中南大学科技外语考试(答案)-20140107.doc

中南大学考试试卷2013-2014学年 上 学期 考试时间：110分钟科技英语 课程 32 学时 2 学分 考试形式： 闭 卷专业年级： 新能源材料与器件2011级01-02班总分100分，占总评成绩 70 %Part I:Words and Phrases Translation(0.56030)Section A: Please translate the following words or phrases into English101. 新能源材料与器件 new energy materials and devices2. 逻辑能力 logical ability3. 活化能 activation energy4. 有色金属 non-ferrous metals5. 冶金与环境学院 School of Metallurgy and Environment6. 非再生能源 non-renewable energy7. 海洋热能 Ocean thermal energy8. 化石燃料 fossil fuel9. 太阳能电池 solar cell10. 光分解作用 photolysis11. 监测装置 monitoring device12. 能量密度 energy density13. 手性分子chiral molecules14. 溶解度 solubility 15. 理论容量 theoretical capacity16. 元素周期表The periodic table of the elements 17. 有机功能团 organic functional groups 18. 双键 double bond19. 离子化合物 ionic compounds20. 氧化还原反应 oxidation-reduction reaction21. 光导纤维 optical fiber22. 经济合作和发展 Economic cooperationand development23. 聚合物 polymer24. 科技英语English for science and technology(EST)/scientific English25. 二氧化碳 carbon dioxide26. 阴极 cathode 27. 酸和碱 acids and bases/ acid andalkali28. 国际能源署 the International Energy Agency(IEA)29. 对称性 symmetry30. 焓 enthalpySection B: Please translate the following words or phrases into Chinese 31. transition metals 过渡金属32. atom smashing 原子碰撞33. electromotive series 电动序34. nuclear science and atomic energy核科学与原子能35. earth crust 地壳36. isotope 同位素37. adiabatic process 绝热过程38. chain-reacting pile 链式反应堆39. dielectric constant 介电常数40. micro-processor chip 微处理芯片41. quasi-equilibrium 准平衡态42. pilot plant 试验工厂43. cumulative effect 累积效应46. thermal efficiency 热效率47. heterogeneous system 异构系统 48. magnesium chloride 氯化镁49. ultra-violet 紫外线的50. molar concentration 摩尔浓度51. coordination compounds 配位化合物52. elastic-modulus 弹性模量53. quantum mechanics 量子力学54. pressure retarded osmosis压力延迟渗透55. volatile matter 挥发分56. thermodynamic entropy 热力学熵 57. differential equation 微分方程58. reverse electro-dialysis 反向电渗析44. non-localized 非定域的45. chemical syntheses 化学合成59. monochromatic 单色的 60. bituminous coal 烟煤Part II:Sentence Translation(30)Section A: Please translate the following sentences into Chinese1. Biogas can be produced easily from current waste streams, such as, paper production, sewage, animal waste, sugar production and so forth. These various waste streams have to be slurried together and allowed to naturally ferment, producing methane gas. This can be realized by converting current sewage plants into biogas plants. When a biogas plant has extracted all the methane it can, the remains are sometimes better suitable as fertilizer than the original biomass. (5)翻译：生物气体能够很容易地用现有的废液生产。这些废液来自于造纸业、下水道、动物粪便、制糖业，等等。废液必须混合形成料浆，并被允许自然发酵，以产生甲烷气。这一过程可以通过将污水处理厂转变成生物气厂实现。当生物气厂将甲烷尽可能地提取出去后，剩余物在某些时候比最初的生物质更适合用作化肥。2. Organic chemicals get their diversity from the many different ways carbon can bond to other atoms. The simplest organic chemicals, called hydrocarbons, contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms; the simplest hydrocarbon (called methane) contains a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms. (4)翻译：有机物的多样性源自于碳原子与其它原子结合的众多不同方式。最简单的有机物被称作碳氢化合物，只含有碳原子和氢原子。最简单的碳氢化合物（称作甲烷）包含有一个碳原子和四个与之相连的氢原子。3. Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements; furthermore, they have very large molecular structures. These materials typically have low densities, are both thermal and electrical insulators, do not have high strengths, and may be extremely flexible. (4)翻译：高聚物包括常见的塑料和橡胶材料。许多高聚物是基于碳、氢和其它非金属元素的有机化合物。而且，它们的分子结构非常大。这些材料的密度通常较小，是热和电的绝缘体，强度不高，但非常柔韧。4. Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds (carbon based compounds, usually containing C-H bonds), which are the subjects of organic chemistry. (3)翻译：无机化学是关于无机化合物的性质和行为的化学分支。这一领域涉及除有机化合物（基于碳元素的化合物，通常含有碳氢键）以外的所有化合物。有机化合物是有机化学研究的内容。5. Solar energy activates the atmosphere thus generating climatic phenomena, but the balance of the energy is absorbed by molecules of the materials on the earth and converted into heat at low temperature. This is the example of the entropy increasing process of nature. It is reasonable to plan to actively utilize the suns photon- and high temperature heat-energies before they decay to produce entropy. (4)翻译：太阳能使大气运动，因此产生了天气现象。但地球物质的分子吸收太阳能并且将之转化为低温下的热能。这是一个自然熵增的例子。在太阳光能和高温热能蜕变产生熵增之前，就计划好如何积极地利用它们是合理的。Section B: Please translate the following sentences into English1. 美国人目前的用电量是世界平均水平的6倍，而且我们对能源的需求每15年就翻一番。(2)翻译：Americans now use six (more than) times as much electrical power (per capita) as the world average, and our demand for energy is doubling every 15 years. 2. 热力学是自然科学的一个分支，旨在研究物质和系统的性质是如何随温度的变化而变化的。经典热力学关注的是一些宏观上可测量的物理量之间的关系。(3)翻译：Thermodynamics is the branch of science which considers how changes of temperature affect the various properties of matter and system. Classical thermodynamics is concerned with relations between macroscopic observable quantities. 3. 一种元素的不同形式被称为“同位素”。铀有两种同位素，“铀-235”和“铀-238”在每140个铀原子中，大约有一个是“铀-235”，其余的都是“铀-238”。(2)翻译：The various forms of an element are called “isotopes”. Uranium has two isotopes, “U-235” and “U-238”. About one out of every 140 uranium atoms is U-235, and the rest are U-238.4. 太阳能可以和其它形式的能源结合在一起以便用于普通的用途，如：取暖，照明，工业用电和热。(2)翻译：Solar energy can be integrated very well with other forms of energy for common applications such as heating, lighting, industrial heat and electricity. 5. 无机化合物可根据分子所含不同元素的数量分为以下几类：二元化合物，假二元化合物和多元化合物。(1)翻译： Inorganic compounds can be classified according to the number of different elements that they contain: binary (two), pseudo-binary, higher order (three and more). Part III:Reading Comprehension(30)Direction: Read the following two texts and answer the questionsText A:Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. Throughout this text we draw attention to the relationships between material properties and structural elements.