最新版全国专业技术人员职称英语考试大纲.doc

考试大纲一、概述 全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人事部组织实施的一项国家级外语考试。本考试遵循“严格要求、实事求是、区别对待、逐步提高”的原则，根据英语在不同专业领域活动中的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和使用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别专业技术职务的人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试共分三个专业类别：综合类、理工类和卫生类，每个专业类别的考试各分A、B、C三个等级。全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试于每年4月份举行。A、B、C三个等级考试的总分各为l00分，考试时间均为2小时。二、评价目标全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试重点考查应试者的阅读理解能力。考试总的评价目标是：申报A级的人员在2小时内应完成3000词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容；申报B级的人员在2小时内应完成2600词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容；申报C级的人员在2小时内应完成2200词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容。为达到上述目标，考试对应试者的英语汇量、语法知识和阅读理解能力分别提出如下要求：（一）词汇量考试所涉及的词汇和短语主要依据本大纲所附词汇表。对申报不同级别的应试者要求认知的词汇量不等：1.申报A级的人员应认知6000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语；2.申报B级的人员应认知5000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语；3.申报C级的人员应认知4000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语。（二）语法知识考试不直接对应试者所掌握的语法知识进行考查，但应试者必须掌握基本的语法知识，主要包括：1.英语句子的基本语序及其意义；2.英语句子的结构和常用句型；3.各种时、体的形式及其意义；4.各种从句的构成及其意义；5.句子中词语的所指、省略、替代、重复，以及句子之间的意义关系等。（三）阅读理解能力应试者应能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解专业的或一般内容的英语书面材料。阅读能力主要包括以下几个方面：1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；2.了解阐述主旨的事实和细节；3.利用上下文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义；4.既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的意义关系；5.根据所读材料进行判断和推论；6.领会作者的观点、意图和态度。三、考试内容与试卷结构A、B、C三个等级的考试各由6个部分组成，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难易程度不同。考试主要考查应试者理解书面英语的能力。第l部分：词汇选项（第l15题，每题l分，共15分）考查应试者理解在一定语境中单词或短语意义的能力。本部分为l5个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择l个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。第2部分：阅读判断（第1622题，每题l分，共7分）考查应试者识别和判断文章所提供的信息的能力。本部分为l篇300450词的短文，短文后列出7个句子，有的句子提供的是正确信息，有的句子提供的是错误信息，有的句子的信息在短文中并未直接或间接提及。要求应试者根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第2330题，每题l分，共8分）考查应试者把握文章段落大意及细节的能力。本部分为l篇300450词的短文，有2项测试任务：（1）短文后有6个段落小标题，要求应试者根据文章的内容为其中指定的4个段落各选择一个正确的小标题；（2）短文后有4个不完整的句子，要求应试者在所提供的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子。第4部分；阅读理解（第3145题，每题3分，共45分）考查应试者对文章主旨和细节信息的理解能力。本部分为3篇文章，每篇300450词，每篇文章后有5道题。要求应试者根据文章的内容，从每题所给的4个选项中选择l个最佳答案。第5部分：补全短文（第4650题，每题2分，共10分）考查应试者把握文章结构、掌握作者思路的能力。本部分为1篇300450词的短文，文中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，其中5组取自文章本身。要求应试者根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其放回相应位置，以恢复文章原貌。第6部分：完形填空（第5165题，每题l分，共15分）考查应试者正确把握文文章内容，以及在一定语境中准确使用词语的能力。本部分为1篇300450词的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出4个选项，要求应试者根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择l个最佳答案。试卷结构及考查目的（总题量65题。满分l00分） 四、命题原则考试命题的广度和难度根据本大纲规定的范围及对应试者能力的要求而确定。命题原则如下：（一）合理安排测试项目的层次结构。本考试的重点是考查应试者的阅读理解能力，试卷的结构应充分考虑阅读理解能力的不同层次，测试不同层次能力的项目所占比重亦不相同。（二）合理安排测试项目的难度结构。本考试题目的难易程度分为易、较易、较难、难四个等级，试卷中各种难易程度题目各占一定比例。试题的难易程度和能力层次是两个不同的概念，在每个能力层次的项目中，都包含难易程度不同的题目。五、答题及计分办法考试均采用客观性试题，要求应试者从每题所给的选项中选择一个最佳答案，或根据要求选择最佳搭配。考试中，应试者应在专门设计的答题卡上作答。应试者要特别注意：做在试卷上的答案一律无效。每题只能选择一个答案。考试计分只计算答对题的数目，答错不倒扣分。培养学生的阅读能力在教学大纲中被列为第一层次的要求，是英语教学的首要目标。大纲对阅读的要求为：“能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般性题材的文章，掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的事实和细节，并能进行一定的分析、推理和判断，领会作者的观点和态度。” 在考试的所有题型中，阅读理解的得分权重最大，占试卷总分的45%。阅读理解试题考核考生的下述能力：1掌握所读材料的主旨和大意； 2了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；3既理解字面的意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论；4既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文的逻辑关系，理解文章的深层含义。在试卷命题中，这些能力又进一步细分为九项技能： 1理解明确表达的概念或细节；2理解隐含表达的概念或细节；通过判断句子的交际功能来理解文章；3辨别文章的中心思想； 4理解作者的观点和态度；5猜测词和短语的意思；6句子层次的理解；7篇章层次的理解； 8通过略读了解文章大意；9通过查阅寻找某一信息。历次的阅读理解试题全面地覆盖了上述的各项技能。据统计，技能1的测试题占总题量的30.3%，技能5和6的测试题占总题量的11.7%；15次考试中有11次采用涉及对文章总体性理解的试题。阅读理解短文的选择必须与教学大纲确定的培养目标相一致，要充分考虑选材的内容和语言的适宜性。阅读理解的考核包括三个层次：句子层次、语篇层次和推理判断层次，并且遵循下列选材原则。1题材广泛，可以包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等，但是所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解；2体裁多样，可以包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等；3语言难度及词汇量符合大纲规定的范围。