ch1(PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION)_1

Chapter1PRINCIPLESOFCOMPUTERORGANIZATION,海南师范大学计算机系吴丽华lihuawu6313518847606,Contents,1.1ComputerHardware1.2ComputerCodes1.3WhatisaProcessor1.4MemorySystems1.5Input/OutputSystem1.6BusesandControllers,1.1ComputerHardware,Newwordsandexpressions(1):computer计算机diverse不同的，变化多的microwaveoven微波炉hardware硬件software软件blockdiagram结构图，简图component组件,physical物理的medium中间的，中等的mainframe大型机cabinet机柜briefcase公文包minicomputer小型机microcomputer微型机,Newwordsandexpressions(2):,metric公制的prefix前缀microsecond物理的significantfigure有效数（字）approximation近似值e.q:Themetricsystem公制Signify表示，意味着，有重要性Signify、significant、significance意义，重要,Newwordsandexpressions(3):,computersystem计算机系统informationprocessing信息处理general-purposemachine通用机special-purposemachine专用机inputdevice输入设备outputdevice输出设备mainmemory主存储器CentralProcessingUnit中央处理器,Technicalterms(1):,informationflow信息流bus总线configuration配置physical物理的instruction指令setofinstructions指令集program程序,Technicalterms(2):,CPU(CentralProcessingUnit)I/Odevices(Input/Outputdevices)giga-(G)mega-(M)kilo-(K),Abbreviations:,Computersystemsconsistofhardwareandsoftware.Hardwareisthephysicalpartofthesystem.Softwareisthesetofprogramsthatinstructthehardwareandiseasiertomodifythanhardware.,Content(1):,Thefunctionofacomputersystem.,Everycomputerhasfourbasichardwarecomponents:InputdevicesOutputdevicesMainmemoryCentralProcessingUnit,Content(2):,TheFourcomponentsofacomputersystem.,Computerhardwareisoftenclassifiedbyitsrelativephysicalsize:SmallmicrocomputerMediumminicomputerLargemainframeCentralProcessingUnit,Content(3):,Generallyspeaking,userswantafastCPUandlargeamountsofstorage,butaphysicallysmallmachinefortheI/Odevicesandmainmemory.,Content(4):,1.2ComputerCodes,Newwords(1):capacity容量string字符串digit数字binary二进制decimal十进制code代码，编码alphanumeric包括字母数字的,capitalletter大写字母lower-caseletter小写字母punctuationmark标点符号arrangement排列vendor供货商infallible没有错误的humidity湿度，潮湿odd奇数的even偶数的,Newwords(2):,character字符binarynumberingsystem二进制编码系统Codingscheme编码方案BinaryCodedDecimal二进制编码的十进制方案AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange美国信息交换用标准代码,Technicalterms(1):,ExtendedBinaryCodedDecimalInterchange扩展的二-十进制交换码checkbit检查位paritybit(奇偶)校验位even-parity偶校验odd-parity奇校验paritychecking奇偶校验codingerror编码错误,Technicalterms(2):,Althoughthecapacityoftheirstoragelocationscanvary,everycomputerstoresnumbers,letters,andothercharactersinacodedform.Everycharacterinstorageisrepresentedbyastringof0sand1stheonlydigitsfoundinthebinarynumberingsystem.Mostcomputersuseacodedversionoftruebinarytorepresentdecimalnumbers.,Content(1):,Althoughmanycodingschemeshavebeendevelopedovertheyears,themostpopularoftheseuseabinarycodeddecimal(BCD)approach.ThemostpopularcodeusedtorepresentdatainternallyinpersonalcomputerisASCII.DetectingCodedErrors.,Content(2):,1.3WhatisaProcessor,Newwordsandexpressions(1):processor处理器interpret解释carryout执行step-by-step按部就班的awesome可怕的，惊人的timer定时器electricalsignal电信号,pulse脉冲megahertz兆赫兹tick滴答声workspace工作空间supervise监督，管理，指导analogous类似的，相似的logical逻辑的computational计算的,Newwordsandexpressions(2):,functionalunit功能部件instructionset指令集，指令系统machineinstruction机器指令machinelanguage机器语言high-levelprogramminglanguage高级编程语言,Technicalterms(1):,clock时钟electricsignal电信号electricalengineering电子工程address地址controlunit控制部件arithmetic/logicunit算术/逻辑部件register寄存器,Technicalterms(2):,storagelocation存储单元wordsize字长wordlength字长operation操作码operand操作数,Technicalterms(3):,Aprocessorisafunctionalunitthatinterpretsandcarriesoutinstructions.EveryprocessorcomeswithauniquesetofoperationssuchasADD,STORE,orLOADthatrepresenttheprocessorsinstructionset.Aninstructionismadeupofoperationsthatspecifythefunctiontobeperformedandoperandsthatrepresentthedatatobeoperatedon.,Content(1):,Aprocessoriscomposedoftwofunctionalunit-acontrolunitandanarithmetic/logicunit-andasetofspecialworkspacescalledregisters.1.Thecontrolunitisafunctionalunitthatisresponsibleforsupervisingtheoperationoftheentirecomputersystem.2.Thearithmeticandlogicunitisthefunctionalunitthatprovidesthecomputerwithlogicalandcomputationalcapabilities.3.Aregisterisastoragelocationinsidetheprocessor.,Content(2):,Animportantfactorthataffectsthespeedandperformanceofaprocessoristhesizeoftheregisters.,Content(3):,1.4MemorySystems,Newwords(1):desiderata需求constraint约束，强制latency等待时间mutually互相地，互助exclusive排斥的semiconductor半导体forexample.mutualunderstandingourmutualfriendsSmith,hierarchy层次，层级bandwidth带宽vacant空的，空白的volatile易失性的，不稳定的nonpermanent非永久性的built-in内置的，固有的,Newwords(2):,dataset数据集magneticmemorytechnology磁存储技术hierarchicalmemory存储器层次结构cache高速缓存(隐藏所)realmemory实存储器mainmemory主存储器,Technicalterms(1):,magneticdisk磁盘program-managed程序管理的pagedvirtualmemory页式虚拟内存instruction指令pageframe(frame)页帧addressspace地址空间allocationofspaces存贮空间DynamicRAM(DRAM)动态随机存储器virtual,virtually实际上的，实际上的,Technicalterms(2):,page页block块interface接口Random-AccessMemory随机访问存储器thecontrolunit控制部件Read-OnlyMemory只读存储器Hard-wired硬连接Boot引导startup启动,Technicalterms(3):,diskdrive磁盘驱动器floppydisk（diskette）软磁盘writeonce,readmany一次写多次读(WORM)CompactDiskROM只读光盘(CD-ROM)magnetictape磁带Chip芯片,Technicalterms(4):,Random-AccessMemory(RAM)DynamicRAM(DRAM)Read-OnlyMemory(ROM)writeonce,readmany(WORM)CompactDiskROM(CD-ROM),Abbreviations:,Thememorysystemhasthreedesiderata:(1)Size：infinitelylarge(2)Speed:infinitelyfast(3)Cost:lowest-cost,Content(1):,Tocompareapracticalmemoryandanidealmemory.,Hierarchicalmemory,Content(2):,FastSmallHighCost,SlowVeryLargeVeryLowCost,Thememorysystemhasahierarchyoflevels:Thememoryclosesttotheprocessorisfastandrelativelysmall,buthasahighcostperbit.Thisleveliscalledthecache;Therealmemory,sometimesknownasmainmemory,isslower,larger,andhasalowercostperbitthanthecache;Thelowestlevelinthehierarchyisusuallyamagneticdiskthathasthelongestlatencyandthelowestbandwidth;however,itcanbeverylargeandhasaverylowcostperbit.,Content(2):,PagedVirtualMemoryPagedvirtualmemoryprovidesthesolutiontothefirstdesideratumofaverylargememorysbeingavailabletotheprocessor.Withthevirtualmemory,theprocessoraddressesthedisk,thelarge,slowendofthehierarchy.Wheninformationismovedbetweenvirtual-memoryspaceandreal-memoryspace,acompletepageismoved.,Content(3):,Pageallocationandaddresstranslation,Processor,RealMemory,VirtualMemory,CachesFormodernprocessorsthecacheusuallyhasalatencyofoneprocessorclock,sothatinstructionsanddatamaybefetchedwithoutdelayexceptwhenthereferenceditemisnotinthecache.,Content(4):,Realmemoryandcacheallocation,RealMemory,VirtualMemory,cache,Memorydevices(1)Random-AccessMemory(2)Read-OnlyMemory(3)MagneticDisks(4)CD-ROMs(5)MagneticTape,Content(5):,1.5Input/OutputSystem,Newwords(1):facilities便利，设备,设施diverse不同的，变化多的sink沉下，下沉autonomous自治的interactive交互式的Source源Destination目标，目的facility灵巧，熟练facilities设备,设施pubichealthfacilities,Newwords(2):,participation共享，参与bypass忽略，旁路thermometer温度计，体温计Argument参数，参量,latency等待时间bandwidth带宽modem调制解调器harddisk磁盘，硬盘codeconversion代码转换programmedI/O程序控制I/OcoprocessorI/O协处理器I/Omemory-mappedI/O存储器映射I/OForexample:modulate调制,调整，调节(声音)demodulate解调,Technicalterms(1):,interrupt中断path通路，路径multiprocessor多处理器synchronization同步化coherency相关，相干DirectMemoryAccess直接存储器存取channel通道，信道Input/Outputsystem输入/输出系统Memory-addressspace内存地址空间,Technicalterms(2):,buffering缓冲accumulator累加器peripheral外围，外围设备patternofbits位模式load装入，加载Store存入，存贮Hardware-oriented面向硬件Software-oriented面向软件Object-oriented面向对象,Technicalterms(3):,Input/Output(I/O)DirectMemoryAccess(DMA)Harddisk(HD)Read/Write(R/W)读/写操作,Abbreviations:,TheI/OsystemprovidesthesestoragefacilitiesbyconnectingtheprocessorsmemorytotheI/Odevices.Thesedevicesvarywidelyinlatencyandbandwidth;thus,amajorfunctionoftheI/Osystemistomatchtheirlatenciesandbandwidthstothatofthememorysystem.I/Odevicesconsistofsuchdiverseitemsaskeyboards,modems,andharddisks.,Content(1):,ThemajortasksoftheI/Osystemarethefollowing:ToestablishtheconnectionbetweenthememoryandtheI/Odevices;Tosynchronizeandmanagethecontrolofthedatatransfer;Toprovidebufferingwhenthesourceandsinkbandwidthsandlatenciesdiffer;Toperformcodeconversionsifrequired;Tointerrupttheprocessorwhenrequired;Toterminatetheoperationwhenitiscompleted.,Content(2):,Controlincludesseveralcategoriesasfollowing:ProgrammedI/OMemory-MappedI/OInterruptI/OCoprocessorI/O,Content(3):,I/ORegisters,1.ProgrammedI/OProgrammedI/O,alsoknownasdirectI/O,isaccomplishedbyaprogramexecutingontheprocessoritselftocontroltheI/Ooperationsandtransferthedata.,.thatareaddressedbyspecialmoveinstruction.,Processor,I/ODevices,Memory,Data,control,Data,Inst.,2.Memory-MappedI/OMemory-MappedI/OisanotherformofProgrammedI/Othatmapsthedeviceconnectionstobitsinthememoryaddressspace.Anoutputcommandisanormalstoreinstruction.Aninputcommandisanormalloadinstruction.,Example:TheIntelPenetiumProMemory-MappedI/OAllocation.,FFFFFFFFH,00000000H,3.InterruptI/OTheprocessorsendsacommandtothedevice,tostartitsoperation.Aftertherequestismadetothedevice,theprocessorreturnstothemainprogram.Whenthedeviceisreadytotransfer,thedevicesendsaninterruptsignaltotheprocessorandtheprocessorservicestheinterruptandperformsthedatatransfer.,interruptsignal,ProgrammedI/Opaths,4.CoprocessorI/OTherearetwotypesofthesecoprocessors;programmedI/Ochannelanddirectmemoryaccess(DMA).,coprocessor,data,Controlandstatus,I/Odevices:Interactiveinput,suchasmouse,trackball,thetouchscreen,etc.Directinput,suchasscanning,voiceinput,andsensorinput.Speechrecognition.Sensorinput.Displayoutput,suchasamonitor.Printersfordocumentoutputs,suchasprintersandplotters.,Content(4):,1.6BusesandController,Newwords:unidirectional单向的，单向性的grant同意，准予，承认limitation限制，局限性Taxonomy分类法，分类学(动植物)arbitration仲裁，公断dedicated（line）专用线dedicate奉献；献身Whereas而，却，反之,bus总线synchronous同步的asynchronous异步的decentralized分散式（的）distributed分布式（的）priority优先级(优先权)daisychain菊花链polling轮询,Technicalterms(1):,clock时钟，同步PeripheralComponentInterconnect(PCI)外围部件互连（总线）adapter适配器timing定时，同步chip芯片DynamicRAM动态随机存储器tightcoupling紧密耦合coupling连接，连接器,Technicalterms(2):,Abbreviations:,PeripheralComponentInterconnect(PCI)DynamicRAM(DRAM),Mostmoderncomputersuseabus,orbuses,for