英语专业语法学习introduction

ACourseofPracticalEnglishGrammarforStudentsofEnglishChengZhenquanSchoolofForeignStudies SCNU ilovegrammar Publicmail grammarcheng password Contactme zhenquancheng 金真木又 Contactinfo Lecture1Introduction Preliminaries HowmanytensesarethereinEnglish WouldyoubesurprisedifsomeonetellsyouthatEnglishhasonlytwotenses present past thatEnglishsentencesdonothaveattributive Howwouldyouaccountfortheungrammaticalityofthefollowingsentences Hisallbooksareonthedesk Mythatdictionarywasboughtlastyear Wouldyoucall can may should must modalverbsormodalauxiliaries TheGoalsforthisCourse TogetacomprehensiveviewofEnglishgrammarsystemandenhanceourgrammaticalcompetencesothatwemayqualifyasEnglishmajors Todeepenourunderstandingsaboutsomebasicgrammaticalnotionsandtheirapplications especiallyinthefieldoflanguageteachingTogetsomepreliminaryknowledgeaboutthemainstreamsoftheoryingrammarsoastoprepareforthefutureresearchwork TheRequirementsforthiscourse ClassattendanceActiveparticipationintheclassroomdiscussionsFulfillmentoftheassignments exercises groupproject ExaminationNote Toeasethedifficultyinlearning itisstronglyrecommendedthatwememorizethegrammaticaljargons terms inEnglish Referencecoursebooks 章振邦 2009 新编英语语法教程 第五版 上海外语教育出版社 张道真 2004 实用英语语法 外语教学和研究出版社 薄冰 何政安 2004 新编英语语法 世界知识出版社 Quirk R etal 1985 AComprehensiveGrammaroftheEnglishLanguage London LongmanGroupLtd TheSchedule Note Thescheduleissubjecttochangesduetounexpectedreasons Accordingtothecurriculumschedule weareexpectedtofinishthiscoursewithinanacademicterm Itisapparentthatwecannotcovereverysectionofthebookintheclasshours Inthissituation weparticularlyencourageself accesslearningonthepartofstudents Specifically everyoneneedstomakesurethathe sheshouldreadthrougheverysinglepageofthecoursebookandfinishalltheassignments Attention please Theacademicevaluation Now let sconcernourselveswiththefollowingissuesaboutgrammarstudies Thedefinitionofgrammar Thewaywelearngrammar Descriptivevsprescriptivestudiesofgrammar Grammaticalhierarchy Whatdoesgrammarmean Grammarisamechanismwhichmakespeoplespeakandwriteinameaningfulway Inthissense grammarissomethingthatassociatesFormandMeaning form grammar meaning Whatdoesgrammarmean Grammarisasetofrulesthatregulatepeople sspeechandwriting esp writing tofitintoaproperform Languageisarule governedsystem Languagesystem Meaningsystem Formsystem Soundsystem Phonetics phonology Morphology syntax Semantics pragmatics grammar Thestatusofgrammarinlanguagesystem Howdoweviewlinguisticfacts Considerthefollowingsentences A Who sknockingatthedoor B It sI me TedsingsbetterthanI me Who whomareyouwaitingfor Toreluctantlyleave or toleavereluctantly Whodidshegowith or Withwhomdidshego DescriptivestudyvsPrescriptivestudy Descriptivestudy todescribe analyzelinguisticfactsobservedorlanguagepeopleactuallyuse modernlinguistics Prescriptivestudy tolaydownrulesfor correct linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage traditionalgrammar Note Takingtheformalityoflanguageintoaccount sometimesit sdifficulttosaywhetherasentenceisgrammaticalornot Aslanguagelearners weshouldbearinmindthatlessformalorlessstandardsayingsdonotnecessarilymeanungrammaticality Theyarealsoacceptableinsomesocialcontext Butweshouldgivepreferencetotheformalandstandardforms Thewaywelearngrammar Doyoustillremember HowwelearnedthegrammarofChinese HowwelearnedthegrammarofEnglish Thewaywelearngrammar AccordingtoStephenD Krashen slearningandacquisitionhypothesis thelearningofourmother tongueisanatural implicit andunconsciousprocessknownasacquisition thelearningofEnglishisaplanned explicit andconsciousprocessknownaslearning Grammaristhestructuralsystemofalanguage ThegrammaroftheEnglishlanguageconsistsoffivelayersofstructure GrammaticalHierarchy morpheme word phrase clause sentence GrammaticalHierarchy Sentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunitwhilethemorphemeistheminimumorlowestrank Afullsentencecangenerallybesegmentedrankbyrankdowntoitssmallestconstituents themorphemes e g