毕业论文指导教案简版

Chapter1BasicKnowledgeforThesisWriting Whyshouldwewritethethesis Towriteathesisbeforegraduationisamustforeveryuniversitygraduate 1 Bywritingathesis wemaygetsomeexperienceandsomebasicmethodsforfurthertheoreticalstudyandresearchandtheabilitytosolveproblems 2 Itisthereflectionofastudent sstudyincollege Whetherastudenthassuchanabilitytowriteathesisortosolveproblemsinhis herfieldisonebasisforaunittoaccepthim herornot Majorfeaturesofresearchpapers 1 Itisanoriginalcompilation abringingtogetherfrommanydifferentsources includingyourownanalysis intoonecoherentwhole Itisanewcreation inwhichdifferentpartsarelogicallyrelatedandallcenteronaresearchquestion 2 Aresearchpapershouldcenterononelimitedaspectofageneralsubject Trytowritemoreandmoreaboutlessandless Thetopicshouldbeaninchwideandamiledeep NARROWTOPIC 3 Aresearchpapershouldbeobjectiveintone Theconclusionelaboratedinthepapershouldstayclosetotheevidenceactuallypresented Avoidsubjectswhosediscussionmightbringintoplayalargemeasureofpartisanallegiance personalpreference orindividualtaste orbepreparedtomakeaspecialefforttobeobjective Whatdoweneedwhenwewriteathesis Firstly forEnglishmajor mostimportantofall itisEnglishknowledgeandabilitythatbasedonyourlanguageskills especiallywritingskillandgrammarknowledge Secondly thewayofwritingisalsoimportant agoodtitle somegoodideastosupportthesisstatement rightlanguageandstandardformatThelanguagestyle forexample Wording wepreferbigwordtosmallone Sentence Longsentencesarequiteexpectable Howmanystepsshouldwefollowtowriteathesis 1 Chooseatopic thatis whatyouaregoingtowriteabout 2 Chooseatitle Titleapaper 3 Collectmaterialsforreferenceinwriting 4 Analyzethecollectedmaterials 5 Sortoutthedataandarguments 6 Listreferences 7 Makeupanoutline 8 1 3drafts 9 Proofread 10 Thelastversion Twomajorformatsofthethesis Theformatsofthethesismaydifferaccordingtotypesofthesis Therearetwomajortypes empiricalresearchpaper theoreticalresearchpaper Thesisbasedonthecollectionofempiricaldataorcasestudy empiricalresearchpaper Theinformationinthistypeofthesisisderivedfromdirectobservationincasestudyorexperience Thiskindofthesisfollowsastandardformat Thechaptersareusuallydividedintofivecategories correspondingtothestagesofresearch IntroductionThereviewofrelatedresearchandliteratureMethodsoftheinvestigationResultsDiscussionandinterpretation 1 Introduction Thispartshouldintroducethesubject importanceandvalidityoftheproblemchosenforstudy thepotentialcontributionofthestudyandtheneedfortheresearchandnecessarybackgroundinformation Youshouldmakeaclearandconcisestatementoftheproblem ananalysisofitsdelimitationofscope hypotheses statisticalstudyofvariables thescheduleprocedureforcollectingdata Itshouldalsoincludethebasicassumptionsofthestudyanddefinitionsofterms 2 Thereviewofrelatedresearchandliterature Thispartpresentsthecontextofyourstudy Itshouldnotonlysummarizeaseriesofbooksandarticles rather itshouldcallattentiontothemostimportantpreviouswork identifytheplaceofyourworkinrelationtotheirresearch presentingagreementanddisagreementinthefield evaluatingtheexistingresearch butnotjustrepeatingit organizingthereviewbytopicratherthanbyauthor avoidingunnecessaryquotationstofocusthereviewofresearch 3 Methodsoftheinvestigation Chaptersinthispartshoulddiscussthenatureofthesample thedataneededtotestthehypothesesortoanswerthequestions thesourcesofdata andtheprocedurefollowedingatheringandanalyzingthedata givinginformationofparticipants materialsandprocedures 4 Results Theanalysisoftheresultwithoutevaluationistheheartofathesisbasedonthecollectionofempiricaldata