顾曰国主编跨文化交际教案

课程名称：跨文化交际教案 教材和参考书 1 、顾曰国主编，跨文化交际，外语教学与研究出版社， 2000 2 、张岱年，文化的冲突与融合，北京大学出版社， 1997 3 、胡文仲，文化与交际，外语教学与研究出版社， 1998 4 、贾玉新，跨文化交流学，上海外语教育出版社， 1997 5 、启良，西方文化概论，花城出版社， 2000 6 、石定乐、彭春萍编著：商务跨文化交际，武汉大学出版社， 2004 7 、赵艳萍，文化与交际，中国人民大学出版社， 1999 8 、毕既万，跨文化非语言交际，外语教学与研究出版社， 1999 Unit One Language and Culture in Communication教学重点：1. Our life depends on communication. There are all sorts of communication: human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human-machine communication, and machine-to-machine communication. Communication can also be divided into direct communication vs. indirect communication, face-to-face communication and distance communication such as our distance learning which is carried out through distance communication. 2. Four models of communication are constructed: information model, mono-cultural model, unilateral model and bilateral model. 3. In communication there are three kinds of meaning: utterance meaning, speakers meaning and hearers meaning. 4 .All human communication takes place in social situations. 5. Being polite is often considered a very important strategy in cross-cultural communication. However, polite expression in Chinese does not mean that it is also polite in English. Similarly a polite expression in English does not mean that it is equally polite in Chinese. 教学内容：1、culture（文化） ：“历史上创造的所有的生活形式，包括显型的和隐型的， 包括合理的、不合理的以及谈不上合理或不合理的一切，它们在某一时期作为人们行为的潜在指南而存在。”文化是人类所独有的，它们是社会的遗产，而不时生理遗传。文化有船承的一面，也有变化的一面。在跨文化交际研究中文化是核心。影响跨文化交际的文化因素包括一个民族的历史、传统、宗教、价值观念、社会组织、风俗习惯、社会所处于的发展阶段和社会制度等。 2、cross-cultural communication (跨文化交际)：指具有不同文化背景的人们之间的交际。在跨文化交际研究中应该首先把眼光集中于国别研究，集中于一个国家中的主流文化的研究。3、communication（交际）：Definition 1：the activity or process of giving information to other people or to other living things, using signals such as speech, body movements, or radio signals，e.g.: Insects such as ants have a highly effective system of communication.定义1：交际是个人或团体通过符号向个人或团体传递信息、观念、态度或情感。 Definition 2：the systems of processes that are used to communicate or to broadcast information, especially those that use electricity or radio wave, e.g.: the current revolution in communications 定义2：从最一般的意义上而言，交际是一个系统信源（信息来源）通过可选择的符号去影响另一个系统信宿（信息到达目的地）的过程，这些符号能够通过连接这两个系统的信息渠道得到传递。 Definition 3：a letter, telephone call or some other message; a formal use, e.g.: a secret communication from the Foreign Minister定义3：交际也可以定义为通过迅息进行的社会互动 4、Types of communication（交际的种类）：human communication (人类交际）animal communication (动物交际）human-animal communication（人类与动物的交际）human-machine communication（人机交际）machine-to-machine communication（机器交际）5、Models of communication（交际的模式）：Communication experts have designed various models for communication. They have different ways of providing models. On the whole, the earlier experts have simpler ones while the present experts have taken much more things into consideration before designing models. One of the most influential ones:Source of informationencodercode channeldecoderretrieval of information (message) medium noise6、Meanings in communication（交际的意义）：In any forms of communication, mono-cultural, unilateral and bilateral cross-cultural alike, meaning exchange is the essence. In this part, we shall examine various types of meanings in communication.In Page 23, there is a conversation between wife , a Finnish, and husband, a Taiwan Chinese. They are talking about the husbands mother. Unfortunately this conversation is overheard by the mother:The author of the course book divides an utterance of words into three kinds of meanings:1） Utterance Meaning is what an utterance normally means.2.）Speakers meaning is what the speaker has intended to convey by way of utterance meaning.3） Hearers meaning is what the hearer has understood on the basis of the utterance meaning. Essential components of a social situation 1） two or more participants2） a social situation: A social situation may receive two definitions. One is given by the community and the other by the participants. The community definition of a social situation is a sort of official definition, or official interpretation of the situation, such as a social situation of meeting, a social situation of classroom teaching, etc. The participants definition refers to the interpretations of the situation given by participants themselves. The two types of definition may coincide or differ. 3） goal: a purpose you want to achieve by doing something4）setting: spatial setting(空间场合) & temporal setting(时间场合)5）schema/schemata: rules and procedures6）verbal communication7）non-verbal communication: 一切不使用语言进行的交际活动，包括：眼神、手势、身势、微笑、面部表情、服装打扮、沉默、身体的接触、讲话人的距离、讲话的音量、时间观念、对空间的使用等。