第十一节主谓一致

第十一节 主谓一致谓语动词与其主语在人称和数上要保持一致，称为主谓一致。要做到主谓一致，除了要考虑句中主语的人称和数的变化，还要考虑到谓语动词的时态和语态的变化。要理解和遵循语法规则，但在理解的基础上又不完全局限于语法规则，在很多情况下，还要结合具体的语言环境加以判断。在主谓一致这个问题上，必须明确的是：只有在谓语动词是现在时态或be动词的过去式的时候，主语才和它有数方面的一致关系。一、主谓一致的基本原则主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致遵循三个基本原则：语法一致、意义一致、就近原则。1、语法一致语法一致指主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数，这是主谓一致的三原则中最基本的原则。如：She is a girl.她是女孩。They are all girls.他们都是女孩。2、意义一致意义一致指主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么谓语动词要用复数形式；或主语形式上是复数形式但表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数形式，如：My family were watching TV at 7 oclock.7点钟的时候，我们全家在看电视。My family has moved three times.我们家搬过三次。The family were having dinner when I called.我去拜访的时候，那家人正在吃饭。3、就近原则就近原则指谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定，如：There is a book, two pens and three pencils on the desk.书桌上有一本书，两支钢笔和三支铅笔。There are two pens, a book and three pencils on the desk.书桌上有两支钢笔，一本书和三支铅笔。Either my sisters or my mother is coming.不是我姐姐就是我妈妈要来。二、谓语动词只能用单数的8种情况1、非谓语动词或从句作主语不定式（to do或疑问词+to do）、动名词(doing)或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。如：When and where to build the new factory _ not decided yet.A. is B. are C. has D. have分析答案是A。“疑问词+不定式”作主语，谓语动词用单数，此题又是被动语态。2、复合不定代词作主语以some-,any-,every-,no-开头，以-thing, -body, -one结尾的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Everything is going well.一切顺利。3、以-s结尾的学科名、书名、国名作主语。表示学科（如physics, politics, maths）、书名（如The Arabian Nights）、国名（如the United States, Wales, the United Nations）等以-s结尾的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。如：The United States has many different kinds of climate.美国的气候是各种各样的。4、“more than one/many a+单数名词”作主语“more than one+单数名词”和”many a+单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：More than one student has seen the film.不止一个学生看过这部电影。Many a strong man has weakened before such a challenge.许多坚强的人遇到这种困难都动摇了。5、指同一人或事物的并列结构作主语指同一人或事物的A and B结构（如knife and fork刀叉，bread and butter黄油面包，a teacher and writer老师兼作家，fish and chips鱼和炸土豆片）作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如：A worker and writer was present at the meeting.一位工人作家出席了会议。Fish and chips is a popular meal in Britain.鱼和炸土豆片在英语是很受欢迎的膳食。6、“one/each of+复数名词”作主语“one/each of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：-Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _ to go to university. -So do I. A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped分析答案是B。“each of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。7、前后名词有every等修饰的并列结构作主语“every (no, each, many a)+单数名词+and+every (no, each, many a)+单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Every desk and every chair in the classroom is new.教室里的每张桌椅都是新的。8、在数学四则运算中在数学四则运算中，谓语动词一般用单数。如：Three times six is eighteen. 3乘6得18。Three and five equals eight. 3加5等于8。三、谓语动词只能用复数的6种情况1、表示某国人的“the+国籍形容词”作主语表示某国人的总称的“the+表示某国的形容词”（如：the Chinese/ Japanese/ British/ English）作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。如：The Chinese have been making paper for 2,000 years.中国人造纸有两千多年了。2、表示某一类人的“the+形容词”作主语表示某一类人的“the+形容词”（如：the rich/poor/old/young/living/dead/weak/strong/blind/deaf/killed/injured/unemployed）作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。如：The rich live while the poor die.富者生，穷者死。3、表示不同人或事物的并列结构作主语表示不同人或事物的(both)A and B作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Both New York and London have traffic problems.纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。4、“both/few+复数名词”作主语“both/ few/ several/ many+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Few words are best.少说话最好。