SentenceClauseNPVPPPDetNAuxAdvMVPrepDetNTheseunder graduate sarerapid lyimprov ingintheirwrit ing morpheme Morphemeistheminimumorsmallestgrammaticalunit alsotheminimalunitofmeaning Morphemesfallintotwocategories freemorphemesandboundmorphemes Freemorphemevsboundmorpheme Afreemorphemeshasacompletemeaningandcanstandbyitselfasasimpleword e g boy girl act teach good nice Boundmorphemesaremostlyaffixes Theyarealsomeaningful butthemeaningisnotcompleteinitselfunlessitisattachedtosomeotherform Therefore aboundmorphemecannotstandbyitself itonlyexistsasaninflectionalorderivationalaffix e g Inflectionalaffixes ed ing e s er est s Derivationalaffixes im dis re ful ly ness tion Word Awordiscomposedofoneormoremorphemes Wordscanbeclassifiedintwoways Intermsofword formation wordscanbedividedintosimplewords derivativesandcompounds e g Simplewords write day hope happy Derivatives writer daily hopeful unhappy Compounds typewriter birthday blackboard greenhouse blacksheep Word Intermsofgrammaticalfunction wordscanbedividedintoclosed classwordsandopen classwords Theformerrefertothose likeauxiliary pronoun preposition determiner conjunction etc whoseitemsare closed orlimitedinnumberwhilethelatterrefertothose likenoun mainverb adjective adverb etc whoseitemsareindefinitelyextendable Newitemsareconstantlycreatedandolditemsaregivingplacetothenewones phrase Aphraseiscomposedofoneormorethanoneword Generallyaphraseisbuiltaroundaheadwordwhichdeterminestheclassofthephrase Hereweintroducefivetypesofphrases NP thestudent astoryaboutasentimentalgirlVP oftendream beplayingthepianoAdjP verypessimistic toodifficultforachildAdvP soslowly rarelyindeedPP ontheshelf fromUSA NounPhrase NP determiner premodifier noun postmodifiere g allthestudentshisnewbookonphonologyastoryaboutasentimentalgirlthetallboysittinginthecornertheauthor snewnovelthatwillsooncomeout VerbPhrase VP modifier mainverborauxiliary mainverbe g Weutterlydetestedhim Itisgettingdark Sheoughttohavetoldhimaboutit Thechildrenmighthavebeenplayinginthegarden Hemayreallyhaveinjuredinnocentpeople AdjectivePhrase AdjP modifier adjective postmodifier complementatione g It sfinetoday Thecourseisprettydifficult Youarenotcarefulenough That stoodifficultforachild Thechickenistoohottoeat I llbegladtohelpyourepairthecar AdverbPhrase AdvP modifier adverb postmodifiere g Hespokeloudly Beaman Don tactsoslowly Shespokeveryclearlyindeed Helivesfurthestfromthestation PrepositionalPhrase PP modifier preposition complementatione g I mfromChina Wearecollectingmoneyforthebenefitoforphans Thestorywasbaseduponanincidentintheauthor slife Foodhadbeenscarcesincebeforethewar clause Aclauseiscomposedofoneormorethanonephrase Afull fledgedclauseisstructurallyasequenceofphrasesandlogicallyaconstructionof subject predicate SentenceClauseSubjectPredicateSubjectVerbObjectNPVPNPTheproducersareabletosupplyasmallpartsofourneeds clause Accordingtotheirgrammaticalfunctions clausesmayfallintothefollowingcategories 1 Independentanddependentclause2 Simpleandcomplexclause3 Mainandsubordinateclause4 Finiteandnon finiteclause5 Verblessclause Independentanddependentclause Anindependentclauseisaclausethatcanstandbyitselfandactasacompleteutterance asdistinguishedfromadependentclausewhichformsonlypartofanotherclauseorofaphrase Judgewhetherthefollowingclausesareindependentordependent Heisthemurderer Idon tthinkheisthemurderer Thathatdoesn tfit youmaytryanother Ifthathatdoesn tfit tryanother Hisnewbookwillsooncomeout Itisongrammar Hisnewbookthatwillsooncomeoutisongrammar Simpleandcomplexclause Whenaclauseconsistsofonlyoneconstructionof subject predicate itisasimpleclause Whenaclausecomprisesanotherorotherclausesasitselementorelements itisacomplexclause Judgewhetherthefollowingclausesaresimpleorcomplex Itisnottrue Whatyousaidisnottrue Hesaidthatitwasnottrue Hecomplained thatwhatyousaidwasnottrue Note anindependentsimpleclauseisvirtuallyasimplesentence andanindependentcomplexclauseisalsoacomplexsentence Mainandsubordinateclause Inacomplexclause