8）time and space: 7、Case studies(案例分析 )：Case 1: Direction: Use the theory raised by Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver (1949) to analyze the following case: John meets Mary at the bus station and says to her: Morning, Mary! 1）The source of information is: John .2）The encode is: John.3） The code is: English.4）The message is: Morning, Mary!5）The channel is: face to face.6） The medium is: air.7） The noise is: the disturbance of the passing car.8） The decoder is: Mary.9） The retrieval of information is: Mary.Case 2: Direction: Supposing that the I is male, and the two participants are strange to each other, the antidote takes place in the Yuehu Lake Park, Ningbo. Please analyze the following aspects of essential components in a social communication.I felt exhausted after much sightseeing. I looked for a seat to rest my legs. It so happened that on the nearby roadside there was a two-person stone chair with one place already occupied by a charming young girl. I hesitated, but still went over. Is it occupied? I asked. No was the answer. The moment I sat down, the woman stood up and left. I was a bit hurt by her instant departure Case 3: Direction: In a formal academic conference, Mr. Yao is being introduced to Professor Leach by Professor Guo. What is wrong with Mr. Yaos answer?Prof. Guo: Mr.Yao, let me intoduce you to Professor Leach.Prof. Leach: How do you?Mr. Yao: How do you, Mr Leach?Case 4: Direction: Prof. Liang has written a book in Chinese. He wants to have his book published by Thompson Publishers. He is talking to Mr. Allright, a Thompson representative, through Li Yan, who is acting as his interpreter. What is the problem in this cross-cultural communication?Prof. Liang:奥莱特先生，这是鄙人的拙作。Li Tan: Mr. Allright, this a clumsy book written by your humble servant.Mr Allright: No, no, no, youre not my humble servant. More contrast between the Chinese and the American cultures:If you are being invited to have a dinnerChinese: “不”( Please offer me again.)American:No. ( I dont accept your invitation.)If someone has helped you, what you do say to him?Chinese: “很对不起，给您添了不少麻烦。”（Sorry to have given you so much trouble.American：Thank you for your help.If you are praised by someone else, what do you respond?Chinese: “过奖，过奖。”或：“惭愧，惭愧。”（You are flatter me or I feel ashamed.)American: “Thank you.It doesnt mean American people dont show any modesty. In the following situation, you are going to offer a gift to another person, you may have different ways to introduce your gift based on the fact that you are a Chinese or you are an American. Please notice the difference in it.Chinese:This is nothing/a mere trifle, but please accept it (stressing 礼物很轻薄，不成敬意，请笑纳。”)American:Its not much. Its just a trifle, I picked it up in a bargain basement sale at Macys last week. I thought maybe you could use it (stressing 我买的便宜货对你是适合的。”)Unit TwoCulture Shock教学重点：1、understand cross-cultural differences in approaches to hospitality,modesty, privacy, and politeness2、appreciate how differences in cultural values shape behavior3、identify and avoid taboo subjects in Western cultures4、avoid pitfalls in cross-cultural communication; and adjust more smoothly to a new cultural environment. 教学内容：1、This is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. It is the trauma of bewilderment which people find themselves in when they are isolated in an alien culture. 文化冲击指在大量地收到一种异文化的信息之后，尤其身处异国，不同程度地产生的一种心理反应。这是因为失去自己原有熟悉的社会信号和符号，对于对方的社会符号不熟悉，而产生的深度焦虑症。 2、Theories of Values on Individual Culture and collectivist culture .1）Individual Culture (believed in liberalism): a culture that scores high on individualism. The individual human being is seen as having intrinsic worth, and individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings. 2）Collectivist culture (believed in Confucianism): a culture that places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. The survival of the group is more important that of any individual member. Going ones own way is not valued; instead uniformity and conformity are stressed. People in collectivist cultures define themselves in terms of hose qualities that stress identity as a group member. 3、Five basic themes in individualist culture.1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. The reason might be that individualists tend to believe in equality; their communication norms stress equal treatment of subordinate and superior. friend and stranger. In contrast, collectivists communication norms often stress deference; a clear demarcation is made between ones treatment of those above and below one in the social hierarchy. Clearly, to a collectivist, the way individualists treat strangers will seem unusual and unnecessarily polite. 2 ) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. The reason might be that individualists value separateness and independence; the basic unit in an individualist culture is the autonomous self, not the group. Individualist need to be different from rather than the same as others, and they have a strong need for a back region where they can escape from public scrutiny. This is so basic to the culture that it is part of childrearing practices. Naturally. to a collectivist, this attitude seems unusually selfish and unsociable. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. Because of their independence, Individualists give little thought to the evaluations of others; they are willing to, and indeed encouraged to , express themselves freely. Collectivists, on the other hand, care very much what others in their group think and do not like to be the targets of scrutiny and criticism. Therefore, the free and easy openness of individualists can be distressing too collectivists. 