答题技巧及ETS提供的例题

1,OverviewforGREAnalyticalWriting,FourSectionsinthisoverviewI.IntroductiontoIssueQuestions(I.介紹IssueQuestions)II.HowtoAnswerIssueQuestions(II.答題技巧及ETS提供的例題)ADetailedLookatanIssueTopicandAnswer/DevelopingaPositionontheIssueIII.OtherUsefulTips(III.更多答題技巧)IV.RelatedLinksandReferences(IV.相關連結與參考資料),2,I.IntroductiontoIssueQuestions,TherearetwokindsofessayquestionsintheGREtest1)PresentYourPerspectiveonanIssue1question,45minutes2)AnalyzeanArgument1question,30minutesGRE分析寫作共有兩種題型-issuequestion&argumentquestion,各為一題,前者有45分鐘可作答,後者30分鐘。,3,Thisfilefocusesonthefirstkindissuequestions.*Youwillbeaskedto-Presentyourperspectiveontheissue,usingrelevantreasonsand/orexamplestosupportyourviews.Thatmeans,youwilladoptaposition.*Youneedtochoosefromtwoissuetopics.Eachpresentsanopiniononanissueofbroadinterest.ETShasreleaseditsofficialpoolofGREAnalyticalW,4,此檔案主要介紹issuequestion,*Presentyourperspectiveontheissue,usingrelevantreasonsand/orexamplestosupportyourviews.Thatmeans,youwilladoptaposition.作答時考生須表明所選擇的立場，並運用相關具體之理由或例子支持其看法。*Youneedtochoosefromtwoissuetopics.Eachpresentsanopiniononanissueofbroadinterest.題目會提供兩個議題，只需要選擇一個作答。Issuequestion提出的議題基本上都是大眾熟悉或感興趣的議題。ETS在已公布題庫。,5,DirectionsfortheIssueWritingTask(Issuewritingtask作答指示)Presentyourperspectiveononeoftheissuesbelow,usingrelevantreasonsand/orexamplestosupportyourviews.Youarefreetoaccept,reject,orqualifythestatement.以下兩項議題請選擇一題，提出你的看法，並運用相關理由或例子支持你的看法。你可以接受或反對所選的議題(acceptorrejectthestatement)，或者不選擇接受及反對議題，而是闡述議題的正當性(qualifythestatement)。,6,Topic1Boththedevelopmentoftechnologicaltoolsandtheusestowhichhumanityhasputthemhavecreatedmoderncivilizationsinwhichlonelinessiseverincreasing.Topic2Ourdecliningenvironmentmaybringthepeopleoftheworldtogetherasnopolitician,philosopher,orwarevercould.Environmentalproblemsareglobalinscopeandrespectnonationsboundaries.Therefore,peoplearefacedwiththechoiceofunityandcooperationontheonehandordisunityandacommontragedyontheother.,7,MoreQuestionsfromthePoolofIssueTopics,Theuniversitycommunityconsistsofthreedifferentworldsthesciences,thehumanities,andthesocialsciences.Becauseeachworldoperatesonitsownassumptionsandhasitsownspecialhabitsofthinking,rarelyistheremeaningfulinteractionamongthesciences,thehumanities,andthesocialsciences.Theproblemsofmodernsocietyhaveledmanypeopletocomplain:Weliveinterribletimes.Yet,giventhechoice,noonetodaywouldprefertoliveinanyothertime.,8,Studentsshouldbeencouragedtorealizethatmentalagilityandrhetoricalskillmustbeaccompaniedbysincerityandthetrueconvictionoftheirownbeliefs.Whilemostoftheenvironmentalproblemswefaceresultfromtheuseoftechnology,societymustdependupontechnologytofindsolutionstotheseproblems.,9,Theabsenceofchoiceisacircumstancethatisvery,veryrare.Whatwecallprogressisamatterofexchangingoneproblemforanother.Onlythroughmistakescantherebediscoveryorprogress.Everynewgenerationneedstoredefinerightandwronginitsowntermsandaccordingtotheconditionsofitsowntime.,10,II.HowtoAnswerIssueQuestionsII.答題技巧及ETS提供的例題,IssueTopic例題:“Inourtime,specialistsofallkindsarehighlyoverrated.Weneedmoregeneralistspeoplewhocanprovidebroadperspectives.”在我們的時代，各行各業的專家都被高估了。我們需要更多的博學家，也就是能提供多樣性、廣泛觀點的人們。以下為此議題的範例回答(sampleessay)，包括引言,主文大綱及結論。完整回答請參考ETS官方網站(/Media/Tests/GRE/pdf/awintro.pdf)。(此處之sampleissuetopicandessay及strategies取材自ETS網站AnIntroductiontotheAnalyticalWritingSectionoftheGREGeneralTest./Media/Tests/GRE/pdf/awintro.pdf),11,SampleEssay:Inthisessay,thewriterattemptstoqualifytheissuestatement.He/Sheacknolwedgesthatbothspecialistsandgeneralistsareneeded.在這篇回答中，作者不贊同也不反對議題的敘述。他選擇闡述議題的正當性。他認為專家與博學者都是社會上需要的人才。