提高阅读技能是取得优秀考试成绩的关键。考生在阅读时，不仅要注意单句的理解，还要注意语篇水平的理解，对于阅读材料的处理要有粗细之分、快慢之分，要深入到阅读材料中去，切实提高获取信息的能力，否则，所进行的阅读可能近乎于瞎读乱猜，而所作出的推理判断则可能是无源之水、无本之木。Study Helps Predict Big Mediterranean Quake Scientists have found evidence that an overlooked fault in the eastern Mediterranean1 is likely to produce an earthquake and tsunami every 800 years as powerful as the one that destroyed Alexandria2 in AD3 365.Using radiocarbon dating techniques, simulations and computer models, the researchers recreated the ancient disaster in order to identify the responsible fault. We are saying there is probably a repeat time of 800 years for this kind of earthquake, said Ms Beth Shaw, an earthquake scientist at the University of Cambridge, who led the study. Scientists study past earthquakes in order to determine the future possibility of similar large shocks.Identifying the fault for the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami is important for the tens of millions of people in the region, Ms. Shaw said. The fault close to the southwest coast of Crete4 last produced a big enough quake to generate a tsunami about 1300, which means the next powerful one could come in the next 100 years, she added in a telephone interview.Ms. Shaw and her colleagues calculate the likely intervals by measuring the motion of either side of the fault to find how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion, she said. Their computer model suggested an 8 magnitude quake on the fault would produce a tsunami that floods the coastal regions of Alexandria and North Africa, the southern coast of Greece5 and Sicily6 all the way up the Adriati7 to Dubrovnik8. This would be similar to the ancient quake in AD 365 that caused widespread destruction in much of Greece and unleashed a tsunami that flooded Alexandria and the Nile Delta9, likely killing tens of thousands of people, she said.词汇：fault n. 断层 interval n. 间隔tsunami n. 海啸 magnitude n. 等级radiocarbon n. 放射性碳 destruction n. 破坏，毁灭simulation n. 模拟 unleash v. 放出，释放注释:1. the eastern Mediterra anean: 地中海东部 2. Alexandria: 阿里山大埃及北部港市3. AD: 公元后(AD是拉丁文Anno Domini首字母的所写)4. Crete: 希腊克里特岛5. Greece: 希腊6. Sicily: 意大利西西里岛7. Adriati: 亚得利亚海8. Dubrovnik: 杜布罗夫尼克克罗地亚港市9. Nile Delta: 尼鲁河三角洲埃及练习:1. The fault, which was overlooked before, has been closely studied by scientists.A Right. B Wrong C Not mentioned2. It is fun to identify the fault for the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned3. Radiocarbon dating techniques can be used to identify the age of the earth.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned4. Scientists predict that the next powerful earthquake in the eastern Mediterranean may take place some time before 2100.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned5. Ms. Shaw has her colleagues help her in the study of earthquake prediction.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6, Ms. Shaw measured the movement of either side of the fault to identify the magnitude of theearthquake taking place in AD 365.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned7. The earthquake prediction devices developed by Ms. Shaw are being widely used in the world.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned答案与题解：1.A文章的主题是，以往科学家忽视了地中海断层的存在。现在地震学家对地中海断层进行研究，并认定断层的运动造成公元365年的地震和海啸，以及推算出地震和海啸发生的周期。所以，本句表达的意思是对的。2.B文章第三段说到，“认定断层造成了公元365年的地震和海啸，这一认定对该地区的几千万人来说是重要的”。把这项研究说成是有趣的与原文“重要”的意思有很大的不同，所以是错误的。3.C 全文没有一处提到radiocarbon dating techniques可用来确定地球的年龄。4.A Shaw女士和她的研究组认定，地中海东部的断层的移动每800年左右会引发一次超强地震和海啸。前两次发生的时间分别是365年和l300年左右。根据这一推断，在未来l00年中，会发生一次超强地震和海啸。第三段对此有说明。5.A 这句表达的意思与原文相符。原句见第四段第一句：“Ms.Shaw and her colleaguescalculate the likely intervals by measuring the motion of either side of the fault to gauge how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion”。ide of the fault，但目的不是为了identify the magnitude of the earthquake taking place in AD 365，而是为了find how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion。 7.C 纵观全文，文章中没有一句提到Shaw女士发明过地震预测装置，更没有谈及这种装置在全世界得到广泛应用这一点。