English Translation for Science and Technology

科技英语翻译的基本方法和技巧,词义的选择,英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意思。一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。,根据词类选择词义Anelectronisanextremelysmallcorpusclewithnegativechargewhichroundsaboutthenucleusofanatom.电子是绕着原子核转动带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词）Theearthgoesroundthesun.地球环绕太阳运行。（介词）Roundsurfacereflectorisakeyunitforthesolarenergydevice.弯曲面反射器是太阳能装置的关键元件。（形容词）Thetreemeasuresfortyinchesround.这棵树树围40英寸。（副词）Thisisthewholeroundofknowledge.这就是全部的知识范围。（名词）,Likechargesrepel,unlikechargesattract.同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。（形容词）Inthesunbeampassingthroughthewindowtherearefinegrainsofdustshininglikegold.在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮。（介词）Itistheatomsthatmakeupiron,water,oxygenandthelike.正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等类物质。（名词）Helikesmakingexperimentsinchemistry.他喜欢做化学实验。（动词）Wavesinwatermovelikethewaveformmovesalongarope.波在水中移动就象波形沿着绳子移动一样。（连词）,Plsticswasatfirstbasedoncoalandwood.最初塑料是从煤和木材中提取的。（动词）Asweallknow,abasereactswithanacidtoformasalt.众所周知，碱与酸起反应变成盐。（名词）Ironandbrassarebasemetals.铁和黄铜为非贵重金属。（形容词）Wehavenowaccumulatedaconsiderablebodyofknowledgeaboutelectronics.目前，我们在电子学方面已经积累了大量知识。（名词）Theyareindesperateneedofthiskindofbodiedoil.他们非常需要这种聚合油。（过去分词）Imaginationbodiesforththeformsofthingsunknown.想象力能使未知事物的形象呈现出来。（动词）,根据上下文选择词义Ourworktodayistoworkoutthedesign.我们今天的工作是把设计做出来。Tomovesomethingistodowork.移动物体就是作功。Welikehisworksverymuch.我们非常喜欢他的著作。Thebuildingofthesegiantironandsteelworkswillgreatlyacceleratethedevelopmentoftheironandsteelindustryofourcountry.这些大型钢铁厂的建立会大大地加速我国钢铁工业的发展。Theworksofthesewatchesandclocksareallhome-produced.这些钟表里的机件全部都是国产的。,Theelectronicmicroscopepossessesveryhighresolvingpowercomparedwiththeopticalmicroscope.与光学显微镜相比，电子显微镜具有极高的分辨率。Powercanbetransmittedoveralongdistance.电力可以输送到很远的地方。Thefourthpowerofthreeiseighty-one.3的4次方是81。Thecombiningpowerofoneelementinthecompoundmustequalthecombiningpoweroftheotherelement.化合物中一种元素的化合价必须等于另一元素的化合价。Explosivetechnologicaldevelopmentafter1940gavethemedicalprofessionenormouspowertofightdiseaseandsickness.1940年以来，随着技术的迅速发展，医学界大大提高了战胜疾病的能力。Semiconductordeviceshavenofilamentorheatersandthereforerequirenoheatingpowerorwarmeduptime.半导体器件没有灯丝，因此不需要加热功率和加热时间。Acarneedsalotofpowertogofast.汽车高速行驶需要很大动力。Streamsandwaterfallaresuitableforthedevelopmentofhydroelectricpower.溪流和瀑布适合用于开发水电能源。,Thenucleusistheinformationcenterofthecell.细胞核是细胞的信息中枢。Hewasimprisonedinacell.他被关在监狱的单人小牢房中。Inthecenterofthespaciousworkshopstoodacellwithpacketsofblockanodes.在宽敞的车间中央有一个装有一组组阳极板的电解槽。Whentheendsofacopperwirearejoinedtoadevicecalledanelectriccellasteadystreamofelectricityflowsthroughthewire.当把一根铜丝的两端连接到一种叫做电池的电器上时，就会有稳定的电流流过该铜丝。,试译下列各句，注意根据词类确定划线词的词义：Aluminumislightandstrongsothatitiswidelyusedinaircraftindustry.Likechargesrepel,whileunlikechargesattract.Itistheatomsthatmakeupiron,water,oxygenandthelike.Amagneticfieldisbuilduproundthecoil.Smallasatomsare,electronsarestillsmaller.,Key:铝既轻又坚硬，所以广泛用于航空工业。同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等等。线圈周围形成了一个磁场。原子虽小，但电子却更小。,试译下列各句，注意根据上下文确定划线词的词义：Whensunlightfallsontheleavesofplants,itistransformedintochemicalenergy.Thereisnophysicalcontactbetweenworkpieceandtool.Theamountofworkisequaltotheproductoftheforcebythedistance.Thethickerthewire,themorefreelyitwillcarrycurrent,andthelessitsresistance.Whenthepressuregetslow,theboilingpointbecomeslow.,Key:当阳光照在植物的叶子上时，就变成化学能。工件和刀具不直接接触。功的大小等于力和距离的乘积。导线越粗，就越容易导电，电阻也就越小。气压低，沸点就低。,词义的引申,所谓词义引申，就是指对某些英语词汇的含义加以扩展和变通，使其更准确地表达原文词汇所表达的特定意思。