浅谈如何在数学教学中培养学生提出问题的能力.doc

this type of operation for the safety technology. Without education and training in safety knowledge, shall not enter the construction site operations. To enter the construction site, you must wear a helmet, buckle chinstrap. Work at two meters high and must be fastened. When working at height, are not allowed to throw down or up the materials and tools and other objects. Persons not engaged in electrical and mechanical, prohibited the use of mechanical and electrical equipment. Building materials and components to be tidy and secure, shall not exceed the relevant provisions. Hazardous areas should be clearly marked, protective measures should be taken at night to set up a red light warning. In the operation, should adhere to their jobs, drunken operation is strictly prohibited. Special operations personnel (electricians, welders, boiler operators, blasters, lifting grid and pile drivers and commanding, shelf workers, machines, motor vehicle drivers, and so on) must be operating permits from the relevant sector professional training examinations, independent operation, operation focus, not to leave. Construction site prohibited to wear slippers, heels, skirt, sliding and studded shoes and barefoot, shirtless, and so on. Construction site of the scaffold (prohibition of the use of bamboo and wood materials setting), protective equipment, safety signs, warning signs, scaffolding wall may be supplemented, removed and need to be removed must be reinforced by the contractors agree. Construction site of the four (openings, stairs, lift head, hole) and the five-limb (balcony, framing, roofing, run (oblique) road and unloading platforms), protective measures and clearly marked. Are not allowed to sit at the feet of . Nails should be promptly removed. Drywall cut bricks are cut, no outside chopping. Preventing broken tiles fall hurt. Tools must always be mounted after good tool bag. In the Derrick (gantry) travel; in the Derrick (gantry) increased security measures are not taken to the following cleaning mortar, concrete and other debris; hanging baskets for a long time is not allowed to stop the air; after work basket must be placed in the ground, and cut off the power and lock box. Scaffolding on the Frost, snow, mud, and building waste time cleaning. Both ends of the scaffold to fasten to prevent probe Panel. Danger of overloading the scaffold: laying per square foot scaffold distributed load shall not exceed 270KN, piled up on the scaffold standard bricks of single side three storeys high. Wall removal of dangerous scaffolding; Sat down to rest on the guard rail danger; Set, dismantling scaffolding, Derrick (gantry) high, edges, vacant jobs, such as not wearing a seat belt at risk. Upper part of the ladder to fasten, antiskid measures are required in the lower part. Upper part of the ladder to hang, and lower banding. Ladder to fasten in the Middle, lower to have a non-slip steps, are not allowed to sit on it, riding moves. Altitude: personnel engaged in the Spider-man,stavebn tm vdce mst een. een by mlo zahrnovat analzu rizik, monost nehod charakteristik a nouzovch postup, nouzov zpracovn a obsah opaten. 4, integrovan pohotovostn plny, speciln havarijn plny a mst een by mly bt mezi sebou a s ostatnmi jednotky zapojeny v nouzi, kter jsou vzjemn propojeny. 