医学英语Chapter 6_Obesity Causes and Prevention

Chapter6,ObesityEpidemic:CausesandPrevention,VocabularyPreviewandExercise,Readthefollowingwordsandphrases,relatingthemtotheirChineseequivalents.,catastrophica.wagev.adaptivea.prescriptivea.gastrica.bypassn.morbida.obesea.,悲惨的，灾难的开展，进行适应的，适合的规定的，惯例的胃的旁路病态的过度肥胖的,trumpv.silov.pathophysiologica.segregatev.calorica.greedn.veritablea.adiponectinn.,超过，胜过引发病理生理的分离；实施种族隔离制度热（量）的，卡的贪心，贪婪真正的，名符其实的脂联素,resistinn.dampenv.angiotensinogenn.vasculara.constrictionn.cortisoln.triglyceriden.clogv.,抵抗素阻抑血管紧张素原脉管的，血管的，导管的压缩,收缩皮质(甾)醇，氢化可的松甘油三酸酯妨碍，障碍,thyroidn.shedv.inequityn.socioeconomicsn.lipidn.executev.havocn.undernourisheda.,甲状腺，甲状软骨流出，泻去不公平，不公正社会经济学类脂（化合）物实施，执行大破坏，浩劫营养不足的,strategicallyad.exertionn.sedentarya.winchn.casketn.,在战略上费力坐着的，（惯于）久坐的绞盘(美)棺材，骨灰盒,Fillintheblankofthefollowingsentenceswithasuitablewordinthegrid,changingitsformifnecessary.,1.Thisnaturaloilisagoodmoisturizer,butitsbesttouseproductscontainingoliveoilonlyonarmsandlegsastheymay_facialpores.2.Theearthquakemeasuring7.3ontheRichterscalecausedterrible_intheepicenter.,wagemorbidtrumpsegregateadaptivedampenclogprescriptiveshedexecutehavocsedentaryexertionobesegreed,clog,havoc,3.Thebadnewsthatthesportsmeetingwillbecalledoffduetotheloomingavianinfluenzaepidemic_theirspirits.4.Thisinformation,whichisveryvaluable,may_lightonthemystery.,wagemorbidtrumpsegregateadaptivedampenclogprescriptiveshedexecutehavocsedentaryexertionobesegreed,dampened,shed,5.Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwith_lifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoung.6.TheNorth_warontheSouth,forthereasonthatthesouthernstatessecededfromtheUnionandformedtheConfederacy.,wagemorbidtrumpsegregateadaptivedampenclogprescriptiveshedexecutehavocsedentaryexertionobesegreed,morbid,waged,7.Peoplewith_jobsgenerallyneedtoeatlessthanthoseinveryactiveoccupations.8.Ourdirectorsmakethedecisions,butitsthemanagerswhohaveto_them.,wagemorbidtrumpsegregateadaptivedampenclogprescriptiveshedexecutehavocsedentaryexertionobesegreed,sedentary,execute,9.Thedecreasedcapacityorcompleteinabilityofanorganism,anorgan,oraparttofunctionnormallyisbecauseofexcessivestimulationorprolonged_.10.Inbetweentheharvests,aseriesoftechnicalimprovementswasmade,including:_sewagefromprocesswaste-water.,wagemorbidtrumpsegregateadaptivedampenclogprescriptiveshedexecutehavocsedentaryexertionobesegreed,exertion,segregating,1._2._3._,Asking,ListeningandWatching,A.Writedownthreequestionsonthetopicwhichyoufindinterestingtoexplore.,B.Listentothepassage“ObesityandSocialTies”threetimesandfillineachblankwiththewordorsentencefromtheaudioclip.,ObesityandSocialTies,Whenonepersongainsweight,theirclosefriendsoftenfollow.Researchershavejust(1)_evidenceinastudythatsaysobesityappearsto(2)_throughsocialties.Butthefindingsmightalsoofferhope.Iffriendshelpmakeobesity(3)_,thentheymightalsobeinfluentialinlosingthefat.Theresearchersnotethat(4)_groupsarealreadyaneffectivetoolindealingwithothersociallyinfluencedproblems,like(5)_.,offered,spread,acceptable,support,alcoholism,ThefindingsappearedintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