新目标英语八年级下第2单元知识点

Unit 2 Ill help to clean up the city parks.话题：volunteering and charity教学目标：掌握动词不定式的用法 运用动词不定式句型提供帮助语法点：动词不定式作宾语，状语和宾补 动词短语知识点：1. 动词不定式（1）动词不定式的基本形式：(to) do to有时可以省略（2）动词不定式的否定形式：not to do（3）动词不定式无人称变化（4）动词不定式仍保留动词特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语（5）动词不定式的用法1）动词不定式作宾语，可表示“将来”或“来做”常见的后接不定式作宾语的动词有：need, like, want, wish, hope, decide, expect等。2） 不定式作宾补有的动词后加不定式作宾补，构成 v.+sb./sth. to do的结构。此类动词常见的有 ask, tell, would like, want, expect, wish, allow, encourage等。3） 不定式作状语 不定式作状语表目的，或用在某些表示人的心情类的形容词后表原因。4） 动词不定式可以和what, which, how, where, when等特殊疑问词连用。5） 不带to的不定式：两类动词后作宾补的不定式不带to a. 感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice等。 b. 使役动词let, make, have等。eg. I heard them argue this morning. 今天早上我听到他们吵架了。 They made the children play the piano 6 hours a day last month. 上个月他们让这些孩子每天弹6个小时钢琴。注意：此类动词后不用带to的不定式作宾补，当变被动时，必须还原to.make sb. do sth. sb. be made to do sth.2. 短语动词短语动词时一种固定词组，由动词加介词或副词等构成，其作用相当于一个动词。（1） 动词加副词常见的相当于及物动词的这类短语动词有：cheer up, clean up, set up, put up, cut up, fix up, work out, give out, give away, think over, turn over, hand in, get in等。相当于及物动词时，后面必须跟宾语，若名词作宾语，可以放在副词前面或后面，但代词作宾语时，必须置于副词之前。（2） 动词加介词这种结构的短语动词在句中作谓语时，后面必须接宾语。常见的这类短语动词有：look for, stand for, wait for, pay for, send for, take after, hear from, hear of, depend on等。（3） 动词加副词加介词这种短语动词相当于及物动词，介词后面需跟宾语。常见的这类短语动词有：add up to, catch up with, look down upon, run out of等。它们相当于一个及物动词。（4） 动词加名词加介词这种短语动词相当于及物动词，后面需接宾语，有时名词前可以加形容词修饰。make fun of, make use of, pay attention to, take care of等。3. clean up 打扫或清除干净 Eg. Chinese people clean up their houses before the Chinese New Year.春节前，中国人打扫干净他们的房子。clean up是由动词+副词构成的短语动词，其加宾语的特点是：名词宾语，副词前后都可以。代词宾语，见到副词向前提。4. notice通知通告，布告 eg. They put up some notices to tell people about the environment situation. 他们张贴了一些布告来告诉人们环境状况。notice v.注意到notice sb. do sth.注意到某人做了某事notice sb. doing sth. 注意到某人正在做某事有类似用法的动词还有：see, watch, hear等。I notice Miss Li go into the library just now.我刚刚注意到李老师进了图书馆。I didnt notice Mary leaving.我没看到玛丽离开。5. lonely 孤独的，寂寞的eg. The famous basketball player said that he felt lonely when he was alone.这个著名的篮球运动员说当他一个人时，他感到孤单。lonely既可作宾语，又可作宾语。eg. Ben volunteered to teach English in a lonely mountain village last year, but he never felt lonely.去年本自愿去一个偏僻的山村教英语，但是他从不感到孤独。单词词义词性句子成分lonely孤独的，寂寞的，偏僻的形容词定语或表语alone独自，单独形容词或副词作形容词时，只能作表语She lives alone, but she doesnt6. imagine 想象，设想imagine后加名词，代词，动名词作宾语。We often imagine living in a big house.我们经常想象住在一所大房子里。拓展：特殊动词接动名，使用它们要记清放弃（give up）享受（enjoy）可后悔（regret）坚持 （keep）练习（practice）必完成（finish）延期（put off）停止（stop）勿介意（mind）7. difficulty n.困难，难题强调具体的困难时，为可数名词。指笼统的困难，艰难时，不可数名词。have difficulty (in) doing sth.=have trouble (in) doing sth.=have problem (in) doing sth.8. carry v. 拿，提，扛 eg. The young woman carried her baby in her arms. 这个年轻妇女怀里抱着她的宝宝。carry on doing sth. 继续做某事carry on with sh. 继续某事carry out 执行 The orders were carried out. 这些命令被执行了。9. clever adj. 聪明的，聪颖的比较级最高级有两种形式clever cleverestmore clever most cleverest10. change v. 