernor oftheestablishedchurchofengland i thegovernment mainauthoritiesunderconstitutionalmonarchysummons prorogues 休会 representsbritainathome abroad hasthepowertodeclarewarandmakepeace toconcludetreaties aswellastorecognizeforeignstates governments i thegovernment thesuccessionofthemonarchysuccessionisfoundedonthehereditaryprinciple thefirstcandidate the1stsontoareigningmonarch ifthe1stsondiesyoungwithoutdescendants oneofhisbrothersorsisterswillbechosenaccordingtoestablishedrule i thegovernment thesuccessionofthemonarchytheprinciple sonsofthesovereignandtheirdescendantshaveprecedenceoverdaughters whiledaughterstakeprecedenceoverthesovereign sbrothers thecoronationceremonyisconductedbythearchbishopofcanterburyatwestminsterabbeyinlondon elizabethiiwascrownedonjune2 1953 i thegovernment theprivycouncil 枢密院 aconsultativebodyofthebritishmonarch whoseorigincanbetracedbacktothetimesofthenormankings theprivycouncilwasformerlythechiefsourceofexecutivepowerinthestateandgaveprivateadvicetotheking sotheprivycouncilwasalsocalledtheking scouncilinhistory todayitsroleislargelyformal advisingthesovereigntoapprovecertaingovernmentdecrees i thegovernment theprivycouncil 枢密院 afterthegloriousrevolutionof1688 itsimportancewasgraduallydiminishedandreplacedbythecabinet itsmembershipisabout400 includingallcabinetministers thespeakerofthehouseofcommon thearchbishopsofcanterburyandyork aswellasseniorbritishandcommonwealthstatesmen i thegovernment thecabinetthecoreofthegovernment headedbytheprimeminister theprimeministerpresidesoverthecabinet ministersareresponsiblecollectivelytoparliamentforallcabinetdecisions confidentialmeetingsinno 10downingstreeteachweektodecidegovernmentpolicyonmajorissues i thegovernment shadowcabinetthepartywhichwinsthesecondlargestnumberofseatsintheparliamentbecomestheofficialopposition withitsownleaderand shadowcabinet theruleofoppositionistohelptheformulationofpolicy tocriticizesthegovernment debatewiththegovernment i thegovernment civilservantscivilservantsarerecruitedmainlybycompetitiveexamination changeofgovernmentdonotinvolvechangesindepartmentstaff whocontinuetocarryoutthedutieswhicheverpartyisinpower i thegovernment theparliamenttheukisthefirstcountrytoinstitutetheparliamentarysysteminthe13thcentury theparliamentisthesupremelegislativeorgan whichdeterminestherevenueandexpendituresofthegovernment sincethefirstreformbillpassedin1832 thehouseofcommonshasbecomemoreimportantthanthehouseoflords i thegovernment theparliamentcomponentsoftheparliament themonarchhouseoflords theupperhouse houseofcommons thelowerhouse termofaparliament amaximumdurationof5years i thegovernment theoriginoftheparliamentthegreatcouncilof13thcenturyisknowntobetheprototypeofthecurrentbritishparliament itsmainrolewastoofferadvice therewerenoelectionsorpartiesatthattime andthemostimportantpartofparliamentwasthehouseoflords i thegovernment themainfunctionsoftheparliamenttopasslaws toprovide byvotingfortaxation themeansofcarryingontheworkofgovernment toexaminegovernmentpolicyandadministrations includingproposalforexpenditure todebatethemajorissuesoftheday i thegovernment thehouseoflords non elected thehouseoflordshasover1 000non electedmembers consistsofthelordsspiritual 神职议员 andthelordstemporal 世俗议员 thechairpersonofthehouseoflords itispresidedoverbythelordchancellor 大法官 上议院议长 i thegovernment thehouseoflords non elected thelordsspiritual archbishopsofcanterburyandyork and24seniorbishopsofthechurchofengland thelordstemporal allhereditarypeersandpeeressesoffiveranks duke marquis earl viscount vaikaunt andbaron 公爵 侯爵 伯爵 子爵 男爵 lifepeersandpeeresses themainfunctions tobringthewideexperienceofitsmembersintotheprocessoflawmaking i e toactasachamberofrevision complementingbutnotrivalingtheelectedhouse houseoflords playsanimportantjudicialfunction isthehighestcourtintheunitedkingdomhearingcivilandcriminalappealsfromthelowercourts houseoflords i thegovernment thehouseofcommons elected thehouseiselectedanditisinthehouseofcommonsthattheultimateauthority