5, havarijn pln by ml zahrnovat havarijn personl a organizace kontakt, nouzov rezervn seznam a dal informace. Informace by mly bt pravideln aktualizovny a zajist, e informace jsou pesn a platn. tyi, havarijn pln revize 1, Recenze pohotovostn plny pezkoumn formul a prvky pezkumu a opaten pijatch dvma zpsoby. Kdy host slou pedevm pro havarijn plny pro zznam v podob Recenze, prvek hodnocen pro nouzov hodnocen. . Kd pro porn ochranu konstrukce budov a nsk republice ny exploze nebezpen oblasti elektrick bezpenostnch pedpis a pedpis o porn ochranu design rafinaci ropy a chemickch podnik, napklad poadavky na pedpisech a nazench. 2. pi provdn instalace me zpsobit por, exploze, kter sti by mly bt pln nastaven peht, petlaku, micch pstroj, alarm (zvuk a svtla). 3. kde je holav plyn (pra) me unikat , holav plyn koncentrac detekce, alarm by mla bt nastavena. 4. vechny komunikoval s holav, vbun zazen s inertnm plynem, plynov penosov potrub, by mla bt nastavena zabrnit holavch a vbunch ltek do zazen, ale nemla bt samostatn zptn ventil. 5. holav plyn (pra) nastavit plamen svodi odvzduovac vvod, snadno pracovat, kde se zastavit ventily, aby pi vstupn vtrac potrub je v plamenech, peruil por plynu odvzduovac potrub ml bt nainstalovn v nejni hasicho zazen. 6. kdy dopravu holavch materil by mla odpovdat prmru potrub a stedn mrn odpor, sprvn zen prtoku, co nejvce se vyhnout statick elektiny. Antistatick opaten, jako jsou zazen, potrub, by mlo bt v souladu s technickmi pedpisy pro uzemnn design pro chemick podniky pslunch ustanoven. 7. nhl vbun petlaku nebo rychlho rozkladu vrobnch zazen nebo skladovacch zazen by mly bt vybaveny vbuchu (nevbun membrna), vvoz nonel trubice smrem k bezpenosti a aby prevence sekundrnch exploz, protiporn opaten. 8. vrobnthe principle of simplified EIA of construction projects in the region. In terms of land, linked to the implementation of urban and rural construction land increase and decrease, replacement indicators for priority areas project. Charges, into the projects of water, electricity, administrative charges and preferential policies. In the area of taxation, and settled in areas of industry and its production company, within 5 years after the completion of fiscal incentives to enterprises. In terms of financing, integration of land, tax, financial and other resources, and construct Government credit + business credit credit system, establishment of marketization, commercialization and modernization of the investment and financing platform; effective Bank-enterprise docking, encourages private capital into the Park, to raise industry development fund. 5, optimize the environment and service industries. To create policy lowlands, Highlands, integrity of service land, development land as the goal, to optimize the area under development environment. All administrative law enforcement departments to appoint a full-time personnel stationed in areas dedicated to coordinating and solving problems associated with businesses in this sector. When there are substantial issues, sector leaders arranged to personally intervene, in-person, in-person push tangible area building a green light, easy line. To further reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval items, simplify examination and approval links, improve efficiency; according to the .Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central eight rules and opposing the four winds and practicing three Suns, and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on outstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the partys political discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the partys political disciplines. Conscientiously abide by the partys political discipline, abide by the Constitution and the rules and regulations of the party, in the political, ideological and maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on the action, there is no violation of the partys political discipline problems. 2, in the implementation of the central authorities of the eight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods, but there are less grass-roots units, primary first-hand an inadequate grasp of the problem, which is to be strengthened in the future. Second, construction, strictly in accordance with the provisions to streamline and improve the quality of meetings of the Conference. Third, streamlining file briefs, culture involves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs further浅谈如何在数学教学中培养学生提出问题的能力福建省德化第二中学 陈章荣 在新的数学课程标准下，特别强调问题引导数学活动，培养问题意识，孕育创新精神。数学建构主义认为，数学学习不是一个被动的吸收过程，而是一个以已有知识和经验作为基础的主动建构过程，因此，学学数学就是解决问题，只有在解决数学问题的过程中才有可能理解数学、学会数学。因此在课堂教学中应注重“问题解决”的教学，为学生提供发展自我思维的空间，培养创新意识。课堂教学中的问题从来源来说，可分为三类：一是教科书提出的，二是教师启发学生提出的，三是学生在学习过程中自主提出的。从某种意义上说，教学就是不断提出问题，解决问题，又发现新问题的过程，因此教师的一个重要任务就是通过示范、引导，教会学生自己提出问题。那么应如何培养学生自己提出问题的能力呢？1.1 转变教学观念，给学生创设提出问题的空间。现实教学中认为提问题是教师的专利，整个教学只需有目的、有计划、有组织地按照教师设计的问题一个个地解决，学生就可以理解知识、牢固掌握所规定的知识内容，这种观念严重影响学生的问题意识的产生。另外，传统教学观念中只注重学习的结果，而不注重学生思维过程的分析，也使学生问题意识的产生许多机会。还有很大一部分教师在更多时候采用的是注入式教学方法，课内、课外都太追求对所学知识的记忆效果，教师比较习惯讲解或学习现成的结论，轻视实证和归纳的思维方式，不习惯通过自己的实践和探索，总结出机关报的原理和方法，这都是不利于学生的思维发展和问题意识的产生。针对以上原因，首先我们应转变教学观念，建立新型的师生关系，在课堂教学中，教师要充分认识学生在教学过程中的主体作用，关注过程，尽力站在学生的角度思考，想学生所想，精心安排，科学设计，逐步培养“问题意识”，推动学生的“提问能力”从低层次上升到高层次，即不问敢问会问，鼓励学生提问，并善待学生提出的问题。教师和学生都要树立“提出问题”比“解决问题”更重要的观念。在实际教学中，可布置提出问题的作业，并进行提出问题的考查。例如：每星期都规定在一个时间（通常在星期一），让学生对上一周存在的疑难问题进行讨论，选出较好的问题在班级中公布，让全班学生共同欣赏、共同探讨解决，让学生养成“提出问题”的习惯。并在教室的黑板报设置疑难问题专栏。1.2 其次教师要打破陈旧的教学方式，采用适合学生的教学方法，多采用“探究式的教学方法，“读读、议议、讲讲、练练”等教学方法，在备课时，教师要随时，自然进行换位思考，预想学生的提问。当学生没能 提问时，教师可扮演学生角色，“假如我是学生，会想哪些问题”，启发学生思考置疑。例如在函数单调性定义的教学时，可启发学生逐步提出以下问题：为什么要先给区间？为何要求任意两个自变量的值？具体判定怎么办？这样可以培养学生提出问题的能力，养成思考的习惯，在学习奇偶性时，先让学生先预习，要求其提出一些问题，并解答。又如在进行等差数列、等比数列前n项和这两个公式教学时，涉及5个量，知三求二，可要求学生编制若干道这种类型的题目，并相互交流。1.3在教学过程中，积极引导学生反思，并在反思过程中提出问题。学生通过对自己的学习过程，解题过程的反思，对所学知识公有更深刻的认识和理解，从而提出问题。例如在学习椭圆的定义时，先让学生用细绳和铅笔在纸上画图得到椭圆的形状，从而得到椭圆定义：距离为固定值（大于|F1F2|）的点的轨迹叫做椭圆。引导学生反思刚才作图过程，如果细绳拉直了，情况如何。从而提出以下问题：问题：1当“距离之和”等于|F1F2|会得到什么图形？2.当距离之和”小于|F1F2|会得到什么图形，在进行例题教学中，注意引导学生及时反思，拓展延伸辐射，提出问题。例：已知数列中，则数列的通项公式=_分析：作为填空题，学生可以先求前几项，然后归纳一个通项公式，再用数学归纳法证明。证明后再引导学生追问反思，提出问题：问题1：条件是相仿两项的递推关系，能否从正面入手，转化熟悉的特殊数列求通项？问题2：取倒数的方法有没有一般性，对什么样的递推结构可以用？问题3：如果把递推关系改为呢？这样在例题教学时，通过引导学生反思，提出问题，由浅入深层层递进，让学生在反思中由“学会”数学变为“会学”数学，从而提高课堂的有效性。2.教会学生提出问题的方法在教学过程中，应从多种角度增加问题的开放性，努力培养学生发现问题、提出问题、解决问题的能力。2.1 适当改变问题的条件或结论，让学生发现问题、提出问题。这种方法的步骤是：（1）列出所研究问题的条件、结论（2）改变某一个或几个条件（结论），观察、思考问题是否发生变化？发生了怎样的变化？改变条件（结论）方法常有特殊化、具体化、一般化，归纳、推广、类比等。（3）根据以上各种情况的分析提出问题。例：抛物线上两点A，B且OA，OB所成的角为90o（O为原点）则AB必过定点。题目中涉及的条件有：三个点，原点O，抛物线上的两个点A，B OA，OB所成的角为90o抛物线若改变条件把原点O一般化，可提出：问题1：从抛物线上任意一点Q引两条互相垂直的弦QA，QB，则AB过定点。把OA，OB所成的角为90o，改为所成角为，可提出：问题2：从抛物线上的任意一点Q引两条弦QA，QB，角AQB=为定角，则AB过定点。若把条件、结论互换，则有问题3：抛物线的弦AB过定点（2P，0）则OA，OB所成的角为90o若考虑题目中的条件有没有其他的表述方法，则有：问题4：抛物线上两点A，B且以AB为直径的圆过原点O，则AB必过定点。