“Structure” is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed “microscopic”, meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed “macroscopic”.The notion of “property” deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or, a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories; mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and corrosive. For each there is a characteristics type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, corrosive characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials. The chapters that follow discuss properties that fall within each of these six classifications. The main criterion for many materials applications is mechanical integrity, since the most frequently encountered external stimulus is a mechanical force; consequently, in these discussions, special emphasis is given to the mechanical properties.Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or a microprocessor “chip”. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be characterized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties? Thus it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mechanical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive environments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable. The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape.The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.Questions:1.What are the relationships between material properties and structural elements? (4)The material properties are determined from the structure. Different structures may lead to various properties. 2.Please state two important ideas in the definition of “structure”? (3)a. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed “microscopic”, meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. b. Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed “macroscopic3. What criteria do we use in selecting the right material? (4)Firstly, the in-service conditions must be characterized; Secondly, the consideration when selecting the right material is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation; Finally, the overriding consideration is economics.4. List two important properties of solid materials and compare one property with another. (4) The listed two important properties of solid materials should be involved in following six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and corrosive.A classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary. Text B:A Sophisticated Device for Sophisticated Communication As wireless communication has become more sophisticated, consumers have more and more choices of ways to communicate and organize their lives at the same time. So, what kind of device do most people want to carry in the future? A Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) that talks or a cell phone that can handle data? Theres evidence that smart cell phones are winning the hearts of consumers. There are certainly lots more cell phones in peoples hands. Sales of cell phones still outnumber those of PDAs. The simple reason for this is that users find wireless phones convenient and easy. Theres no special knowledge required to use them; everybody already knows how to make phone calls. To maintain their advantage, however, cell-phone manufacturers should continue to design their phones primarily for voice communications. Other applications need to complement voice features, not compromise them. There are a number of design criteria that cell phone manufacturers must take into consideration as they are essential to successful market appeal. Cell phone designers need to keep in mind that people buy these devices first to communicate, not to compute, so they need to remain easy to use. Therefore, most importantly, new combination devices need to look like phones. The familiar look of cell phones also makes it easier for technophobes, who fear new gadgets, to accept devices with more complex capabilities. The average phone user prefers a simple keypad, not a stylus for writing on a screen. Small size is also valued. After all, convenience is what has made cell phones so popular in the first place.Given these criteria, however, the appeal of technology is to offer the customer innovation - something new to capture their imagination. So, what are manufacturers adding to cell phones? Anything that requires a lot of typing or a large screen wont work. Word processing, spreadsheets, or even most web surfing isnt practical. Successful smart-phone applications need only to add to the convenience of phones. Making it even easier for the consumer to stay in touch and be productive is the priority. As such, some useful applications could be personal information management programs, such as an address book, calendar, or a to-do list, which automatically communicate with the users home- or office- based PC. Also, phones can be programmed for access to specific Internet data and functions that the user chooses. They can offer phone directory searches and driving directions. More features might include short messaging services, e-mail, and fax. Once smart cell phones offer these types of features, consumers always have their personal contact information at hand. They dont need to go back to the office to stay in touch or do business. Most importantly, users can do all these things without having to learn a new skill. They handle familiar, easy-to-use tools on a small and convenient device: the wireless phone.Questions: 1. What should the manufacturers do to m