5、cattle/ people/ the police等作主语Cattle（牛）/people（人们，人民）/the police（警察之总称）等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Cattle eat grass.牛吃草。The police havent got a single lead yet.警察到现在还未获得一点线索。6、某些本身以-s结尾的名词作主语The Olympic Games/ clothes/ goods（货物）/things（情况）/feelings（感情）/surroundings（环境）/belongings（财产）/earnings（薪水）/the Ural Mountains（乌拉尔山脉）/manners（礼貌）/congratulations等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Things were in terrible order.情况一团糟。The Plympic Games begin with a parade of all the competing nations.奥运会以参赛各国运动员的列队行进开始。四、谓语动词可能用单数也可能用复数的17种情况1、“主语+介词短语等”作主语在“A+(with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, besides, like, including, rather than, more than, no less than)+B”结构中，谓语动词的单复数与A保持一致。如：（1）The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, _ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.A. was B. were C. had been D. would be分析答案是A。由语境判断谓语动词应用过去进行时，与The teacher 一致，应用单数形式。（2）All the employees except the manager _ to work online at home.A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged分析答案是D。谓语要与All the emplyees一致，排除A和C；又因All the employees与encourage是被动关系，排除B。2. neithernor等对称结构作主语Neithernor，(either)or, not onlybut also, notbut等并列结构作主语时采取就近原则；谓语动词的数由与其最接近的那个主语的数决定。如：（1）Not only I but also Jane and Mary_ tired of having one examination after another.A. is B. are C. am D. be分析答案是B。谓语动词应与其最接近的主语Jane and Mary保持一致。（2）Either you or the headmaster_ the prizes to these gifted students at themeetingA. is handing out B. are ot hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out分析答案是D。谓语动词应与the headmaster一致，排除B和C；根据语境应用将来时态，排除A。3、“a/ the number of+复数名词”作主语表示“的数量”的“the number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；表示“一些/许多”的“a number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：The number of people invited_ fifty, but a number of them_ absent for different reasons.A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were分析答案是C。“the number of+复数名词”意为“的数量”，谓语动词用单数；“a number of+复数名词”意为“许多”，谓语动词用复数。4、one or two与one/aor two作主语 “one or two+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数；“a/ one+单数名词+or two”作主语，谓语动词用单数。如： Only one or two students were late today. 今天只有一两个学生迟到。 One student or two was late today. 今天只有一两个学生迟到。5、neither/either/any/none of作主语 “neither/either/any/none+of+复数名词或代词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数（正式）或复数（非正式）均可，其中any, one后面跟“of+复数名词或代词”，若指的是复数可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词也是既可用单数也可用复数。如：None of the guests want(s) to stay.没有一个客人想留下不走。Neither of us is/ are happy about the situation.我们俩对这种局面都不满意。6、some/half/most/all及分数等+of作主语 “all of/ the rest of/ half of/ most of/ part of/ plenty of/ some of/ a lot of/ lots of+名词”，以及“分数或百分数+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数由of后的名词的数决定。如： _ of the land in that district_ with trees and grass. A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are 分析答案是C。分数的分子是two,分母fifth加-s即two fifths, 排除A和B；谓语要与分数后面的名词the land一致，所以用单数。7、没接of短语的half, all, the rest等作主语Half, all, the rest等作主语，根据意义一致的原则确定谓语动词的形式；所指为单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式；所指为复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式。如：I need only a glass of beer; the rest is yours.我只需要一杯啤酒，其余的是你的了。Three of us will go; the rest are staying at home.我们有3个人去，其余的人留在家里。8、class, group, family等集合名词作主语Class, team, group, family, couple, club, enemy, army, government, company, firm, corwd, college, university, department等集合名词作主语时，采用意义一致原则：视作整体时是单数，若指构成各个集体的各个成员时是复数。如：His family is a big one.他的家庭是个大家庭。Your family are quite well, I hope.希望你家里人都好。