Thechaptersshouldpresenttheresultsoftheinvestigationwithoutinterpretationofevaluation reportingnegativeaswellaspositiveresults Theinformationshouldbeexplainedinclear coherentprose Ifyouwishtoaccompanyyouranalysiswithtablesorfigures theseshouldsupplementthetextratherthansubstituteforit Thebodyofthepapershouldbecomprehensive 5 Discussionandinterpretation Thefinalchaptersshouldbedevotedtodiscussionandinterpretationofthedataandtoformulationofyourconclusions Theyalsocover theimplicationsoffindingsforrevisingtheexistingbodyofknowledge therelationoftheresultstopreviousresearch limitationsofthestudyandunexpectedfindings practicalapplicationsofthefindingsorspeculationsaboutfurtherresearch Thesisbasedoncriticalanalysisorphilosophicalspeculation theoreticalresearchpaper Forlibraryresearchpapers orthesesbasedoncriticalanalysis therearesomecommonelements IntroductionBodyConclusion 1 Introduction definesyourtopicandresearchfocus describesverybrieflythebackgroundofpreviousworkinthefield andexplainsthescopeandimportanceofyourtopic 2 Body Thecentralchaptersshoulddevelopandpresenttheresultofyourresearchandyourdetailedanalysisclearly logicallyandsystematicallytodemonstratethatyouranalysiswillconfirmorillustrateyourthesisstatementtoconvincereaders 3 Conclusion Theconclusionmightincludethesummaryorrepetitionofyourmajorargument implicationsandlimitationsofyourresearch andsuggestionsforthefutureresearch Itincludestheinterpretationorstatementofthesignificanceofthethesis expositionofthefindings implicationsoftheworkfortherevisionofpreviousinterpretations proofordisproofofassumptionsortheoriesinthefield newareasofinquiryopenedbythestudy ChoosingaTopic 1 Sourcesandconsiderationsforresearchtopics Researchtopicscouldcomefromtheoriesoflanguageteachingandlearning yourexperienceandinterests andothers research Agoodtopicshouldbeinteresting significant researchable andmodest onethatyouarefamiliarwith youcanlearnorinvestigateandyoucanfindenoughdata 2 Suggestedstepswhenchoosingatopic 2 1 Identifyaresearchinterestorresearchproblem 2 2 Narrowthetopicdownasmuchaspossible2 3 Reviewtheliteratureonthetopicascompletelyaspossible 2 4 Statetheprobleminaquestionformandthentranslateitintoathesisstatement 2 4FindinganapproachFiveApproachestoaResearchSubject1 Youcanexamineoranalyzeitbylookingatvariousaspectsofthesubjectsandviewingitfrommorethanoneperspective 2 Youcanevaluateorcriticizeit thusmakingajudgmentaboutthequalityofyoursubject 3 Youcancompareandcontrastthingsorideas showinghowbothsimilaritiesanddissimilaritiesexistorareevidentwhenyoulookcloselyatthesubject 4 Youcanestablishrelationshipsamongideas showinghowtheyhavedrawnfromeachotherorhowtheyarerelatedinotherwaystootherideas 5 Youcanarguefororagainstsomethingortrytopersuadereaderstoagreewithyou SubjectAreas Topics QuestionsandThesisStatements Youshouldchooseabroadsubjectareaandageneralareaaboutyoursubject Thenyougoonreadingandthinkingaboutyoursubjectandconsideryourpurposeandprospectiveaudience younarrowyoursubjecttoaspecifictopic Thenyouformulateyourtopicasaquestionandathesisstatement Whattopicsmaywechoosetowrite EnglishandAmericanLiteratureThePracticeandTheoryofTranslationEnglishLanguageEnglishLinguisticsEnglishGrammarEnglishPhoneticsEnglishLexicologyEnglishRhetoricLanguageandCultureELTMethodologyTeachingEnglishinMiddleSchoolEnglishTeachingResearchandSurveyTheHistoryof Allmentionedabove HowtoChooseaSuitabletopic Wheneveryouplanandwriteapaper youshouldkeepthesequestionsinmind WhatismytopicandwhatdoIknowaboutit Chooseatopicthatyoucareaboutandknowabout orcanfindoutabout Whoismyaudience Whatyousayaboutyourtopicdependsgreatlyonwhoreadsit