4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners casual attitudes towards hospitality. As a result of all of these beliefs, individualists do not see the world in terms of duty toward in-group members. The foreigners lack of hospitality is partially due to his belief that guests are independent entities who can make their own decisions; once having offered food or drink, it is not necessary to go any further. No special duty is owned to in-group members, and the role of host is not a privileged one.5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy. The reason might be that even the freedom with which foreigners express love and sexual desire can be seen as a valorization of the individuals pursuit of personal pleasure and happiness. That this is offensive to collectivists is not surprising, as intense dyadic fusion is a kind of personal involvement that draws loyalty on attention from the group and focuses it on individual needs. 4、HospitalityThis word means cordial and generous reception of or disposition toward guests.对客人的热诚慷慨的接待或安排The following table shows some different responses to different ways of hospitality: An English guest :Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to ear that too. A Chinese guest :Can you imagine how many dishes I had? One one - a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldnt imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When she ate from the eight cold dishes, she couldnt eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their different hospitality in different ways. 5、Politeness It refers to consideration for others, tact, and observance of accepted social usage. 为他人着想、圆滑和遵守被接受的社会规范为特征或表现some Chinese students views on Western politeness:Foreigners never pretend to be modest. They just tell others what they think. If a Chinese person is faced with the same situation, maybe he or she would say, Im sorry. The restaurant is a little bit small and the dishes are just so-so, but I hope youll enjoy yourself.When guests are to leave, the foreign hosts dont accompany guests to the gate upon leaving-taking. This happens because the foreigners are simply following their own cultural customs. If a Chinese host does like this, he will be considered a person with bad manners or no training and education. Therefore, there is a deep separation between Chinese conventions and foreigners.6、PrivacyIt could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.个人自己决定愿在何种程度上与他人共享有关其个人的信息的权利,这种在其他人或组织间的非法信息交换会给个人带来危害。The westerners are not willing to let others know their income, age, marriage, and other privacy, especially to strangers. But as a Chinese student, even if we know their culture, I cant help doing things as our culture lets us do. The Western culture emphasizes individual independence. Parents always want their children to depend on themselves. The children are expected to depend on themselves. It has its historical and cultural reasons, Chinese parents love their children and will never let them in any danger. They want to keep an intimate relationship.7、Case studies（案例分析）Please analyze the case in Page 63 showing the different way of western politeness: A westerner invited a Chinese girl to have lunch and take a tour around the British Parliament. In fact, the girl didnt have the lunch just because when the westerner asked her Are you hungry? The girl answered no. Then they didnt have lunch together. The mistake is that the westerner used his question as an invitation. The girl understood it only as a question. According to the Chinese tradition, the man should have invited her to lunch since their appointment was to have lunch first. Unit ThreeWhats in a Name 教学重点：1、recognize the terms used to describe English personal names 2、distinguish between full and short forms of given names 3、discuss the origin of Chinese and English names 4、associate certain personal names with their national background 5、apply linguistic theory to analyze differences between male and female names 6、use different strategies to avoid biased language 7、apply English names, titles and kin terms in an appropriate way 8、display familiarity with the names of a number of different nationalities 教学内容1、The components of an English name and a Chinese nameAn English name usually has two parts: the family name, which is also called surname or last name or second name, and the given name called sometimes forename or first name of Christian name of Baptismal name. Some people can also have a personal name or middle name.Most English people have three names. Some people only have one given name, and others have several. Parents also have to be careful about the combination of the initial letters of the names they give their children. when the initial letters of a pupils name is stamped on her school bag, she will be laughed at if the letters show some ridiculous ideas. For example, in Graham Adam Yiend, the initial letters should be GAY - homosexual. Shortening forms of a persons name is common among friends and colleagues. For example, in Anthony, friends just use Tony2、Origins: Chinese names can give all sorts of information about a person. They may give clues about where and when the person was born, and they may tell something about family relationships, ethnic group, parents expectation for the children, values or even personal characteristics.3、 Difficulties in telling