theclausethattakesanotherclauseasitselementisthemainclause whiletheclausethatformspartofthemainclauseissubordinateclause e g Hecomplainedthatwhatyousaidwasnottrue SubordinateclauseMainclauseSubordinateclauseMainclause Note Whilethesubordinateclauseisembeddedinthemainclause themainclausecanalsobepartofanothersubordinateclausewhichisembeddedinsomeotherhighermatrixclause Finiteandnon finiteclause AfiniteclauseisonewithafiniteVPasitspredicatorwhileanon finiteclauseistheonewithanon finiteVPasitspredicator Theexamplesgivensofarareallfiniteclauses Specifically non finiteclausesarethosethattakeinfinitive ingand edparticipleastheirpredicators e g Isignedthepapertogetthelicense Ibelievehimtobeinnocent Doyoumindopeningthewindow Theman wearingsuchdarkglasses obviouslycouldnotseeclearly Movedbythescene hedonatedallhissavingstothequake hitarea Thediscussioncompleted thechairmanadjournedthemeetingforhalfanhour alsoknownasnominativeabsoluteconstruction Verblessclause Averblessclauseisaconstructionof subject predicate withoutanyformofverbelement e g Hungryandexhausted theclimbersreturned Confidentofthejusticeoftheircause theyagreedtoputtheircasebeforethearbitrationpanel OneofthemostpopulartouristsitesinItaly Pompeiiwasviewedbynearlytwomillionvisitorslastyear Christmasthenonlytendaysaway thefamilywaspentupwithexcitement sentence Asentencecanbedefinedasagrammaticalunitthatcanstandbyitselfandperformacommunicativefunction Fullandminorsentences afullsentenceisasentencewithanexpressedsubjectandpredicate andaminorsentenceisonlysentencefragmentwhichinspecificcontextcanstandbyitselfandperformacommunicativefunction e g A Whendidthearrive B Lastnight Whocalledthismorning B MrsSmith Noparking Noadmittanceexceptonbusiness Help Thetypesoffullsentence Simplesentence asentencethatcomprisesonlyoneindependentclause Compoundsentence coordinatesentence twoormorecoordinatedindependentclausesmakeacompoundsentence usuallyjoinedtogetherbyusingconjunctionssuchas and or but then etc Complexsentence anindependentclausethatcomprisesoneormoredependentclausesasitselement s Compound complexsentence twoormorecoordinatedindependentclauseswithatleastonecomplexclausemakeacompound complexsentence Decidethesentencetypesofthefollowingexamples Inthepasttwodecades greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthatvillage butthelivingstandardtherehasnotbeensubstantiallyimproved ThestudentsIteachhavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks Thestudentshavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks Thestudentswouldhavemadebettergradesiftheyhadstudiedhard Whathedidwasutterlywrong Undoubtedly thestudentshadthepotentialtomakebettergrades buttheydidn tbecausetheyweretoolazy compound coordinatesentence complexsentence simplesentence complexsentence complexsentence Compound complexsentence SentenceStructure Sentencestructure ClauseelementsBasicclausepatterns Clauseelements Afull fledgedclausecanbegenerallydividedintotwoparts thesubjectandthepredicate Thesubjectisthetopicorthemeofthesentence whichtellsofwhatthesentenceisabout Itisgenerallyrealizedbyanounphraseoranequivalentofnounphrase Thepredicatesayssomethingaboutthesubjectandbearsthenewinformationwhichthespeakerorwriterwantstotransmittothelistenerorreader Itgenerallyconsistsofaverbphrasewithorwithoutcomplementation Seethefollowingsentences thesubjectthepredicateHenryisthemoststudiousintheclass Mary sdogischasingTed scat Thefloodsmadethousandsofpeoplehomeless Jennie sskirtisdesignedintheshapeofmushroom sentenceanalysis Englishsentencescanbeanalyzedintwoways Onewayistodividethepredicateintopredicateverb object complementandadverbial Theseelementstogetherwiththesubjectmakethefiveclauseelements Note noattributive Theotherwayistodividethepredicateintotwoparts theoperatorandthepredication OperatorisusuallytheauxiliaryorthefirstauxiliaryinacomplexVP whilethepredicationcomprisesthemainverbwithitscomplementation object complementoradverbial Forinstance sentence Allthemenhavedonetheirbest canbeanalyzedas SentenceClauseNPVPNPSubjectPr