Youmustchooseatopicthatwillinterestyouraudienceandtrytopresentitinterestingly Whatismypurpose Youalwayscommunicateforapurpose eithertoinform topersuade ortoentertain WhatmustYouWriteinaThesis Inthelimitedspaceofathesis youcan tsayeverything soyoumustsettleonthemostimportant mostrelevant andmostinteresting FactorsInfluencingtheChoiceoftopic InterestExperienceSciencevalueAbilityScopeofknowledgePurpose HowtoGetaTitle Wehavetwowaystogetatitle GivenbyteachersDesignedbyyourselfTheybothhavetheiradvantages Fortheformer youwillhaveadefinitedirectiontoguideyoutotheend while forthelatter itcanbemoreflexibleforyouandeverythingdependsonyourself WhatIsaGoodTitle Agoodtitle usuallycreatedaftersomeparagraphsorathemeiswritten doestwothings 1 Itsuggestswhatthetopicofthethesiswillbe 2 Itsparksthereader sinterest SomeBasicKindsofTitles Descriptive PortraitofaTeacherIllustration ThreeRolesIPlayComparison CrazyEnglish TheNewAllPhysicalResponseApproachContrast PleasuresandProblemsofOwningaComputerDefinition ADefinitionofCLTPersuasion TheNeedforDisciplineinUniversityClassification ThreeTypesofEducationProcess HowtoTeachYoungChildrenEnglish Howlongshouldatitleusuallybe Atitleisusuallyfourtofivewordslongandisrarelyanentiresentence 1 10wordsismorepractical Notice Wecan twriteanythingwiththetitle On becausethissmall on istoobigforus Whatis makeafussoveratrifle Thatisaprincipleforuswhenwewriteathesis Writeasmuchaspossibleonasmalltitle Whenwewriteathesis wemustmakeafullconsiderationofwhetherthepossibilitytochoosea big ora small topiccomparatively Disadvantagesfora Big Topic Abigtopicneedscollectingmorematerials Soitismoredifficultforbeginners Hardtocontrol Iftherearetoomanysidesinathesisforustomakeclear thechancetobesuccessfulisveryslim Hardtomakeclearaboutthestatementwithinlimitedwords about4000words Everythingwillstayonthesurface Timeproblem 2 3months Notice Remember toseeastudent sstandardofwritingisn tbyhow big hisorhertopicis butbyhisorherabilitytofindproblems analyzeproblemsandsolveproblems Fourlevelsoftitling 第一次选题 太宽泛 TheHumanNatureinD H Lawrence sNovel第二次选题 限定范围 WhichNovelofLawrence sWritings第三次选题 限定范围 WhatkindofhumanNatureofLawrence最终选题TheGoodandEvilValueofHumanNatureinD H Lawrence sTheRainbow Fourlevelsoftitling1 topic ELTMethodologyLimitedtopic ModernEnglishTeachingMethodsInitialtitle CLT AModernTeachingMethodtitle CLTinGrammarTeaching Fourlevelsoftitlingexample2 topic democracyLimitedtopic modificationstodemocracyInitialtitle modificationstoAmericandemocracytitle modificationstoAmericandemocracyduringthenexttwentyyears FormulatingaThesisStatement Thesisinathesismeansanassumptionaboutyourtopic anapproachtoit anattitudetowardit apropositiontobeexamined Itisthecontrollingideathatdetermineswhatkindofmaterialyouwilllookfor Athesisnarrowsyourtopicfurtherandensuresthatitwillbemanageable Itissubjecttorevision Youmaydiscoverevidencethatchangesyouroriginalidea andsoyoushouldregardyourthesisastentative atleastuntilyouhavecompletedyourroughdraft Informathesisstatementisasinglesentence usuallywiththetopicofthepaperasthegrammaticalsubject Itisoftenadifficultsentencetocompose Youwillprobablyneedtotryseveralversions jugglingphrasesandsearchingformorespecificwordsuntilyouarriveatasatisfactorystatement Keeprevisinguntilyouhaveasentencethatclearlyexpressesyourtopicandcentralidea Featuresofaneffectivethesisstatement 1 Bespecific 2 Useyourownideas 3 Besureyoucanbuildanargument 4 Phraseitinasingle directsentence WritingtheThesisStatement Therearemanywaystomakevaguethesisstatementmorespecific Asageneralrule replacevaguewordswithmoreexactwordsandreplacevagueideaswithmorecompleteinformation E g Vague