若把题目中的抛物线改为椭圆或双曲线，则有：问题5：从椭圆（双曲线上）任意一点Q引两条互相垂直的弦QAQB，则AB过定点。以上是由特殊到一般的推广，是由抛物线到椭圆，双曲线的类比。课堂上放手学生自由地发表自己的见解，要一改老师讲，学生听的教学模式，让学生有更多的自由学习的空间。2.2 让学生对已解决的问题逆向思维，探索新的发现，使学生学会多角度思考，学会发现问题。能不能把问题逆过来想一想？会有什么新的发现？利用逆向思维的方式是记发学生发现问题，提出问题的有效途径。例如学习关于“函数单调性问题”时，可由“已知函数的解析式，求证在某区间上为增（减）函数，提出“怎么判断一个函数在给定区间上不是单调函数？”和若属于函数的递增区间且，如何求出的取值范围？又比如：对两角和的正切公式，如何逆向变形，则，可解决等类似问题。逆向思维的强弱是衡量一个人创新思维能力强弱的重要标志，对问题有逆向思维常常会导致新的发展，提出新的问题。2.3 通过数学实验，合理利用归纳推理，类比推理，引导学生发现问题，提出问题。通过教具、计算机等操作演示观察对象，对问题提出猜想。例如比较以自然数n为自变量的两函数与的大小关系，可利用Excel软件通过对n=1,2,3的运算结果提出猜想，又例如在探究三次函数的图象特征时，借助几何画板输入不同的参数进行探索，经过多次的实验，发现三次函数的图象，通常有四种情形，经过多次实验，利用合情推理，可启发学生提出以下猜想：1. 三次函数图象是不是只有在作图过程出现的四种？2. 由作图过程中可以发现，这些三次函数都是中心对称图形，这个结论能否推广到一般情形？若能，一般三次函数的对称中心是什么？在新课标中强调信息技术的合理使用，以及合情推理的应用，经常进行数学实验观察发现规律提出猜想的训练，可以提高学生提出问题，解决问题的能力。教师工作的真正意义，不单纯的传授知道，而且还体现在为学生创设一个如的问题情境，激发泶生的探索欲望，最终使学生自己解决面临的问题，并且获取知识或为继续发现问题问题，获取新知识的起点和手段，形成新的问题情境和学习过程的循环。this type of operation for the safety technology. Without education and training in safety knowledge, shall not enter the construction site operations. To enter the construction site, you must wear a helmet, buckle chinstrap. Work at two meters high and must be fastened. When working at height, are not allowed to throw down or up the materials and tools and other objects. Persons not engaged in electrical and mechanical, prohibited the use of mechanical and electrical equipment. Building materials and components to be tidy and secure, shall not exceed the relevant provisions. Hazardous areas should be clearly marked, protective measures should be taken at night to set up a red light warning. In the operation, should adhere to their jobs, drunken operation is strictly prohibited. Special operations personnel (electricians, welders, boiler operators, blasters, lifting grid and pile drivers and commanding, shelf workers, machines, motor vehicle drivers, and so on) must be operating permits from the relevant sector professional training examinations, independent operation, operation focus, not to leave. Construction site prohibited to wear slippers, heels, skirt, sliding and studded shoes and barefoot, shirtless, and so on. Construction site of the scaffold (prohibition of the use of bamboo and wood materials setting), protective equipment, safety signs, warning signs, scaffolding wall may be supplemented, removed and need to be removed must be reinforced by the contractors agree. Construction site of the four (openings, stairs, lift head, hole) and the five-limb (balcony, framing, roofing, run (oblique) road and unloading platforms), protective measures and clearly marked. Are not allowed to sit at the feet of . Nails should be promptly removed. Drywall cut bricks are cut, no outside chopping. Preventing broken tiles fall hurt. Tools must always be mounted after good tool bag. In the Derrick (gantry) travel; in the Derrick (gantry) increased security measures are not taken to the following cleaning mortar, concrete and other debris; hanging baskets for a long time is not allowed to stop the air; after work basket must be placed in the ground, and cut off the power and lock box. Scaffolding on the Frost, snow, mud, and building waste time cleaning. Both ends of the scaffold to fasten to prevent probe Panel. Danger of overloading the scaffold: laying per square foot scaffold distributed load