Image Martian Dust ParticlesNASAs Phoenix Mars Lander1 has taken its first-ever picture of a single particle of rusty Martian dust with one of its microscopes. The dust particles of dust were shown at a higher magnification than anything outside of Earth that has been imaged before. The rounded particle measured only about one micrometer, or one millionth of a meter, across.Taking this image required the highest resolution microscope operated off Earth2 and a specially designed device to hold the Martian dust, said Tom Pike, a Phoenix science team member from Imperial College London3. We always knew it was going to be technically very challenging to image particles this small4.The device that imaged the dust speck is called an atomic force microscope, which maps the shape of particles in three dimensions by scanning them with a sharp tip at the end of a spring. The atomic force microscope can detail the shapes of particles as small as about 100 nanometers. And this wont be the last dust particle that Phoenix will image5. After this first success, were now working on building up a portrait gallery6 of the dust on Mars, Pike said.Dust exists everywhere on Mars, coating the surface and giving it its rusty red color. Dust particles also color the Martian sky pink and feed storms that regularly envelope the planet. The ultra-fine7 dust is the medium that actively links gases in the Martian atmosphere to processes in Martian soil, so it is critically important to understanding Mars environment8, the researchers said.The $420-million Phoenix mission is analyzing the dust and subsurface ice layers of Mars arctic regions to look for signs of potential past habitab ility. The particle seen in the atomic force microscope image was part of a sample scooped by the robotic arm from the Snow White trench and delivered to Phoenixs microscope station in early July. 词汇:image v. 绘的图像 scan v. 扫描magnification n. 放大 subsurface adj. 地面下的micrometer n. 微米 habitability n. 居住性resolution n. 分辨率，清晰度 scoop v. 挖map v. 绘制的地图 trench n. 沟注释:1. NASAs Phoenix Mars Lander: 美国国家航空航天局的凤凰号火星登陆器2. off earth : 地球之外3. Imperial College London : 伦敦帝国学院4. image particles this small: 描绘如此之小的微粒。image particles this small是口语的说法，其意思是image such small particles/image particles which are so small。5. And this wont be the last dust particle that Phoenix will image: 这不会是凤凰号扫描图像的最后的尘粒。本句的言外之意是：科学家将会收集更多的火星微粒进行扫描。6. portrait gallery: (火星尘粒)图像陈列馆7. ultra-fine : 超小的8. it is critically important to understanding Mars environment: 火星尘粒对于了解火星环境是极端重要的。it指代上一句的dust，而to是介词，所以后接动名词 understanding。练习:1. The dust particle on Mars is the smallest particle that has been imaged outside of Earth.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned2. Using the same technology, we have also measured the size of particles on the moon and Jupiter.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned3. Scientists use the highest resolution microscope to watch and record the image of Martian particles on earth.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned4. Tom Pike said that they used to think it was no easy job to image such small particles.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned5. An electronic device has been developed to measure the weight of certain Martian rocks.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned6. After collecting the last Martian dust particle, the scientists have started to build up a portrait gallery of it.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned7. The Phoenixs robotic arm col lected the Martian dust particles for analysis on Mars. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned答案与解析:1.A 第一段说，NASA的凤凰号火星登陆器用它的显微镜观测地球外长度只有百万分之一米的微粒。本题的表述与第一段的意思吻合。2.C 通篇文章都没有提到科学家用同样的技术测量月球和水星上的微粒。3.B 第一段只是说，NASA的凤凰号火星登陆器用它的显微镜观察地球外，而不是地球上长度只有百万分之一的火星微粒，所以本题的表述是错的。4. A Tom Pike说，“We always knew it was going to be technically very challenging to image particles this small.”(我们过去一直知道，观察体积如此小的微粒具有很高的挑战性。)(见第二段)这句话是选择A的依据。5.C 通篇文章都没有提到有人发明了一种能测量火星上某些微粒的重量的电子装置。