(Forcompletesampleessaysscoredfrom1-6withreadercommentaries,pleasereferto/Media/Tests/GRE/pdf/awintro.pdf),12,Introductionofthisessay:Inthiseraofrapidsocialandtechnologicalchangeleadingtoincreasinglifecomplexityandpsychologicaldisplacement,bothpositiveandnegativeeffectsamongpersonsinWesternsocietycallforabalanceinwhichtherearebothspecialistsandgeneralists.,13,OutlineoftheMainBody:,Specialistsarenecessaryinordertoallowsocietyasawholetoproperlyandusefullyassimilatethemassesofnewinformationandknowledgethathavecomeoutofresearchandhavebeenwidelydisseminatedthroughmassglobalmedia.Simplyput,withoutspecialists,oursocietywouldfinditselfboggeddownintheSargassoseaofinformationoverload.Ontheotherhand,Overspecializationmeansnarrowfociiinwhichpeoplecanlosethelargerpicture.,14,(4)Notonlymayover-specializationbedangerousintermsofthetruth,purityandcohesionofknowledge,butitcanalsoservetodrownmoraloruniversallissues.(5)Finally,over-specializationinapeoplesdailylivesandjobshasmeantpersonalandpsychologicalcompartmentalization.,15,ConclusionWithoutgeneralists,societybecomesinward-lookingandeventuallyinefficient.Withoutasocietythatrecognizestheimportanceofbroad-mindednessandforaforsharinggeneralities,individualsbecomeisolated.Thus,whileourformofsocietynecessitatesspecialists,generalistsareequallyimportant.Specialistsdriveusforwardinaseriesofthrustswhilegeneralistsmakesurewearestillonthejoustingfieldandknowwhatthestakesare.,16,答題策略,Beforeyoustartwriting,explorethecomplexitiesoftheissue.開始作答前請考慮以下問題。1)What,precisely,isthecentralissue?中心議題為何？2)DoIagreewithallorwithanypartoftheclaim?Whyorwhynot?我是否同意議題的所有敘述，或部分敘述？理由為何？3)Doestheclaimmakecertainassumptions?Ifso,aretheyreasonable?議題的敘述是否有任何預設立場？如果有，它們合理嗎？,17,4)Istheclaimvalidonlyundercertainconditions?Ifso,whatarethey?議題的敘述是否只有在特定情況下才合理?若是的話，是哪些情況?5)DoIneedtoexplainhowIinterpretcertaintermsorconceptsusedintheclaim?敘述中是否包括特殊用語或觀念，而我是否需要在作答時解釋我如何詮釋這些特殊用語或觀念?,18,6)IfItakeacertainpositionontheissue,whatreasonssupportmyposition?若我作答時採取某一觀點(表示贊同或反對議題的敘述)，有哪些理由支持我的觀點？7)WhatexamplescouldIusetoillustratethosereasonsandadvancemypointofview?Whichexamplesaremostcompelling?我可以用哪些例子驗證我提出的理由，並加強我的觀點?哪些例子是最能說服讀者的?,19,關於針對某議題採取立場Theinstructionsemphasizes:Youarefreetoaccept,reject,orqualifythestatement.答題時你可以接受或反對所選的議題，或者不選擇接受及反對議題，而是闡述議題的正當性1)QualifyinganIssueStatementForissuestatementsthathavethefollowingpatterns,youmightwanttoconsiderchoosingtoqualifythestatementinyouressay(當議題敘述有以下特質時，建議考慮闡述議題的正當性):,20,Astatementwhoseaccuracydependsonvariousfactors敘述的正當性因各式各樣的因素而有所變化thatraisestwodistinctbutrelatedissues敘述包括兩個看似不同，其實有關聯的議題thatlists,orotherwiseembraces,twoormoredistinctcategories敘述列出或贊成兩者以上不同的議題thatisunclearorvagueinsomeway有某些部分交代不清楚或敘述模糊thatmightbetruegenerallybutfailstoaccountforsignificantexceptionalcases大致上而言，該敘述為真，但無法適用於某些特殊的情況,21,2)AcceptingorRejectingtheStatement關於接受或反對議題之敘述Youmustprovidesoundreasonsandsupportingexamplestojustifyyourstrongagreementordisagreement.作答時必須提供完善的理由及例子,以支持你的立場-為何你贊同或反對議題之敘述*Itisoktoadoptacontroversialstance,butavoidafanaticalorextremestance.*可以採取具爭議性的立場，但盡量避免提出極端的看法。*Avoidmakingcriticismbasedonpersonalmoralgrounds,spirituality,orjingoism(excessivepatriotism).*避免以個人的道德觀點、宗教或極端的愛國主義做出批評。,22,III.OtherUsefulTips更多答題技巧,5-StepsApproach答題五步驟Step1Readthequestionmakesureyouunderstandthequestion.(1)仔細閱讀議題敘述，確定你了解其文意。Step2UnderlineUnderlinekeywordsinthequestionandwritewordswiththesameorrelatedmeaning.(2)找出關鍵字並聯想同義字或類似字詞。Step3GetIdeasDecideifyouarefororagainsttheidea.Itisoktogivebothsides(forandagainst-oneparagrapheach)andthentogiveyouropinionintheconclusion.(3)決定你贊成或反對。若你選擇闡述議題的正當性，可以各用一段落表達贊成和反對的理由，最後在結論重申你的觀點。,23,Step4:DecideLayout(4)考慮文章結構Thereisoneeasylayoutcalled3773,whichyoucanuseifyouagreewithbothsidesoftheargument.Thatmeansfourparagraphs:introduction(3sentences)oneside(7sentences),theotherside(7sentences)andtheconclusion(3sentences).若你選擇闡述議題的正當性，可參考所謂的3773結構，也就是總共寫四段:引言段落三句,主文各兩段，各七句，而結論三句。Step5:ChooseamajorlayoutYoumaychoose3773or35553layout.(5)決定文章結構是3773或35553結構。,24,3773layoutUsethe3773layoutifyouaregivingbothsidesoftheargumentorsitua