MyrecenttriptoBeijingwasreallybad Revised MyrecenttriptoBeijingwasdisappointingbecausethewhetherupsetmysightseeingplans ThesisStatementExercise Topics Communicativelanguageteachingapproach Theuseoftextbooksinlanguageclassrooms Metaphor Linguistictaboos Questions HasCommunicativelanguageteachingapproachaffectedactualclassroomactivities HowdoestheuseoftextbooksinlanguageclassroomsaffectEnglishlanguageteaching Whataretheeffectsofmetaphoricaluseoflanguageincommunication Dolinguistictaboosserveanyfunctions ThesisStatements CommunicativeLanguageTeachingfacilitatestheteachingofreadinginEnglishclassrooms AlthoughtextbooksplayacentralroleinEnglishlanguageclassrooms therearecrucialdifferencesinthewaysinwhichtextbooksarecreativelyused Metaphorsatdifferentlevelsaddlotsofpowerandglorytothelanguageincommunication Linguistictaboosusedunderappropriatecontextsfulfilldifferentcommunicativefunctions PlanningandOrderingtheBody Thethesisstatementsetsforththemainideaoftheentireessay butitisthebodyoftheessaythatmustfullysupportanddiscussthatthesisstatement PlanningtheBody Incomposingthethesisstatement thewriterhasalreadygivensomethoughttowhatthebodywillcontain Now heorsheshouldmakeaplanthatincludes 1 threetofivemainideastosupportthethesisstatement2 threetofivetopicsentencesstatingtheseideas3 aplanforeachparagraphinthebody4 alogicalorderinwhichtopresenttheseparagraphs Howtocollectmaterials CollectamplematerialsCollecttheoriginalorfirst handmaterialsCollectingmaterialsisaprocess aprocessofresearching Notice Weshouldalsobecarefulwiththefollowingpoints 1 Itiswrongandimpossibletotrycollectingallthematerialsthathavelittletodowithwhatyouarewriting Itismostimportantofalltocollectthemostimportantandmosttypicalmaterialsthatyouneed 2 Don tbeafraidthatyoucan tcollectenoughmaterials Notice2 3 Understandyourmaterialscompletelyandmakegooduseofthematerials Don tcutthemeaningsinthematerialsintobrokenpieceswithoutanyrelations 4 Notonlycollectthematerialsthatsupportyourarguments butalsocollectthematerialsthatdon tsupportyourarguments Onlyinthiswaycanyourwritingbeprovedtobescientific andyourargumentscanholdwater Channelsofmaterialcollection A LibraryB ReadingroomC InternetD BookstoreE TeachersF Friends Whatshouldwewritedownwhenwecollectandreadmaterials Whilewearecollectingandreadingmaterials trytoformthehabitoftakingnotes including theauthor title edition press publishingplaceandtime page etc forabook magazine page author titleandtimeforamagazine orelse Sortoutandanalyzethematerials Afterwe vegotenoughmaterials weshouldsortoutandanalyzethematerialscarefullyandconsiderwhetherwhatyouaregoingtowriteaboutisscientificandvaluableornot andwhetheritispossibleforyoutowriteyours andthenyoumaydecidethetitleofyourthesisafteryouhavereadenoughmaterialsanddecidedonthetheme Nowitwillbeclearwhatyouaregoingtowriteaboutandnextistoreadfortheargumentstosupportyourstatement ShapeanOutline Shapeaframeworkfirst Thatistodecidefromwhichsidestowriteandhowmanypartswearegoingtowrite andhowmanysmallerpartsaregoingtobewrittenineachpart Thekeyistousethelogicalwaytomakeeachpartorganizetogetherandeachofthemcan tbereversedandeachofthemcan tbecutoff andeachpartshouldbeenteredonthetheme WriteanOutline Generallyspeaking anoutlinecontainsthreelevels TitleIntroduction 1 2paragraphs Part1 factsanddetailsBody Part2 factsanddetails Part3 factsanddetailsConclusion 1 2paragraphs MoreaboutOutline Inthebody wecanalsoillustrateasbelow Argument factsanddetailsTheme Argument factsanddetails Argument factsanddetails Necessitytowriteanoutline Itcanhelpthewriter 1 combinetheseparatematerialsintoawholebodyandconsiderthelogicalrelationshipofthematerials2 