6.B 第三段中提到，“.this wont be the last dust particle that Phoenix will image”。接着又说，“After this first success，were now working on building up a portrait gallery of the dust on Mars”。而本题却说：“After collecting the last Martian dust particle，were now working on building up”，这与文章所表达内容明显不同，所以本题的答案是B。 .7.A 选择A的依据是文章最后一句：“The particle seen in the atomic force microscope image was part of a sample scooped by the robotic arm”。Wonder WebsSpider webs are more than homes, and they are ingenious traps. And the worlds best web spinner may be the Goldern Orb Weaver spider. The female Orb Weaver spins a web of fibers thin enough to be invisible to insect prey, yet tough enough to snare a flying bird without breaking.The secret of the webs strength? A type of super-resilient silk called dragline. When the female spider is ready to weave the webs spokes and frame, she uses her legs to draw the airy thread out through a hollow nozzle in her belly. Dragline is not sticky, so the spider can race back and forth along it to spin the webs trademark spiral.Unlike some spiders that weave a new web every day, a Goldern Orb Weaver reuses her handiwork until it falls apart, sometimes not for two years. The silky thread is five times stronger than steel by weight and absorbs the force of an impact three times better than Kevlar, a high-strength human-made material used in bullet-proof vests. And thanks to its high tensile strength, or the ability to resist breaking under the pulling force called tension, a single strand can stretch up to 40 percent longer than its original length and snap back as well as well as new. No human-made fiber even comes close.It is no wonder manufacturers are clamoring for spider silk. In the consumer pipeline: high-performance fabrics for athletes and stockings that never run. Think parachute cords and suspension bridge cables. A steady supply of spider silk would be worth billions of dollars-but how to produce it? Harvesting silk on spider farms does not work because the territorial arthropods have a tendency to devour their neighbors.Now, scientists at the biotechnology Nexia are spinning artificial silk modeled after Goldern Orb dragline. The first step: extract silk-making genes from the spiders. Next, implant the genes into goat egg cells. The nanny goats that grown from the eggs secrete dragline silk proteins in their milk. The young goats p第6部分：完型填空(第5165题，每题1分，共1 5分)下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。How Two Great Conflicts HelpeD.to Change EuropeNinety years ago on A.sunny morning in Northern France，something happeneD.that changeD.B.retain anD.Europe for even At half past seven on the morning of July 1,1916，whistles(哨子)blew anD.thousands of British soldiers left their positions to attack their German enemies.By the enD.of the day,20，000 of them were dead，anD.another 30，000 woundeD.or missing.The Battle of the Somme，_(51)it is called，lasteD.for six months.When, it ended，125，000 British soldiers were dead. They haD.gaineD.five kilometers of ground.( )This was one of A.series of great battles during WWI.The attack on the Somme was stageD.to relieve_(52)on the French，who were engageD.in A.great battle of their own at A.place calleD.Verdun.By the time the battle ended，over A.million French anD.German troops haD.been killed.About 1 7 million people were killeD.in WWI.There have been wars with greater numbers of dead.But there has never been one in_(53)most of the deaD.were concentrateD.in such A.small area.on the Somme battlefield，two men dieD.for every meter of space.Local farmers working in the lanD.sit_(54)the bodies of those who dieD.in that battle.The deaD.of all nations were burieD.in A.series of giant graveyards along the line of the border_(55)France anD.Belgium.Relatives anD.descendants (子孙)of those who dieD.still visit these graveyards today.What the French call the tourism of death_(56)an important contribution to the IowA.economy.It took A.seconD.great conflict before Europe was to turn_(57)war itself.Twentyeight years after the Somme battle，a、liberating amyl of Br