2011年中考英语复习专题一-名词

专题一 名词名词（注：常考考点归纳：1.名词的分类；2.名词的单复数；3.名词所有格；4.名词作定语；5.易混淆名词, 6.名词的句法作用。 7.名词与主谓一致。考查形式主要有：单项选择、词形转换、词语辨析、翻译句子等题型。）一、名词的的定义及分类1、名词是一种实词，是指人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。2、名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。1、专有名词是某个人,地点、团体、机构国家或地区等专有的名称（第一个字母要大写）。 如：Mr Smith，China Asia 亚洲 Beijing2、普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词。如：student,book,happiness,health注：普通名词又可分为以下四类：a. 个体名词:表示单个的人和事物。如：car 汽车 room 房间 fan 风扇 picture 照片。b. 集体名词: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。如：people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government政府 group 集团 。c. 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物。如：fire 火 air 空气 water 水 milk牛奶等。d. 抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。如： labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 musu,work 。总之，个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计数，称为可数名词。物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计数，称为不可数名词。名词的分类可以下图表示：名词专有名词普通名词个体名词集体名词可数物质名词抽象名词不可数二、名词的单复数可数名词变复数的规则1、规则变化情况：1.一般情况加s。如：map-maps2.以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词加es。如bus-bues,watch-watches,box-boxes注：stomach-stomachs因为ch读成/k/而不是读/ t /。3.以辅音字母+y结尾的词，变y为i再加es。如：baby-babies,city-cities。注：以原音字母+y结尾的，直接加s。如：boy-boys,day-days(toy,way,monkey,holiday等)2、部分规则变化情况:1.以o结尾的变复数时：a.无生命的加s。如：photo,piano,radio,zoob.有生命的加es。如：potato,tomato,negro,heroc.加s或es均可的。如：zero-zeros/zeroes2.以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：a.加s。 如：belief(相信，信念)，roof,chef/ ef/厨师,主厨,safe保险箱， gulf海湾b.去掉f或fe,加ves。如：wife,knife,wolf,thief,shelf,half,life,leaf(助（记：妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。）c.直接加s或去掉f或fe,加ves均可。如：handkerchief- handkerchiefs/ handkerchieves3、不规则变化情况：1.child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,louse,(老鼠，虱子变复数，ous变ic) man-men,woman-women(注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。)2.单复数相同。如deer,sheep, chinese,Japanese等。(注：“国人”变复数，“中、日”不变，“英、法”其余后加“s”变复。如：chinese,Japanese;Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen)li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters3.集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：people,police,cattle（牛）等本身是复数，不能说a people/police/cattle,但可以说a person/policeman ,a head of cattle。(注：the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如： The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。）4.以s结尾，但仍为单数的名词。如：maths,politics,physics等学科名词及news，等都是不可数名词及the United States，the United Nations（联合国），都视为单数。5.还有些名词，其复数形式表特别意思。如：waters水域，works著作，fishes(各种)鱼。6. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.是一本非常有趣的故事书。7 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers三、不可数名词1.物质名词a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。This factory produces steel.(不可数)We need various steels.(可数)c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。Our country is famous for tea.我国因茶叶而闻名。Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。2. 抽象名词有时也可数。four freedoms 四大自由the four modernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如：a glass of water 一杯水a piece of advice一条建议四、名词作定语名词作定语一般用单数，但以下情况除外：1.用复数作定语。如：sports meeting 运动会，students reading-room 学生阅览室,talks table 谈判桌,the foreign languages department 外语系2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：men workerswomen teachers,gentlemen officials3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。如：goods train (货车),arms produce武器生产customs papers 海关文件,clothes brush衣刷4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：two-dozen eggs两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)a ten-mile walk 十里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树a five-year plan.一个五年计划an 8-year-old boy 一个八岁的男孩个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child特殊情况：a.有些名词只有复数形式，如：clothes，shorts，pants，scissors(剪刀)，goods，glasses(眼镜)b.有些名词以s结尾，但不是复数形式，如：news，maths，physics，politicsc.有些物质名词或抽象名词的单、复数形式表示不同的含义，如：room(空间)a room(房间)work(工作)works(著作)五、名词所有格英语中有些名词可在词尾加“ s ”或”名词+of+名词”来表示所有关系，用法如下：1.表有生命的名词，单数在词尾加“ s ”，复数名词词尾没有“s”的，也要加“s”。如the boys bag,mens room2.复数名词以“s”结尾的，只加“”。如：the students books3.表无生命的名词，用“名词+of+名词”来表示所有格。如：the title of the song那首歌的名字。4.在表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现被修饰的名词。如：a barbers理发店，a doctor诊所，a tailors裁缝铺,a butchers肉铺,the Chaplins卓别林家5.如果两个名词并列，有两个“s”时，则表“各自有”；只有一个“s”时，则表“共有”。如：LiMings and Jims room李明的和吉姆的房间。（各有一间）LiMing and Jims room李明和吉姆的房间。（共有一间）6.复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。如：a month or twos absence一至两个月的缺勤。六.主谓一致主谓一致是指：1) 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2) 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3) 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year6.1并列结构作主语时谓语用复数Reading and writing are very important.注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。The iron铁 and steel industry（钢铁工业） is very important to our life.One and two is three.6.2 主谓一致中的靠近原则1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.2)当either or 与neither nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。Either you or she is to go.Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.6.3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.He as well as I wants to go boating.6.4 谓语需用单数1) 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。Each of us has a tape-recorder.There is something wrong with my watch.2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。