findoutwhatthewriterstilldon tknowclearlyaboutandwhatmaterialsarestillneededtocollectandtothinkabout 3 decidewhichmaterialswillbeusedandwhichmaterialswillbeleftout Abriefoutlineoradetailedoutline Themoredetailedtheoutlineis theeasierthewritingcouldbecontrolled So sometimes agoodoutlineismadeupofallofthetopicsentencesofeachpart TheFirstDraft MakethetrainsofthoughtclearlyArrangedetailsandgeneralityproperlyMakeaclearandexactstatement notinthetopicbutallthroughthethesisSetforthyourstatementintheinstructiondirectlyUsedirectquotationsproperlyPutitasideforoneortwodaysWriteasoundconclusion Writingstyleofgraduationthesis Usually writeinthethirdperson Writestraightforwardly Alwaysrefertoindividualsbytheirfullname givenandsurnames orbysurnamealone Writeasspecificallyaspossible Changeoreliminatewordingthatshowsbiastowardaperson sage sex race politicalattitude religiousbeliefs sexualorientation ornationaloriginunlesssuchinformationisnecessarytowhatyouarewriting orappearsinapassageyouquote Trytousedirectquotationsverysparinglyinyourthesis Youshouldquotenomorethan30 ofyourthesis Refertoacompositiontextbookorhandbookforparticularsaboutwritingstyleandconventions aswellasforinformationaboutbeingaccurateandspecificwhenyouwrite Mechanics 1 Numbers Informalnonscientificwriting numbersfromonetoonehundredandnumberscanbeexpressedinoneortwowords Usenumeralsfordates page street serial andtelephonenumbers Asentenceshouldnotbeginwithanumeral Ifanumbermustbeginasentence spellitout butwheneverpossible rewritethesentence 2 AbbreviationsAvoidabbreviationsinthetextofaresearchpaper Exceptionstothisgeneralruleinclude socialfloes Professionalandhonorarytitles Namesofcountriesandorganizations Abbreviationsacceptedaswords 3 ItalicsItalicsmaybeusedtoprovideemphasis toreferwordsaswords toservetoindicatethecorrectreadingofawordwhenitmightbemisunderstood Theuseofitalicsshouldbekepttoaminimumbecauseanoverabundanceofitalicsreducestheimpactofthemall 4 Titlesofworks Titlesinitalics Titlesinquotationmarks Writingtheintroduction Youcanopenwithanexpansionofthethesisstatement withthemainideasofthepaperdevelopedintotheintroduction YoucanalsostartyourintroductionbyClarifyingthesubjectyouaregoingtowriteabout Relatingyourtopictosomethingcurrentorwellknown Challengingsomegenerallyheldassumptionaboutyourtopic Showingsomethingparadoxicalaboutyoursubject andStatingsomestrikingfactsyoudiscoveredaboutyoursubject Nowthatyouknowexactlywhatyouareabouttointroduce youcanwriteanintroductorysectionforyourthesis Yourintroductioncouldincludethefollowing Pointoutthesignificanceorvalueofyourthesis Definethekeyorspecialtermusedinyourthesis Explainwhyyouhavetakenthisparticularaspectofyourtopic Informyourreaderofthevariousaspectsofyourtopicotherthantheoneyouhavechosen Giveapertinentanecdotethatprovidesadirectmeansofleadingintoyourtopic Showhowyouwillapproachyourtopicandorganizeyourthesis Sampleintroductions 1 IntroductionforalinguisticthesisonpragmaticmetaphorThewordmetaphorisfromtheancientGreekverbmetapherein antmeans tocarryover transfer Inrhetoric metaphorisatropeinwhichonethingisspokenofasifitweresomeotherthing Innaturallanguage metaphorissoubiquitousthatscholars whostudylanguageandcognition havecometorecognizethatnounderstandingoflanguageiscompletewithoutanadequateaccountofmetaphor Thesemetaphorsprovideexpressionforexperiencesandconceptsforwhichliterallanguageseemsinsufficient therebyincreasingtherangeofarticulationpossiblewithinthelanguage Thecontinuationofmetaphorsthroughtheages acrossculturesandpervasiveexistenceatdifferentlevelsoflanguageindicatesthatthemetaphoricaluseofanguageisnotlimit