.Theresearchersusedinformation(6)_from12,000people.Theinformationwashighly(7)_.Therewasevencontactinformationforclosefriendsofthepeopleinthestudy.Theresearchersexaminedmorethan(8)_socialties.Theyfoundthatapersonschancesofbecoming(9)_overweightincreasedby57percentifafriendhadbecome,collected,detailed,40,000,severely,obese.Asisterorbrotherofapersonwhobecameobesehada40percentincreasedchanceofbecomingobese.The(10)_forawifeorhusbandwasalittlelessthanthat.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolwasaleadinvestigatorinthestudy.Hesays(11)_.Theresearchersalsoconsideredtheeffectof,risk,thereisadirectcausalrelationshipbetweenapersongettingfatandbeingfollowedinweightgainbyafriend,wherepeoplelivedinrelationtoeachother.JamesFowleroftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,wastheotherleadinvestigator.Hesays(12)_.Hesaysthestudydemonstratestheneedtoconsiderthatamajorpartofpeopleshealthistiedtotheirsocialconnections.Bothinvestigatorssay(13)_.,afriendwholivesafewhundredkilometersawayhasasmuchinfluenceasoneinthesameneighborhood,theirresearchshowsthatobesityisnotjustaprivatemedicalissue,butapublichealthproblem,C.Listentothepassage“MoveMore,EatBetter”onlyonceandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.,MoveMore,EatBetter,1.HowmanyAmericansareoverweightaccordingtotheCenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention?A.34millionAmericans.B.13percentofthepopulation.C.134millionsAmericans.D.20percentofthepopulation.,2.TheprogramSistersTogether:MoveMore,EatBetter.targets_.A.overweightadolescentgirlsunderage16B.AfricanAmericanwomenage20orgreaterC.womenwithdiabetesandkidneydiseasesD.HispanicAmericanwomenwithheartdiseases,3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasaconsequenceassociatedwithbeingoverweight?A.Coronaryheartdisease.B.Highcholesterol.C.Gallbladderdisease.D.Respiratorycomplications.,4.TheprogramconsistsofthefollowingbrochuresEXCEPT_.A.“Beingmorephysicallyactive”B.CelebratetheBeautyofYouthC.“FitandFabulousasYouMature”D.EnergizeYourselfandYourFamily,Key1.C2.B3.D.4.A,D.Watchavideoclip“JapansFatProblem”twiceanddecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrue(T)orfalse(F).,JapansFatProblem,_1.ThewesternizedlifestylecontributestotheJapanesepeoplesincreaseinbodyweight_2.TheJapanesegovernmentorderedabanonfattyfoods._3.JapanesegovernmentofficialsknowthatmostofJapanesearewillingtoexercisetokeepweight._4.Onecompanygivesagiftcertificatetoitsemployeeswhowalkamillionstepsamonth.,TFFT,_5.Anothercompanyhasexpertscheckitsemployeescaloriecharts._6.AmaintenancemanagerforaJapaneseairlinereducedhisweightandhighcholesterolthroughdietandexercise._7.AnancienttraditioninJapanisthatfatisnotgoodandslimnessisbeautiful.,TTF,Readanddiscuss“TheRealStoryBehindObesity”,focusingonthefollowingquestions:,TheRealStoryBehindObesity,1.