9、trousers, shoes等由两部分组成的复数名词作主语Trousers, glasses, shorts（短裤），stockings（长袜），gloves等作主语时，谓语动词用复数；但若a pair of trousers 之类的结构作主语时，谓语动词的数由pair的数来决定。如：The trousers dont fit him. They are too small.这条裤子他穿不合身，太小了。This pair of shoes fits you better.这双鞋子对你更合适。Two pairs of your trousers are still at the cleaners.你的两条裤子还在洗衣店里。10、sheep, means等单复数同形的名词作主语Means（方法，手段），works（工厂），sheep, fish, aircraft（飞机）等单复数同形的名词作主语时，采用意义一致的原则：指一种方法或一家工厂时，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。如：Every possible means_ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used分析答案是C。由every可知，主语means是单数，排除B和D；由语境可知用现在完成时的被动语态，排除A。11、表示度量衡的复数名词作主语表示时间、距离、度量、重量、金额等的复数名词作主语，被看作整体时，谓语动词用单数；但若与pass, go by等连用指时间的流逝，或者与spend, waste 等连用指时间或金钱的花费时，谓语动词用复数。如：Five minutes is enough to do this exercise.做这道练习5分钟足够了。Six months have passed, and we still have no news of them.6个月过去了，我们依然没有他们的消息。12、population作主语 Population作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数；但若前面有分数、百分数或者表语是复数时，谓语动词用复数。如： Three fifths of the population here are workers. 这里3/5的人是工人。 The population in these villages still uses well water. 住在这些乡村里的人依然饮用井水。13、the public作主语 The public（公众，民众）作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可；但若表语是复数时，谓语动词就用复数。如： The public is/ are not allowed to enter the court room. 一般民众不准进入审判室。 The public are the best judges. 公众是最好的裁判。14、定语从句的关系代词作主语 定语从句的关系代词作主语，谓语动词的数与先行词一致。注意：在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，从句谓语用复数；但若one前有the (only)时，从句谓语动词用单数。如： Tom is one of the students who were late this morning. 汤姆是今天早上迟到的那些学生中的一个。 Tom is the only one of the students who was late this morning.在这些学生中汤姆是今天早上唯一迟到的人。15、强调结构中的主谓一致 在强调结构（It is/wasthat）中，若强调的是主语，that后面的谓语动词与被强调部分一致。如： It is I that am his English teacher. 我就是他的英语老师。16、倒装结构中的主谓一致 在“副词here, there, now, then, u, down, in, out, away等作状语或表语的介词短语/分词短语+谓语动词+主语”的倒装结构中，谓语动词的数由动词后面的主语决定。如：On the wall hang two maps.墙上挂着两张地图。On the wall hangs a world map.墙上挂着一张世界地图。17、there be结构中的主谓一致在there be结构中，若be后有两个或者几个名词并列时，be用单数还是用复数，由与be靠得最近的那个名词的数来决定。如：There is a pen, a ruler and two books on the desk.桌上有一支钢笔、一把直尺和两本书主谓一致高考重要考点归纳一、“主语介词短语等”做主语在“X +(with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, besides, like, including, rather than, more than, no less than)+Y”结构中，谓语动词的单复数与之B一致。如：1. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, _ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. (北京卷)A. was B. were C. had been D. would be【分析】答案选A。由语境判断谓语动词用过去进行时，且与the teacher一致。2. All the employees except the manager_ to work online at home. ( 广东卷)A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged【分析】答案选D。谓语要与all the employees一致，排除A和C；又因all the employees与encourage是被动关系，排除B。3. No one in the department but Tom and I_ that the director is going to resign. ( 上海春)A. knows B. know C. have known D. am to know【分析】答案选A。谓语动词与主语No one一致，用第三人称单数形式。4. E-mail, as well as telephones, _an important part in daily communication. (上海卷)A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play【分析】答案选A。谓语动词与E-mail一致，用单数形式。5. A library with five thousand books_ to the nation as a gift. (全国卷)A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered【分析】答案选A。谓语动词与A library一致，又是被动语态，所以选A。二、neithernor等对称结构做主语Neithernor, (either)or, not onlybut also, notbut等并列结构作主语时采取就近原则：谓语动词的数由与其最接近的那个主语的数决定。如：1. Not only I but also Jane and Mary_ tired of having one examination after another. (全国卷)A. is B. are C. am D. be【分析】答案选B。谓语动词跟与其最接近的主语Jane and Mary一致。2. Either you or the headmaster_ the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting. (上海卷)A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out【分析】答案选D。谓语动词应与the headmaster一致，排除B和C；是将来时态，排除A。