口译考试主观阅读.doc

Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. 对于主观阅读而言，一般考生的成绩都不是很理想。原因有三点：1 题量大。主观阅读三篇文章要在30分钟读完，而且要回答10个问题。平均而言，每个问题的答案都超过了60-80个单词。题量大导致了大量的考生最后一篇几乎是空白。2 归纳难。主观阅读涉及考生的归纳能力，大量的考生的归纳不是写的太少不全面，就是写的多，但是得分点却涉及的很少。3 找得分点难。文章的问题不难理解，但是很难把握考题的意图，难于找到得分点。方法：1 先看问题，再看文章。带着问题看文章，可以有效的过滤无用信息。2 每段首先标注段落号，节省“找”答案的时间。3 在重要的人物、机构上做标注；标注重要人物的主要观点。4 对多个小要点进行重组，归纳到相对较短的表达中去。Questions 1-3 / When you next buy a tub of potato salad, the container it comes in may be made from another vegetable - corn. A new line of corn-based plastics, called polylactides or PLA, has begun to land on supermarket shelves. Its strongest selling points are that it fully degrades in 47 days, doesnt emit toxic fumes when incinerated, and requires 20 to 50 percent less fossil fuel to manufacture than regular plastics. In May, 11 Wild Oats Markets on the West Coast became the first grocery stores in North America to switch from conventional plastics to the new corn-based product, with plans to roll them out nationally into all 90 stores later this year. As part of the roll-out, Wild Oats has installed in-store bins where customers can return their empty containers. We then take them to an industrial composting facility and they turn the containers into compost, which we then sell in our stores to people who buy it for their gardens, says Sonja Tuitele, communications director of Wild Oats. A European retailer has also been selling the new plastic products. IPER, a 21-store chain in Italy, has been using the packaging for a year and has expanded its use from deli departments to dairy and bakery areas. / The new plastic has a few quirks, however. The biodegradable materials wont break down in regular landfills; they have to be taken to special industrial sites and treated like compost. Nor will they decompose in home compost bins: Temperatures there dont reach the required 284 degrees F. Yet the containers will melt if filled with hot food, or placed in the dishwasher or microwave. Cargill, an international agriculture corporation, and Dow Chemical, have a joint venture making one line of PLA. Within 10 years, says Cargill spokesman Michael OBrian, the company expects to be making 1 billion pounds of corn-derived plastii:s each year. That would mean 10 percent of the nations annual corn supply would be converted into plastics and fiber. PLA can also be used as an altemative for molded foam products, electronic packaging, and cups. For instance, the Coca-Cola Company used 500,000 cups made from corn at the 2002 Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City. And instead of creating a huge trash problem, the used cups were composted and turned into dirt. What separates biodegradable plastics from their more long-lived cousins are polymers. Plastics based on natural plant polymers, derived from wheat or corn starches, have molecules that are easily broken down by microbes; traditional plastics have polymer molecules too large and too tightly bonded together to be broken apart by decomposer organisms. Most biodegradable plastics currently on the market are between two and 10 times more expensive than traditional plastics. Yet plastics constitute 9 percent of the 156 million tons of trash Americans generate each year, and many consumers would be willing to pay the extra costs for a replacement product that biodegrades. According to a recent survey from market research firm RoperASW, 51 percent of respondents would pay a premium of up to 10 percent for environmentally safer versions of plastic packaging. 1What are the major differences between corn-based plastics and regular plastics? 问的是corn-based plastics和一般的塑料的差别。红色为提示，后面粗体为要点。答：Compared with regular plastics, corn-based plastics, with vegetable as its main ingredient, fully degrades in 47 days, doesnt emit toxic fumes when incinerated, and requires less fossil fuel to manufacture. 2The new plastic also has some unusual features. What are they? 问的是它的独特的特征。（注意1。2的问法的差别。1 是问它和一般的区别；2问的是其自身的独特之处。）红色为提示处，粗体为要点。答：The biodegradable materials of the new plastic wont break down in regular landfills; they have to be taken to special industrial sites and treated like compost; they wont decompose in home compost bins because the temperature there is not high enough; when filled with hot food, or placed in the dishwasher or microwave, the containers will melt. （注意不要照抄原文，适当做一点修改就可以了。关键是要知道有几个得分点，就一定要覆盖到。）3. Introduce briefly the major uses of com-based plastics and the significance of this invention. 问的是主要的用途和社会意义。红色为提示处，粗体为要点。答：Apart from being used as conventional containers or packaging, corn-based plastics can also serve as an alternative for molded foam products, electronic packaging, and cups. Featuring biodegradability, low emission of toxic fumes, and less consumption of fossil fuel for manufacturing, it is environmentally safer. 所以可以看出一般提示点基本出现在段首。得分点一般是紧接下来的几句话和该段的最后几句话。