变化，改变常见搭配：changeinto把变成change ones mind 改变主意He change his mind. 他改变了主意。11. blind adj.瞎的，失明的常见短语：be blind to sth. 对某事视而不见的 He is blind to the mistakes.turn a blind eye to sth.the blind 盲人 the+形容词表示一类人12. make it possible for me to have lucky.make it +adj.+for sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事怎么样。it为形式宾语，to do sth.是真正的宾语。 make it possible for sb. to do sth.“使得某人有可能” Your help makes it possible for him to succeed.（1）make宾语名词， “使”。 We made him monitor.（2）make宾语形容词， “使” His words made me happy. （3）make宾语动词原形，“让做”He made me work ten hours a day.13. make a difference 有影响，有作用其后可跟to sb./sth. 对某人或某事产生影响。difference n. 差异different adj. 不同的differently adv. 不同地14. sick&ill单词词义句子中所作成分sick生病的定语&表语ill生病的表语be sick of+名词/动名词=be tired of厌倦15. raise&rise单词词义过去式，过去分词raise提升，提起，举起raised raisedrise升起，上升rose risen常见搭配：raise money 筹钱raise a family 养家raise ones voice 提高声音16. satisfaction n. 满足，满意常见搭配：with satisfaction 满意地to ones satisfaction 令人满意的是其形容词形式为satisfied 满意的 satisfying 令人满意的17. owner n. 物主，主人常见搭配：the owner of 的主人of ones own=ones own 属于某人自己的on ones own=by oneselfId love to have my own room.=Id love to have a room of my own.我想有一个属于自己的房间。18. lonely&alone单词词义词性句子成分lonely孤独的，寂寞的形容词定语或表语alone独自，单独形容词，副词作形容词时，只作表语She lives alone, but he doesnt feel lonely.19. 在的帮助下。With the help of the teachers, I get good grades in all subjects.help sb. with sth. =help sb. do/to do sth在某事上帮助某人。I help him with his English every day. help sb. out “帮助某人解决难题”。I cant work out this math problem. Please help me out.20. used to do They told me stories about the past and how things used to be.他们给我讲过去的生活经历，讲过去是什么样子的。used to be/do 曾经She used to live in that city before.used to be /do 过去常做某事，现在不那样了Did you use to sing when you do housework?21.run out of = use up “用完”、“卖光”。句子的主语是人或使用的物。注意不能用于被动语态。I am running out of my money.= My money is running out of. We are running out of the gas. = Our car is running out of the gas.22. I take after my mother. take after look like ,be similar to23. I fixed it up. fix up = repair(修理）；fasten(安装）24. give away 赠送25. call up = ring up;give sb. a ring.;phone sb. call up 意为“打电话，打电话给”。如：He called up his friends and told the story.他给朋友打电话，并告之整个事情。有关“打电话”的说法（1）make a telephone call打电话 Hes making a telephone call.他正在打电话。（2）give sb. a call 给某人打电话 When you get there,please give me a call.你到那时，请给我打个电话。（3）ring sb.给某人打电话 I rang you ,but you were out.我 call on 召唤26. hand out(散发）; hand in(上缴）； hand around/round(传递） hand on (依次传递）27 .work out (结果、结果是） The idea works out well.那个注意的实施结果很好。另外还有“解答出、计算出”的意思。 Can you work out the answer to this question?See if you can work out this bill.1. He helps _ the classroom.A.cleans up B. cleaning up C. clean up2. I took her to the concert to _. A. cheer up her B. cheer her up C. cheer she up 3.The boss put off _ the workers wages. A. to give out B. give up C. giving out 1.The man established a factory in our village last year.= The man _ _ a factory in our village last year.2. We need to think up so