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofthesolutionsbeingofferedinthewaronobesityinAmerica?2.How,accordingtotheauthor,shouldwethinkaboutobesity?3.Whatisthesignificanceofthediscoveryofthehormoneleptin?4.Whyisthefatcellsaidtobeaveritableendocrinefactory?5.Howisobesitydefined?,6.Whichgroupsofpeoplearemoreatriskforobesity?7.Whatmedicalconditionsareobeseindividualsmorelikelytohave?8.Whyshouldwetargetthemolecule,thecellandthepopulationmorethantheindividualtoaddressobesityproperly?9.Whatdoincreasedprosperityandtechnologicaladvancesmeanonapopulationlevel?10.Whatistherealstorybehindobesity?,ReadingComprehension,Completeeachstatementorgiveashortanswertoeachquestioninnomorethansixwordsaccordingtothearticle.,1.Accordingtotheauthor,thescienceofobesityis_.2.Thediscoveryof_providedresearchersandsocialscientistswithafreshlookatobesity.3.Anewwayofthinkingaboutobesityisthattheamountweeatiscontrolledinpartby_.,complexandinitsinfancy,thehormoneleptin,howmuchfatwehave,4.Thefatcellisaveritableendocrinefactoryinwhich_.5.Likeothersystemofthebody,fatcellscontinuallyabsorborreleasesubstancesinresponseto_.6.Fatcellsseemtobebetteradaptedto_.,muchactivityisconducted,thebodysenergyneeds,preservingcaloriesthansheddingthem,7.Thosewithabodymassindexof_aredefinedasbeingobese.8.Beingobesedoesntmeanyoureabadperson,butitactuallycontributesto_.9.Fatisanactiveorganworthyofasignificantscientificefforttouncover_.10.Therealstorybehindobesityis_weshouldfindanswersto.,greaterthan30,badhealth,itscomplexchemicalandbiologicalmysteries,aseriesofquestions,Readthefollowingpassageandchoosethebestanswertoeachcomprehensionquestion.,IsObesityADisease?,1.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasapartinvolvedinthedebateoverwhetherobesityisadisease?A.obeseAmericansB.advocacygroupsC.federalagenciesD.insurancecompanies,2.Proponentsadvocatethatobesityshouldbeclassifiedasadiseasebecause_.A.scientificunderstandinghasalwaysprovedthatobesityisadiscretemedicalcondition.B.obesityisadiseasewhichaffectshealthindependentlyandmoreprofoundlythanalcoholismdoes.C.officialclassificationofobesityasadiseasewouldhelpalcoholicsgettreatment.D.thereareeconomicandregulatoryhurdlestopreventionandtreatmentofobesity.,3.Opponentscontendthatclassifyingobesityasanailmentwould_.A.contributetoanincreaseinhighcholesterolorcigarettesmokingB.divertscarcemedicalresourcesanddistractpublichealtheffortsC.predisposemoreAmericanstolungcancerorheartdiseaseD.allowAmericanstooverlookthenecessarymedicationforobesity,4.Whatstancedotheinsurancecompaniestaketowardsofficialclassificationofobesityadisease?A.supportiveB.considerateC.resistingD.ambiguous,5.InAmericaobesityhaslongbeenregardedasallofthefollowingexcept_.A.apsychologicalproblemB.apersonalmoralfailingC.abehavioralproblemD.amajorpublichealthcrisis,6.Manymedicalauthoritiesconcludethatobesityisadiseasebecause_.A.itincreasesrisksformanydiseasesB.theresadisregulationofeatingC.thereisabnormalbloodsugarD.itisnotdistinctfromdiabetes,7.Othermedicalauthoritiesdisagreewithclassificationofobesityasadiseasemainlybecause_.A.highcholesterolisnotconsideredadiseaseB.obesityismainlycausedbyasedentarylifestyleC.anobeseindividualcanbehealthyifheisactiveD.smokingisalsoariskfactorformanyhealthproblems,8.ThedeclarationofobesityasadiseasebytheIRSin2002_.A.wasnotmadeofitsfreewillB.wouldnotbebeneficialtodoctorsC.preventedobesityfromworseningD.savedalotofmoneyforpatients,9.TheFDAscarefulreviewmayleadto_.A.thegrowingrecognitionofobesityasahealthcrisisB.arevisionoftheguidelinesfortestingdietdrugsC.themosteffectiveapproachforweight-losstherapiesD.anup-to-dateregulatoryprocessfortreatments,10.