三、“a / the number of复数名词”做主语表示“的数量”的“the number of +复数名词”做主语时，谓语动词用单数；表示“一些/ 许多”的“a number of +复数名词”做主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：The number of people invited_ fifty, but a number of them_ absent for different reasons. (全国卷)A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were【分析】答案选C。invited是过去分词作定语修饰people的。四、one or two与one / aor two做主语“one or two +复数名词”做主语，谓语动词用复数；“a / one +单数名词+or two”做主语，谓语动词用单数。如：Only one or two students were late today. 今天只有一两个同学迟到。One student or two was late today. 今天只有一两个同学迟到。五、neither / either / any / none of做主语“neither / either / any / none + of +复数名词或代词”做主语，谓语动词用单数(正式)或复数(非正式)均可。其中any, none后面不跟“of+复数名词或代词”，若指的是复数可数名词，做主语时，谓语动词也是既可用单数也可用复数。如：None of the guests want(s) to stay. 没有一个客人想留下不走。Neither of us is / are happy about the situation. 我们俩对这种局面都不满意。六、some / half / most / all及分数等加of做主语“all of / the rest of / half of / most of / part of / plenty of / some of / a lot of / lots of+名词”，以及“分数(如two thirds)或百分数(如thirty percent )of名词”做主语时，谓语动词的数由of后的名词的数决定。如：_ of the land in that district_ with trees and grass. (上海卷)A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are【分析】答案选C。分数的分子是two，分母fifth加s. two fifths，排除A和B；谓语要与分数后面的名词the land一致，所以谓语动词用单数。七、没接of短语的half, all, the rest等做主语half, all, the rest等做主语，根据意义一致的原则确定谓语动词的形式：所指为单数意义，动词用单数形式；所指意义为复数意义，动词用复数形式。如：I need only a glass of beer; the rest is yours. 我只需要一杯啤酒，其余的是你的了。Three of us will go; the rest are staying at home. 我们有三个人去，其余的人留在家里。八、class, group, family等集合名词做主语class, team, group, family, couple, club, enemy, army, government, company, firm, crowd, college, university, department等集合名词做主语时，采用意义一致：视作整体时是单数，若指构成各个集体的各个成员时是复数。如：His family is a big one. 他的家庭是个大家庭。Your family are quite well，I hope. 希望你家里人都好。九、trousers等由两部分组成的复数名词做主语trousers, glasses, shorts(短裤), stockings(长袜)，gloves等做主语时，谓语动词用复数，但若a pair of trousers之类的结构做主语时，谓语动词的数由pair的数来决定。如：The trousers dont fit him, they are too small. 这条裤子他穿不合身，太小了。This pair of shoes fits you better. 这双鞋子对你更合适。Two pairs of your trousers are still at the cleaners. 你的两条裤子还在洗衣店里。十、sheep, means等单复数同形的名词做主语means (方法手段)，works(工厂)，sheep, fish, aircraft(飞机)等单复数同形的名词做主语时，采用意义一致的原则：指一种方法或一家工厂时，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数。如：Every possible means_ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. (上海卷)A. is used B. are usedC. has been used D. have been used【分析】答案选C。由every可知，主语means是单数，排除B和D；由语境可知用现在完成时的被动语态，排除A。十一、表示度量衡的复数名词做主语表示时间、距离、度量、重量、金额等的复数名词做主语，被看作整体时，谓语动词用单数；但若与pass, go by等连用，指时间的流逝，或者与spend, waste等连用，指时间或金钱的花费时，谓语动词用复数。如：Five minutes is enough to do this exercise.Six months have passed, and we still have no news of them. 六个月过去了，我们依然没有他们的消息。十二、population做主语population做主语，谓语动词一般用单数，但若前面有分数、百分数或者表语是复数时，谓语动词用复数。如：Three fifths of the population here are workers. 这里五分之三的人是工人。The population in these villages still uses well water. 住在这些乡村里的人依然饮用井水。十三、the public做主语the public(公众，民众)做主语。谓语动词用单复数均可，但若表语是复数时，谓语动词就用复数。如：The public is / are not allowed to enter the court room. 个一般民众不准进行审判室。The public are the best judges. 公众是最好的裁判。十四、定语从句的关系代词做主语定语从句的关系代词做主语，谓语动词的数与先行词一致。注意：“one of +复数名词+定语从句”中，从句谓语用复数，但若one前有the (only)时，从句谓语动词用单数。如：Tom is one of the students who were late this morning. 汤姆是今天早上迟到的那些学生中的一个。Tom is the only one of the students who was late this morning. 在这些学生中汤姆是今天早上唯一迟到的人。十五、强调结构中的主谓一致在强调结构(it isthat)中，若强调的是主语，that后面的谓语动词与被强调部分一致。例如：It is I that am his English teacher. 我就是他的英语老师。十六、倒装结构中的主谓一致在“副词here, there, now, then, up, down, in, out, away, such等、作状语或表语的介词短语或分词短语谓语动词主语”的倒装结构中，谓语动词的数由动词后面的主语决定。如：On the wall hang two maps. 墙上挂着两张地图。On