部分否定和全部否定-档案资料

部分否定和全部否定 档案资料上庄镇中学 李爱军一部分否定和全部否定请看下面这个句子：This is our first lesson， so I dont know all your names.这一句的后半部分该怎样理解呢？究竟是“你们的名字我全不知道”还是“你们的名字我不全知道”呢？不少学生对此感到茫然。这就涉及到英语中的部分否定和全部否定。上面这个看似全部否定的句子，其实表示的是部分否定。在英语中 all ， both，each, every， everyone， everything,bothand等与否定词 not 连用时，表示的是部分否定，而非全部否定。例如：I dont know all of them. 我并不全认识他们。I dont like both of the books. 这两本书我并不都喜欢。Not every student goes to the farm on Sundays. 并非每个学生星期天都去农场。Not everyone in our class likes football. 在我们班并非每个人都喜欢足球。若要表示全部否定，则应用相应的表示全部否定的否定词。如： all none （一个人也没有、没有任何东西）， both neither （两个都不）， every no， everyone no one（nobody）， everything nothing bothandneithernor等。上述四个例句要表示全部否定应分别为：I know none of them. 他们我都不认识。I like neither of the books. 这两本书我都不喜欢。No student goes to the farm on Sundays. 星期天没有学生去农场。No one/ Nobody in our class likes football. 我们班没有人喜欢足球。（一）部分否定 1.all,both ,everybody,everything以及every+n与not 连用时都表示部分否定(不管not在前还是在后) 2.everywhere,always,altogether,whooly与not 连用时也表示部分否定。 Such a thing cant be found everywhere. （二）全部否定：no one ,none ,neither,nobody, nothing,以及 not.any来表示。(不可以说any.not:)二.英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法： I、 all 的否定式：not all（或：allnot）表示并非都、不是所有的都例如： Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。 Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长很高。 II、 both 的否定式：notboth (或：both not) 并非两个都 例如： I dont want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。 Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。 III、 every的否定式：不是每都 例如： Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。 Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。 This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。 IV、 always的否定式：并非总是（并非一直） 例如： He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。 V、 entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式：不完全，并非完全 例如： The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。 He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。 I dont agree completely. 我并不完全同意。 What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。 VI、 all the time 的否定式：并非一直、未必老是 例如： A foolish man doesnt make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。 VII、 notand的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。 例如： He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。 This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。 She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。 如果将and 换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。 He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。 如要对上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和 all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词，如no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never) at all 等。例如： All of them can do it.- None of them can do it. Both are good.-Neither is good. Everybody likes it. -Nobody likes it. He is always late. - He is never late. We dont trust them entirely. - We never trust them at all. He was here all the time. - He was never here. 三特殊的否定：结构和特点例句someno或not any(非主语)Some girls have been to the park.No girls have been to the park.both and neithernorBoth my father and my mother helpNeither my father nor my mother helpa few fewThere are a few apples on the table.There are a few apples on the table.a littlelittleTeres a little milk in the bottle.Teres little milk in the bottle.too(也)，also（not）eitherIm a teacher, too.Im not a teacher,either.already(not)yetThe teacher has alrealy gone home.The teacher hasnt gone home yet.a lot of (not) much/manyWe have a lot of vegetables every day.We dont have many vegetables every day.and(非主语)or或 and no/notIt has a mouth and a nose.It doesnt has a mouth and a nose.allNone(全部否定)not all/all not （部分否定）All of the students have gone to the park.None of the students have gone to the park.Not all of the students have gone to the park.bothneither(全部否定)not both/ bothnot（部分否定）Both of my parents are teachers.Neither of my parents is teachers.Both of my parents arent teachers.alwaysnever (全部否定)not always（部分否定）Wang Lin is always late for school.Wang Lin is never late for school.Wang Lin isnt always late for school.each(pron)none/nobody/neither(全部否定)not each/eachnot（部分否定）Each of them has a basketball.None of them has a basketball.Each of them doesnt have a basketball.each (adj)no/neither(全部否定)Each boy has a basketball.No boy has a basketball.Not each boy has a basketball.every no(全部否定)not every/everynot（部分否定）Every boy has a basketball.No boy has a basketball