themajorfunctionofthehouseofcommons law makingthechairpersonofthehouseofcommons thespeaker houseofcommons britainisdivided651constituencies eachmemberofparliament mp representsanarea constituency anybritishmanandwomanagedover18yearsmayvoteinparliamentelections i thegovernment parliamentaryelectoralsystemtheyareelectedeitheratageneralelection 大选 orataby election 补缺选举 heldwhenanmpdiesorresigns orisgivenapeerage thegeneralelectionmustbeheldevery5yearsandisoftenheldatmorefrequentintervals i thegovernment relationshipbetweengovernmentsupervisesworkofgovernment ii judicialsystem componentsoflegalsystem lawsovereigncourtpolice ii judicialsystem introductiontheadministrationofjusticeinbritainisindependentofbothparliamentandthegovernment noministryofjusticeintheuk centralresponsibility thelordchancellor thehomesecretary 内政大臣 thehomesecretaryhasoverallresponsibilityforcriminallaw thepoliceservice theprisonsystemandtheprobationservice ii judicialsystem introductionthehighestjudicialappointmentsaremadebythequeenontheadviceoftheprimeminister everycitizenhastherighttoequaltreatmentbeforethelaw peopleaccusedofmoreseriouscrimesaretriedinopencourtbyajudgeandjury englandandwales scotlandandnorthernirelandallhavetheirownlegalsystems ii judicialsystem introductionfines probationorimprisonmentmaybeimposedonaconvictedperson thereislifeimprisonmentformurderthroughoutbritain lifeimprisonmentisthemaximumsentenceofanumberofotherseriousoffences capitalpunishment deathpenalty formurderhasbeenabolishedintheuk thoughproposalforitsreinstatementareregularlydebatedbyparliament anditremainsthepenaltyfortreasonandpiracy ii judicialsystem primarysourcesofbritishlawstatutelawactsofparliamentandsubordinatelegislationmadeunderpowersconferredbyparliament commonlawconventions rulesandpracticeswhicharenotlegallyenforceablebutregardedasindispensabletotheworkingofgovernment judicialsystem primarysourcesofbritishlawequitylaw 衡平法 asupplementarymeanstodealwithcasesnotcoveredbycommonlaw europeancommunitylawderivesfrombritain smembershipoftheeu isconfinedmainlytoeconomicandsocialmatters ii judicialsystem criminalproceedingsallcriminaltrialsareheldinopencourt thecriminallawpresumestheinnocenceoftheaccuseduntilhe shehasbeenprovedguiltybeyondreasonabledoubt noaccusedpersonhastoanswerthequestionsofthepolicebeforetrial ii judicialsystem jurytheroleofjury incriminaltrialsbyjury thejudgepassessentence butthejurydecidestheverdictofguiltyorinnocence thecompositionofjury12inengland walesandnorthernireland and15inscotland peoplebetweentheageof18 70 65inscotland whosenamesappearontheelectoralregisterareliableforjuryserviceandarechosenatrandom ii judicialsystem lawcourtsclassificationaccordingtothenatureofcases criminalcourtscivilcourts3 tiersofcourtsinbritain supremecourtscountycourtsmagistrates courts ii judicialsystem magistrates courts 治安法庭 lowestrank alsoknownas policecourts 违警罪法庭 pettysessions 简易法庭 or summaryjurisdiction 即决法庭 dealingwithminorcriminaloffenses itsitswithoutajury magistratesarenotjudgesandnotprofessional usuallycalled justiceofthepeace j p 地方治安官 太平绅士 somearenotsalariedothersarepaid stipendiarymagistrates ii judicialsystem countycourtsprimarilycivillawcourts dealingwithminorcivilcases magistrates courtshavelimitedciviljurisdiction whilethemaincourtsofciviljurisdictionarecountycourts ii judicialsystem supremecourt 最高法院 including thehighcourt crowncourtthecourtofappeal thehouseoflords thelordchancellor judicialsystem policethepoliceservicefortheukisorganizedandcontrolledunderthehomesecretary 内政大臣 policearenotallowedtojoinatradeunionorgoonstrike thescotlandyardthecriminalinvestigationdepartment cid oflondonpolice london smetropolitanpoliceforceisdirectlyunderthecontrolofhomesecretary ranger 随后的皇家护卫队相当于我国仪仗队 iii thepoliticalparties generalelection politicalpartysystemconsistsofallthepartiesinaparticularnationandthelawsandcustomsthatgoverntheirbehavior therearethreetypesofpartysystems multi partysystems two partysystems one partysystems iii thepoliticalparties