3) 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations准备工作.Ten yuan is enough.6.5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数1) 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。All is right. (一切顺利。)All are present.(所有人都到齐了。)2) 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience/ :dins /听众，观众, crew全体船员, crowd, class, company, committee（委员会）等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。His family isnt very large.他家不是一个大家庭。His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。Are there any police around?3)有些名词，如number, population, proportion部份,比例, majority（大多数）等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。A number of +名词复数+复数谓语动词。The number of +名词复数+单数谓语动词。A number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.6.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致1) 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.2) 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。Many a person has read the novel.许多人都读过这本书。More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。七、名词的句法功能 1名词作主语名词在句中作的句子成分很多，但作主语尤为重要，应注意以下几种情况：(1)一些以s结尾的名词。如：maths、physics、news是单数或不可数名词，在句中作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式；但trousers，shoes，glasses等为复数概念，它们在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但a (this)pair of名词复数时，其主语是a(this)pair，故谓语动词应用单数形式。如：Physics is a new subject in Grade Two.物理在初二是一门新科目。My glasses are red. 我的眼镜是红色的。A new pair of pants is on the bed.床上有一条新短裤。(2)表示时间、金钱、距离、价格等名词后加s作主语时，应视为一个整体，故谓语动词用单数形式。如：Twenty dollars is enough. 20美元足够了。Three months is a short time. 三个月很短。(3)family，class，police等作主语时，若表示整体概念，谓语动词用第三人称单数；当表示其中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Her family is moving to Liaoning next week.她家下周要搬到辽宁去。Her family are having supper now.她的家人正在吃晚饭。(4)the姓氏名词复数(后加s)表示“一家”或“夫妇”，在句中作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。如：The Greens are Americans.格林一家是美国人。(5)neither单数名词或neither of复数名词，在句中作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，如：Neither answer is right.两个答案都不对。Neither of the boys often goes to the zoo on Sundays.星期天两个男孩都不经常去动物园。(6)主语后跟with，except，together with，as well as等短语时，谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致，而不受这些短语的影响。如：Mr Li with his students is discussing the math problem.李老师和他的学生在讨论数学题。All the girls except Mary are drawing in the classroom.除了玛丽以外所有的女生都在教室里画画。(7)兼有双重身份的人作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。A writer and worker often gives us a talk on Sundays.一位工人作家经常在星期天给我们做报告。(8)主语和谓语的就近一致。就近一致即指谓语的人称和数与靠近它的那个主语保持一致。有下面几种情况：在there be 句型中或以here开头的句子中，谓语动词be应与后面的名词保持一致，当后面的名词不止一个时，be应和其最靠近的名词的人称和数保持一致。如：There are twentytwo boys and twenty girls in our class.我们班有22名男生和20名女生。There is a car and two jeeps behind the house.房子后有一辆小汽车和两辆吉普车。Here are two oranges and some milk.这里有两个橘子和一些牛奶。either.or.(或者或者)；neither.nor.(既不也不)；.or.(或者)；not only.but also.(不但而且)等平等结构，连接并列主语时谓语动词的人 称和数应和与之靠近的一个主语保持一致。如：Either you or he has to go shopping this afternoon.今天下午或者是你或者是他必须去购物。Neither he nor we are students now.他和我们现在都不是学生了。both.and.连接两个主语时，谓语用复数形式。如：Both he and she do well in English.他和她都擅长英语。八、名词专项训练题（一）1.( ) 1 She was very happy. She in the maths test.A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakesC. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake( ) 2 We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe( ) 3 _are_for cutting things.A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using( ) 4 What big_ the tiger has!A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave( ) 6 -Can we have some _?-Yes, please.A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear( ) 7 On the table there are five_.A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato2( ) 1 They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories( ) 2 He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad.A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news( ) 4 What_ lovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. an D. a3( ) 1 -Would you like_tea?-No, thanks. I have drunk two_.A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orangeC. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him _ to eat.A. two breads B. two piece of breadC. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads( ) 3 It really took him:_ to draw the nice horse.A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time( ) 4 I would like to have_.A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk IC. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks( ) 5 Can you give me _?A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea( ) 6 Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of( ) 7 John bought_for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes4( ) 1 -How many _ have you got on your farm?-Ive got five.A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken( ) 2 Some _ came to our school for a visit that day.A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies( ) 3 In the picture there are many_ and two.A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxesB. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs( ) 4 A group of_ will visit the museum tomorrow.A. Hungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American5( ) 1 This table is made of_.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir?-Id like_. !A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken( ) 3 Children should make_ for old people in a bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room6( ) 1 Tables are made of_.A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods( ) 2 I wonder why _ are so interested in action (武打片) films.A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples( ) 3I have read_ of the young writer.A. works B. work C. this works D. the works7( ) 1 Lets meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of_?A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples ParkC. the People Park D. Peoples Park( ) 2 _ Chinese people are _ hard working people.A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a( ) 3 How many were there in the street when the accident happened?A. policeman B. polices C. police D. peoples8( ) 1 If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller_.A. set B. one C. piece D. pair( ) 2 Last week I bought a TV_.A. pair . B. set C. piece D. block( ) 3 There is a of wood left on the ground.A. cup B. piece , C. box D. pair9( ) 1 There are sixty-seven_ in our school.A. womens teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher( ) 2 There are five_in our factory.A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers( ) 3 These _ were sent to the villages to help the farmers.A. women doctor B. women doctors C. woman doctors D. woman doctor10( ) 1 They write most of their_ in English.A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters( ) 2 We came to a _ at last .and went in.A. watch shop B. watches shop ,C. watching shop D. watchs shop( ) 3 This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. Its a_.A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop( ) 4 She broke a_while she was washing up.A. glass of wine B. glass for wine C. glass wine D. wine glass( ) 5 Ive forgotten both of the_.A. room numbers . B. rooms number C. rooms numbers D. room number111. September 10th is_in China.A. Teachers Day B. TeachersDay C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day( ) 2 -Is the broom under _ desk? -No, its under_.A. the teachers; my B. teachers; mine C. teachers; me D. the teachers; mine( ) 3 Excuse me, where is the_?A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms D. men rooms12( ) 1 The football under the bed is_.A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys( ) 2 This is my_dictionary.A. sister Mary B. sisters C. sister, Marys D. sisters Marys( ) 3 He went to _ shop to buy a shirt.A. a tailor B. the tailor C. a tailors D. the tailors( ) 4 Joan is_.A. Marys and Jack sister B. Mary and Jacks sisterC. Mary and Jack sister D. Marys and Jacks sister13( ) 1 In a few_ time, those mountains will be covered with trees.A. year B. years C. years D. years( ) 2 Its about _ walk from my house.A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes( ) 3 The post office is a bit far from here. Its about_.A. thirty minutess walk B. thirty minutes walkC. thirty minutes walk D. thirty minutes walk( ) 4 Half_ telephone calls are made in English.A. the world B. world C. the worlds D. worlds14( ) 1 _ face to the south.A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the roomC. The rooms windows D. The windows in room( ) 2 Please take two_.A. picture of the park B. pictures of the parkC. the pictures of a park D. picture of a park( ) 3 The workers are repairing_.A. the roof of the house B. a roof of the houseC. roof of the house D. this roof of house15( ) 1 Miss Smith is a friend of_.A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers( ) 2 This is a book of _.A. Tom B. Toms C. her D. him( ) 3 The post card is sent by _.A. a friend of my father B. a friend of my fathersC. my father friend D. my father friends16( ) 1 Sydney is a city of_.A. America B. Germany C. Australia D. Japan( ) 2 My father likes buying us _.A. cars B. flowers C. peasants D. presents( ) 3 In England, the last name is the _.A. full name B. family name C. middle name D. given name( ) 4 Mr Gao is a teacher. He works in a new_.A. shop B. school C. factory D. hospital17( ) 1 My father is a_. He works in a hospital.A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. soldier( ) 2 -Which animal lives only in China?-The_.A. tiger B. monkey C. panda D. elephant( ) 3 April come before_and after_.A. March; May B. May; MarchC. June; May D. March; February( ) 4 Which of the following is right?A. China has a large population. B. China has much population.C. China has many populations. D. China has a great deal of population.( ) 5 Please do like this. Fold the paper_ and cut along the fold.A. into pieces B. in half C. on halves D. to half( ) 6 You played the violin wonderfully. Will you please play another_?A. one B. game C. programme D. piece181.Two _ and three _are talking _.A.Englishman,German,Japaneses B. Englishmen,Germans,Japanese C. Englishmen,Germen,Japanese2.-Would you like some _? -Thank you,but I dont it.A.cakes B.bananas C.milk3. -Whose bicycles are these?-The red one is _ and the blue one belongs to _.A.Mary, Toms B.Marys,Tom C.Marys, Toms D.Mary, Tom参考答案：1. 1-7 C C B B B B C2. 1-4 C B C A3. 1-7 B C D A D D A4. 1-4 B A A C5. 1-3 D A A6. 1-3 A A D7. 1-3 A D C8. 1-3 D B B9. 1-3 B D B10. 1-5 B A C D A11. 1-3 B D A12. 1-4 D C C B13. 1-4 B B C C14. 1-3 B B A15. 1-3 A B B16. 1-4 C D B B17. 1-6 B C B A B D名词专项训练题（二）中考试题分析：1、Im not sure about the meaning of the word. Youd better look it up in a _.Aletter Bdictionary Cpostcard Dnotice解析：letter“书信”，dictionary“字典、词典”，postcard“卡片”，notice“布告”，根据题意“我不知道这个词语的意思，你最好查词典。”所以答案选B。2、Whats your job, Henry?Im a _. I work late. Im very busy when people go out to dinners.Awaiter Breporter Cteacher Dnurse3、_ mothers cant go to the meeting, beca