,专业化引申Hismotherdiedofdifficultlabor.他母亲死于难产。（困难的劳动）Themajorprobleminmanufacturingisthecontrolofcontaminationandforeignmaterial.制造时的一个主要问题是控制污染和杂质。（外界物质）Therunningofsuchautomatedestablishmentsremainsonlyamatterofreadingvariousmetersmountedonpanels.管理这种自动化工厂只不过要求查看一下控制台上的各种仪表而已。（阅读）Moreweightmustbeplacedonthepasthistoryofpatients.必须更加重视患者的病史。（过去的历史）Thebacterialpneumoniamaycomplicateinfluenzaatbothextremesofage.幼儿和老年流行性感冒患者可并发细菌性肺炎。（年龄的两个极端）,Thedoctormayinsertthinneedlesintotheskinofapatientatkeypointsalongmeridians.医生可以把一些细针沿病人身上的经络插进穴位中。（关键点）Everythingisready,soIcallthemorningpaperuponthescreen.一切准备就绪，于是我把早报调入屏幕。（喊叫）Thiskindofwoodworkseasily.这种木料易于加工。（工作）Thepatienthadbeengiventhreetransfusionsafterhewasadmittedintothehospital.病人入院后已输过三次血了。（给）Thismedicineactswellontheheart.这种药治疗心脏病疗效很好。（起作用）,具体化或形象化引申Otherthingsbeingequal,copperheatsupfasterthaniron.其他条件相同时，铜比铁热得快。（事情）Therearemanythingsthatshouldbeconsideredindeterminingcuttingspeed.在测定切削速度时，应当考虑许多因素。（事情）Thethermometerrisesorfallsaccordingastheairishotorcold.温度计的液柱随空气的冷热而下降或上升。（温度计）Australianresearchershavedevelopedanimplantablehearingprosthesisthatinserts22electrodesintotheinnerearandisconnectedtoapocketspeechprocessor.澳大利亚研究人员已经研制了一种可植入的假耳。该假耳将22个电极插入内耳并与一台袖珍语言信息处理机相连。（听觉假体）,Fortheaverageconsumer,voice-activateddevicesareaconvenience;fortheelderlyandhandicapped,theymaybecomeindispensableforawidevarietyofchoresinthehome.对一般使用者来说，声触发装置能提供方便，而对老年人和残废者来说，它可能成为从事各种家庭杂务时必要的帮手。（不可缺少）Alargesegmentofmankindturnstountrammelednatureasalastrefugefromencroachingtechnology.许多人都想寻找一块自由自在的地方，作为他们躲避现代技术侵害的世外桃源。（最后的避难所）Hersoftfeatureseffectivelyhidherstrongmechanicalfoundation.她柔媚的容貌巧妙地掩饰了她那强有力的机械躯体。（基础）Whiletheresultsmayseemdiscouragingtosmokerswhodliketoquitwithoutgainingweight.对于那些想戒烟但又不想发胖的吸烟者来说，实验结果似乎给他们泼了冷水。（令人泄气）,Ingeneral,thedesignprocedureisnotstraightforwardandwillrequiretrialanderror.一般说来，设计过程不是一帆风顺的，而需要反复试验。（简单的）Steelandcastironalsodifferincarbon.钢和铸铁的含碳量也不相同。（碳）,概括化或抽象化引申Ameicanseveryyearswallow15,000tonsofaspirin,oneofthesafestandmosteffectivedrugsinventedbyman.阿司匹林是人类发明的最安全、最有效的药物，美国每年要消耗15000吨。（吞咽）Alloysbelongtoahalf-wayhousebetweenmixturesandcompounds.合金是介于混合物和化合物之间的一种中间结构。（两地间中途歇脚的客栈）In24hourstheheartinahumanbodyreceivesandpumpsoutsome1000quartsofblood.24小时内，通过人的心脏循环的血液约为1000夸脱。（接受或泵出）Theyear2000problembringsthelargestcompaniesintheworldtotheirknees.2000年问题使世界上最大的公司都要向它屈服。（使跪下）Industrializationandenvironmentaldegradationseemtogohandinhand.工业化发展似乎伴随着环境的退化。（携手）,Inthemicrobialtransformationofcontaminants,organismscaneither“eat”thetoxinsorbreakthemdownintheprocessofconsumingothersubstances.在对污染物进行微生物转化的过程中，生物会清除毒素或在消耗其他物质时把这些毒素分解。（吃掉）Theresearchperformedonsmokersatrestindicatesthatsmokersburnmorecaloiesthannonsmokers.对处于静息状态的吸烟者所作的研究表明，吸烟者比非吸烟者消耗的热量要多。（燃烧）Theplanforlaunchingtheman-madesatellitestillliesonthetable.那项发射人造卫星的计划仍被搁置，无法执行。（放在桌子上）Thefurnaceeatsupfuelatherateofthreetonsperhour.炉子以每小时三吨的速度消耗燃料。（吃光）Superconductivitytechnologyisnowinitsinfancy.超导体技术正处于发展的初级阶段。（婴儿期）,试译下列各句，注意对划线词的词义作专业化引申：Rubberisnothard,itgiveswaytopressure.Formillionsofpeoplesufferingfromarthritis,itistheonlythingthatworks.Porcelainiscommonlyusedtoresistelectriccurrent.Whenwespeak,soundwavesbegintotravelandgoinalldirections.Zinciseasytoobtainfromitsore.,Key:橡胶性软，受压变形。对于千百万关节炎患者来说，这是惟一奏效的药物。陶瓷常用来隔绝电流。我们说话时，声波就开始向四面八方传播。锌容易从锌矿中提炼。,试译下列各句，注意对划线词的词义作具体化或形象化引申：Therearethreethingswehavetoknowabouteveryforceinordertobeabletounderstandtheeffectitproduced.Athighfrequencieswheretheintegrationtimeisshort,resultswillbedisplayedinrapidsuccessionandpossiblyleaveinsufficienttimefortheusertoreco