generalelection politicalpartiesinukgreatbritainisatypicalcountryintheworldthatcarriesoutatwo partysystem britainhasanumberofparties butthereareonlytwomajorparties theconservativeparty thelabourparty britishpartiesdevelopedinthe17thcenturyandby1679thereweretwogroups thetoriesandthewhigs iii thepoliticalparties generalelection politicalpartiesinukthewhig 辉格党 werethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedom thewhigweretoformacoalitionwithdissidenttoriesinthemid 19thcenturyandbecometheliberalparty thetories 托利党 werethosewhosupportedhereditarymonarchyandwerereluctanttoremovekings thetoriesweretheforerunnersoftheconservativeparty iii thepoliticalparties generalelection politicalpartiesinukthetradeunionactof1871legalizedthetradeunionsandgavefinancialsecurity thelaborpartyhaditsoriginintheindependentlaborparty ilp whichwasformedinjanuary 1893 in1900 representativesoftradeunions theilp andanumberofsmallsocialistsocietiessetupthelaborrepresentationcommittee lrc thelrcchangeditsnametothelaborpartyforthegeneralelectionin1906 iii thepoliticalparties generalelection margarethildathatcher 1925 primeministeroftheukfrom4may 1979 28november 1990 thewinnerofthreeconsecutivegeneralelections leaderoftheconservativepartyfrom1975to1990 thefirstandonlywomantoholdbothpositionsintheuk ironlady iii thepoliticalparties generalelection generalelectionthepartywhichwinssufficient ormajority seatsinthehouseofcommonsatageneralelectionformsthegovernment theleaderofthemajoritypartyisappointedprimeministerbythesovereign theleadingmembersofthepartyarechosenbytheprimeministertoformthecabinet inthegeneralelection thepartywhichwinsthesecondlargestnumberofseatsbecomestheofficialopposition withitsownleaderand shadowcabinet elections rules aged18orover votingforone one parliamentmemberelectedineach constituency 651 canvassing campaignspeech cheap promises procedure avotingcard namesprintedon theballotpaper takingtoaprivatebooth foldingtheballotandputtingintoasealedbox votescountedinthepresenceofallthe candidates thankyou thatcherwithhercloseallyandfriend presidentoftheusa ronaldreagan 1981 theprimeministerpresidesoverthecabinet isresponsiblefortheallocationoffunctionsamongministersandinformsthequeenatregularmeetingsofgeneralbusinessofthegovernment cabinetmembersholdmeetingsunderthechairmanshipoftheprimeministerforafewhourseachweektodecidegovernmentpolicyonmajorissues thepresentheir theeldestsonofqueenelizabethii princecharles princeofwales istheheirtothethrone butwhenprincecharlesandprincessdianaweredivorced manypeoplesuggestedthatheshouldstandasidefromthesuccessioninfavorofhiseldestson princewilliam thecommonfeaturesofallsystemsoflawinbritain afeaturecommontoallsystemsoflawintheuk thereisnocompletecode anothercommonfeature thedistinctionbetweencriminallawandcivillaw arrestitisthelawthroughoutukthatassoonasanyoneisarrested he shemustbechargedandbroughtbeforethecourtwiththeleastpossibledelay unlessthecasewithwhichanarrestedpersonischargedisveryserious hewillusuallybegrantedbail 保释 ifhecannotbebroughtbeforethecourtwithinaday i thepolicemustcautionthesuspectbeforechargingabouthis herlegalrights youhavetherighttokeepsilent nobodywillforceyoutotellanything butwhatyousaywillbeusedasevidencebeforethecourt iftheaccuseddoesmakeastatement thiscannotbeusedinevidenceathistrialunlesshehasbeencautionedproperly notcompelledtogiveevidenceorsubmittocross examinationincourt everyaccusedpersonhastherighttoemployalegaladvisertoconducthisdefense ifhecannotaffordtopay hemaybegrantedaidatpublicexpense verdict 裁决 iftheverdictofthejurycannotbeunanimous itmustbebyamajority inengland walesandnorthernirelandamajorityverdictmeansnotmorethan2dissentersoutofthenormaljuryof12people inscotlandthejury sverdictof guilty canonlybereachedif8outof15membersareinfavor averdictof notguilt meansacquittal 无罪 开释 fortheaccused whocanneveragainbechargedwiththatspecificcrime criminalcourts criminalcourtsinenglandandwalesmagistrates courtstrysummaryoffencesand eitherway offences opentot