Questions 4-6 / Trends in psychotherapy have shifted dramatically in the past two decades. Most patients (and medical plans) have taken a pass on the long-term commitment to Freudian analysis, turning instead to shorter approaches. One therapy that has taken over-especially for depression-is a method called cognitive behavioral therapy. CBT is based on the idea that all moods-and their disorders-originate in thoughts. The therapy aims to adjust attitudes by recognizing and refuting negative thoughts as they occur. For instance, some people react to a mistake or mishap by generalizing to Im a failure. A CBT therapist would help the patient get to a more accurate assessment of the event, like What a bad day. The effectiveness of this hugely popular treatment has been touted in a number of academic studies and general-interest books. Proponents say that it often works faster and can be more effective than traditional psychotherapyor even antidepressants. Except they may be wrong. Gordon Parker, head of the School of Psychiatry at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, and two researchers went over the results of every available effectiveness study thats: been done on CBT. Taken together, Parker argues in a recent issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry, the results really dont support the claims. Their conclusion: CBT has been oversold, says Parker. .As far as we can tell, it doesnt have any superiority over any other psychotherapy. CBT has snowballed in popularity not because the scientific evidence is compelling, Parker says, but because it is immensely appealing and sounds so terribly logical. Parker, who is somewhat disappointed in his own findings, has recommended the therapy to many of his patients. Now, he speculates that any positive outcomes might have come not from CBT itself but simply from spending time with an empathetic therapist. The review did contain one caveat: There may be a subgroup of people who do very well with CBT. Indeed, part of the difficulty with evaluation is that studies tend to be done on heterogeneous groups, instead of subgroups of people with specific symptoms, he says. So its not clear who is really benefiting. / Taking issue. Not surprisingly, many fans disagree with Parkers conclusion. Andrew Butler, research coordinator for the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research in Bala Cynwyd, Pa., is critical of the methodology used in Parkers review. (The institute is named after Aaron Beck, the psychiatrist who came up with CBT in the 1960s.) Butler says that while some research flaws do exist, numerous studies have shown that clients who overcome their depression using cognitive therapy are twice as likely to remain depression free a year later as clients who got better using antidepressant medication. Others argue that, while the studies are imperfect, there is enough solid empirical evidence to justify CBTs reputation. Jacqueline Persons, director of the San Francisco Bay Area Center for Cognitive Therapy, says that the bottom line is that CBT does work: And that is true even though we do not know as much as we would like to about why or how it works. Psychiatrist David Bums is the most well-known popularizer of CBT. His book Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy has more than 4 million copies in print. He says: Im no less in love with the cognitive model than I was 30 years ago. But even Bums agrees that the studies are underwhelming and that theres a huge need to improve how we do research. Along with faulty methodology, he says, there are several human variables that make valid testing difficult. For example, most studies have no way to control for a patients motivation. Exercises and other homework are a big part of the therapeutic process in CBT. Some patients do the work, and some dont bother, and that could account in part for the mixed outcomes. Nor do the studies take into account an individual therapists skills and manner. As a consequence, its hard to tell if a patients success or failure is due to the therapeutic technique or the therapist. We have seen many therapists with big reputations who have poor empathy and get terrible results, and weve seen therapists who seem rather inept get incredible results, says Bums. Despite the fact, he adds, that all therapists fancy themselves, empathetic and warm. The CBT debate is guaranteed to continue as the studies keep coming. One published last week in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that young, low-income Latin and African-American women on CBT did almost as well as they did on antidepressants. /4. What is CBT? What is the basic idea behind this therapy? 问CBT是什么？理念是什么？对于什么是CBT，就回到第一次出现这个短语的地方找。加上第一段的一个概要的描述，-最近20年变化了。对于理念就是下一段的开头。此题较易。答：CBT refers to cognitive behavioral therapy, a booming psychotherapy in the last two decades. CBT is based on the idea that all moods and their disorders originate in thoughts, so the aim is to adjust attitudes by recognizing and refuting negative thoughts as they occur. /5. What is the view of Gordon Parker over CBT? What is Andrew Butlers reaction to Parkers review? 问Gordon Parker对CBT的看法是什么？Andrew Butler对Gordon Parker的看法何和评价。再来找Andrew的反应。首先找到这个Gordon Parker出现的地方，进行标记。红色为提示处，粗体为得分点。