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesnotreflecttheadvocatesview?A.Obesityisnotapersonalfailingnorafailureofwillpower.B.Likeheartdisease,obesityisalsoamedicalcondition.C.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtoseekhelpforobesity.D.Thereisnodoubtthatobesityiswhateveryoubelieve.,Key1.A2.D3.B4.C5.B6.C7.C8.A9.B10.D,Choosethebestanswertocompletethepassage.,TreatmentsforObesity,Obesitycanbecomeachronic(慢性的)lifelongconditioncausedbyovereating,physicalinactivity,andevengeneticmakeup(组成).Nomatterwhatthecause,however,obesitycanbepreventedormanagedwitha_1_ofdiet,exercise,behaviormodification,andinseverecases,weight-lossmedicationsandsurgery.Themostcommonand_2_treatmentforobesityutilizesanutritionallybalanced,lowcaloriediet.,1.A.conditionB.combinationC.connectionD.cooperation2.A.progressiveB.aggressiveC.successiveD.conservative,Mosthealth-careprofessionalsandcommercialweight-lossprogramsrecommenddiets_3_of1,200to1,500caloriesperday,usuallyinthefollowingproportions:60percentcarbohydrate,30percentfat,and10percentprotein.Caloricrestrictionalonewillnotproducelong-termweightloss._4_thedatafromstudiesontheeffectofexerciseforshort-term,3.A.consistingB.consistedC.consistD.beingconsisted4.A.WhenB.SinceC.WhileD.Because,weightlossarecontradictory,research_5_indicatesthatregularexerciseisthesinglebestpredictorforachievinglong-termweightcontrol.Regularexercisewillalsoimprovesomeofthemedicalconditions_6_withobesity,includingelevatedbloodcholesterol,hypertension,anddiabetesmellitus.Arenewedscientificandcommercialinterestinweight-loss,5.A.clearlyB.mostlyC.brieflyD.accurately6.A.relatedB.associatedC.filledD.composed,medicationswaspromptedbythe_7_bytheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)oftheappetitesuppressant(抑制性的)dexfenfluramine(右芬氟拉明)in1996.Dexfenfluraminewasthefirstweight-lossmedicationapprovedintheUnitedStatesinover20yearsandthefirsteverapprovedfor_8_weightloss.,7.A.interventionB.agreementC.approvalD.proposal8.A.regainingB.retainingC.remainingD.maintaining,Overasix-monthperiod,weight-lossmedicationsmay_9_ina10-percentbodyweightreduction.Weightlossslowsorstopsaftersixmonths,anddiscontinuingmedicationusuallycausesweightregain.Manyexpertsrecommendthatmedicationsforweightcontrol_10_usedcontinuously,likemedicationsfordiabetesmellitusandhypertension.,9.A.resultB.repeatC.reduceD.regulate10.A.areB.mustbeC.havetobeD.be,Unfortunately,fewstudieshaveexaminedthe_11_oflong-termuseofweight-controlmedications.Surgerymaybeaweight-lossoptionforpatientswhoareseverelyobeseandsufferfromseriousmedicalconditions_12_weight.Therearetwoacceptedsurgicalproceduresforreducingbodyweight:gastroplasty(胃形成术)andgastricbypass(胃旁路术)._13_thesetwoproceduresusedifferentsurgical,11.A.prospectB.prognosisC.consequenceD.competence12.A.thankstoB.duetoC.contributingtoD.attributingto13.A.AlthoughB.UnlessC.WhateverD.When,methods,theybothreducethestomachtoapouch(小袋)thatissmallerthanachickensegg,drastically_14_theamountoffoodthatcanbeconsumedatonetime.Surgeryisnotwithoutriskandshouldbeperformedbyskilledsurgeonswhoalsoprovidepatients_15_acomprehensiveprogramforlong-termweightcontrol.,14.A.excludingB.removingC.expandingD.limiting15.A.aboutB.byC.withD.for,Key1.B2.D3.A4.C5.A6.B7.C8.D9.A10.D11.C12.B13.A14.D15.C,1.Howisobesitydefined?2.Whatriskfactorsareassociatedwithobesity?Arethereanygenderdifferencesincomplications?3.Whataretreatmentsforobesity?4.Preventionisbetterthancure.Whatisyouradviceonobesityprevention?5.Doyouthinkobesityshouldbeclassifiedasadisease?Whyorwhynot?,FurtherTopicsforDiscussionandOralPresentation,V.LanguagePractice,A.Word-buildingStudythePrefixes,SuffixesandRootsinthefollowinggrid,andthenprovidethecorrespondingwordbasedonword-buildingblocksandthegivendefinition.,Prefixestri-:three(三)Suffixes-ar:of,relatingto,orresembling(的，与有关的或相似的)-gen:producer(产生者)-ic:of,relatingto,orcharacterizedby(的，与有关的，具有特性的)-itis:inflammation(炎症),-or:onethatperformsaspecifiedaction(做某一种特定事情的人或物)-plasty:plasticsurgery(整形外科，外科修补术)Rootsangi(o)-:bloodvessel(血管)calor-:heat(热)gastr(o)-:stomach(胃),path(o)-:disease(疾病)physic(o)-:physical(身体的)vas(o)-:vessel(血管),1.Surgicalreconstructionofabloodvessel2.Aserumglobulinformedbytheliverthatiscleavedbyrenintoformangiotensin3.Oforrelatingtoheat4.Of,relatingto,orassociatedwiththestomach5.Chronicoracuteinflammationofthestomach,angioplastyangiotensinogencaloricgastricgastritis,6.Anagentthatcausesdisease,especiallyalivingmicroorganismsuchasabacteriumorfungus7.Pertainingtothescientificstudyofthefunctionalchangesassociatedwithorresultingfromdiseaseorinjury8.Anaturallyoccurringesterofthreefattyacidsandglycerol,pathogenpathophysiologictriglyceride,9.Of,characterizedby,orcontainingvessels10.something,suchasanerveordrug,thatcausesvasodilation,vascularvasodilator,C.CompleteeachofthefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChineseintoEnglish,usingthewordsandphrasesinthegrid.,1.ThanksgivingintheUnitedStatesis_(一部分是宗教的节日，一部分是狂欢的节日).2.Shesbeenalwaysrudetohim,but_(那是最无法忍受的事)whenshestartedinsultinghismother.,setoffinresponsetothelaststrawinpartcontributetoconverttoadapttoaddfueltoatrisktodate,inpartareligiousfestival,andinpartagaladay,itwasthelaststraw,3._(我想黎明出发)inordertoavoidthetraffic.4.Peopleastheygrowolderoften_(转向新的思维方式).,setoffinresponsetothelaststrawinpartcontributetoconverttoadapttoaddfueltoatrisktodate,Iwantedtosetoffatdawn,converttonewwaysofthinking,5._(明白事理的人使自己适应世界);theunreasonableonepersistsintryingtoadapttheworldtohimself.6.Thedoctortoldthefamilyofthepatientthat_(到现在为止还没有好转)intheconditionofthepatient.,setoffinresponsetothelaststrawinpartcontributetoconverttoadapttoaddfueltoatrisktodate,Thereasonablemanadaptshimselftotheworld,todatetherehadnoimprovement,7.Thediseaseisspreading,and_(所有五岁以下的小孩都有被传染的危险).8.Ampleevidenceexiststoprovethat_(遗传因素在很大程度上导致酗酒).,setoffinresponsetothelaststrawinpartcontributetoconverttoadapttoaddfueltoatrisktodate,allchildrenunder5areatrisk,hereditaryfact