shall not exceed 270KN, piled up on the scaffold standard bricks of single side three storeys high. Wall removal of dangerous scaffolding; Sat down to rest on the guard rail danger; Set, dismantling scaffolding, Derrick (gantry) high, edges, vacant jobs, such as not wearing a seat belt at risk. Upper part of the ladder to fasten, antiskid measures are required in the lower part. Upper part of the ladder to hang, and lower banding. Ladder to fasten in the Middle, lower to have a non-slip steps, are not allowed to sit on it, riding moves. Altitude: personnel engaged in the Spider-man,ch zazen, budov a konstrukc, tanky a jin zsuvky prmyslov vody, krom ustanoven vodu tak, by mlo bt instalovno v oblasti s vodou k utsnn vrtu, uzavrac ventil, aby se zabrnilo velk mnostv holavch a vbunch materil do kanalizace. 9. pouit v holavch, vbunch plyn pojistn ventil a vtrac potrub, je nutn export trubice je umstn mimo a vy ne 2 metry nad budovou. (B) pouvn ohn, ohe (viz systm sprvy prce) (c) porn zazen a organizac 1. realizace prevence prvn a integrovan prevence ohe politiku, pijmout modern technologie poru a vbuchu prevence a pomoci, provdn zen podle cl. 2. zzen veden spolenosti a vedouc jednotlivch oddlen Porn bezpenost vboru, workshop zaloena porn ochrany, vedouc skupiny a nastavit dobrovolnch hasi. 3. spolenost tvaru ochrany spotebitele na pln vazek hasii, hasii formulovat pln protiporn prevence a akn pln, provdn zen podle cl, pravideln proveden publicitu porn prevence a vzdlvn a kolen, v kombinaci s oekvan porn cvien. 4. soubor stacionrn ohn uvnit spolenosti zazen, protiporn zazen mus bt v Sprva slueb, rozvoj provozn postupy a systmy zen. 5. porn zazen na serveru nastavit jasn, pstup k pohodln a bezpen msto, pravideln kontroly drby, ti (to je, pevn, fixn typ a mnostv, podle odbornk), a nem nikdo nenapadal, pachatel dle systmu ke zpracovn. 6. vechny holav a vbun ltky ve spolenosti a potenciln ped porem a vbuchem nebezpen vroby, skladovn, prodej a pouvn procesu a jeho souvisejc vybaven, psn zen. 7. kdy je ohe, pole tby okamit uspodejte do boje s ohnm, a ohledn vroby, plnovn, alarmy a ohn a adresu urit sti ohn a pinastreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no other activity. Five is to improve news reporting, for propaganda work strictly according to the regulations. Six is strictly your presentation published strictly according to the regulations. Seven is strictly thrift, required the use of vehicles and office space and corporate hospitality. 3, change the style. Propaganda and ideological work of the new situation and new requirements of the new tasks, had done a lot of fruitful work, has made many achievements, but further closer to the grass roots, close to reality, close to the masses and also inadequate innovation must continue to improve. Second, the four winds some outstanding issues 1, oppose formalism. One theory is that he didnt, with less close contact. Theoretical study of consciousness is not high enough, system performance is not strong enough; more passive learning, active learning few generalities and learn more, delving into less. Especially based on rational thinking on major issues, applying theory to guide the work done is not good enough, not really understand and grasp the spirit and essence of the scientific Outlook on development, did not truly achieve mastery,