Based on his research, Gordon Parker challenges the claim that CBT is more effective than traditional psychotherapy. He believes that the effectiveness of CBT is over-estimated and the positive outcomes of CBT cannot be simply attributed to the therapy itself, though it might benefit some certain subgroups. Andrew Butler disagrees with Parkers conclusion and is critical of the methodology involved. He admits the defects of CBT, but argues that the effectiveness of CBT compared with other medication is well supported by many studies. 6. What can be learned from David Bums book over the issue? 问从David Bums的书你可以了解到什么？首先对David进行标注。答：The CBT studies are not impressive and have a lot to improve. Some methodologies used are not proper, and several human variables can make valid testing difficult, e.g., a patients motivation, an individual therapists skills and manner, and so on. Questions 7-10 Alabama chief justice Roy Moore has long displayed a reverence or obsession, depending on your point of view-for the Ten Commandments. The Scripture :has been a good calling card for Moore, gaining him notoriety far beyond the realm of circuit-court judges after he first decorated his courtroom in 1995 with a hand-carved rosewood plaque bearing Gods laws. He prevailed over civil libertarians who sued for its removal, and rode his fame even further in 2000, when he was elected chief justice of Alabamas supreme court on the slogan Roy Moore: Still the Ten Commandments Judge. But while he earned folk-hero status among Evangelicals and conservatives, last week he finally pushed the legal establishment too far when he ignored a federal court order to remove his largest monument to the Commandments, a 5,280-1b. granite carving known as Roys Rock. Moore and some helpers had installed the sculpture in the rotunda of the states judicial building during off-hours one night in 2001. In a stunning show of defiance by a jurist, Moore disregarded the urging of all eight of his fellow supreme court justices and Alabamas attorney general to comply with the federal ruling that the religious artifact is inappropriate in a court of law. Instead Moore declared, to the amens of supporters gathered on the buildings portico, I will never, never deny the God upon whom our laws and country depends, The hundreds of protesters had flocked to Moores monument last week as if to a revival, carrying Bibles, wooden crosses and placards with phrases like KEEP THE COMMANDMENTS. DUMP THE FEDS. But within 24 hours of Moores speech, his judicial colleagues suspended him from the bench and ordered him to face trial before the Alabama Court of the Judiciary, which can remove judges for ethical violations. The legal case, brought by several civil-liberties groups, is virtually open and shut. Moores lawyers had argued that U.S. law is founded on the Ten Commandments, which are displayed, more subtly and often surrounded by secular legal symbols, in other government buildings around the country. But federal District Judge Myron Thompson said in his ruling that Roys Rock is nothing less than an obtrusive year-round religious display . The only way to miss the religious or nonsecular appearance of the monument would be to walk through the Alabama State Judicial Building with ones eyes closed. A federal appeals court agreed, and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to issue a stay in the case. Moore has said he plans to file an appeal with the Supreme Court by late September, but legal experts dont expect the court to take it. Moore does not have any laws of man to stand on, says University of Alabama law professor Bryan K. Fair. Hes claiming to stand on the laws of God. Apparently he has some difficulty recognizing the separate spheres of his own creed and the laws of the people of Alabama. Moores supporters have compared him to Martin Luther King, to Daniel, and even to Moses. The son of a construction worker, Moore, 56, grew up in northeast Alabama and worshipped at a Baptist church, not an overbearing church where they shout and dance around, says his brother Jerry, just a nice little country church. Moore graduated from West Point, served in Vietnam in the military police and earned his law degree at the University of Alabama. After losing a hard-fought election for circuit judge in 1982, Moore turned from law to more exotic battles, training as a kickboxer and wrangling cattle in Australia. / It was at this stage in his life that Moore carved his plaque of the Ten Commandments and, after being appointed as a circuit judge, hung it in his courtroom and started making headlines. The first lawsuit seeking to remove it was ultimately dismissed on a technicality. His victories in the court of public opinion, however, have been more decisive. He won his chief-justice post with 54% of the vote, and in a July poll of Alabama residents, （第九题）77% said they approve of his stone monument. His popularity has led to speculation that Moore is angling for higher office, although his staff denies that. In the meantime, however, his current job depends largely on whether he decides to obey the commandments of his legal colleagues. 7. Who is Roy Moore? Why is he called the Ten Commandments judge? 问的是谁是R