英语翻译的基本常识解析.doc

精品文档翻译的基本知识一、翻译的定义奈达： Translation consists in reproducing in the receptorlanguage the closest natural equivalent of the sourcelanguage message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Eugene A. Nida二、翻译的标准奈达： The receptors of a translation should comprehend the translated text to such an extent that they can understand how the original receptor must have understood the original text. Eugene A. Nida Eugene A. Nida (November 11, 1914 August 25, 2011) was the developer of the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory.四、翻译的方法1 . 直译（Literal translation）例子： C.O.D. (cash on delivery) 货到付现 blue chip 蓝筹股 一箭双雕 hit two hawks with one arrow意译（Free translation）例子： WPA 水渍 blue chip 绩优股 一箭双雕 kill two birds with one stone 一、广告的定义 Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identifiedsponsors through the various media. American Marketing Association 二、广告的分类1. 理性广告（ Rational ads）情感广告（Emotional ads）三、广告的组成部分1. Headline Subhead Text (body) Logo sloganIm lovin it! （麦当劳） 我就喜欢！Good to the last drop. （Maxwell coffee）滴滴香浓， 意犹未尽。Just do it. （耐克运动鞋）只管去做。We lead, others copy. （Ricoh 复印机）我们领先，别人模仿。Minolta, finest to put you finest. （美能达相机）第一流的美能达， 第一流的你。Im More satisfied. （摩尔香烟）摩尔香烟，令我更爱。Have a Break. Have a Kit-Kat. （奇巧巧克力）轻松一刻， 奇巧时刻。Its finger-licking good. 吮指回味，其乐无穷。（肯德基）Let us make things better. 让我们做得更好。（飞利浦）To lighten the burden of womankind. 我们为女人减负。（水晶洗衣机）The un-cola, 7-up. 非可乐七喜。You are not fully clean until youre Zestfully clean.干净？ 用激爽。 （激爽， 沐浴产品）Go well, go Shell. 使用壳牌汽油， 保您一路不愁。Born to run. 天生奔驰。The world leader in oral care. （高露洁）口腔护理， 引领世界。Originality-Integrity-Innovation. （Levis）独特完美创新。Small. Smart. Smile.Pentax: See the difference.小巧。 灵便。微笑。宾得相机：不一样， 就是不一样。No problems too large. No business too small. （IBM）没有解决不了的大问题，没有不做的小生意。We take no pride and prejudice. （Time 杂志）傲慢与偏见， 均与我们无缘。汉英句子的结构差异与翻译一、汉英句子的结构差异英语是形合型（hypotaxis）语言汉语是意合型（parataxis）语言“西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”英语句子结构是语法的，汉语句子结构是语义的。英语句子的基本结构是SV(O)。2 . 英语多采用静态， 汉语多采用动态例1： The meeting was a success. 会开得很成功。例2： We are short of hands. 我们正缺人手。英语被动句多于汉语例1： A few years ago, it was thought unusual that programs could be called up by viewers to be displayed on their screens at home.几年前， 人们还以为， 观众打电话要求例2： She was asked about 10 questions during the interview. 面试时问了她十来个问题。4 . 英语多复合长句，汉语多简单短句。例： I took it for granted that there would be plenty of graduates in the area who would be willing to work for a joint-venture like ours. 我想当然地以为， 这地区会有大量的大学毕业生， 愿意为我们这样一家合资企业工作。5. 英语多头轻脚重（孔雀尾）， 汉语多头重脚轻 （狮子头）例：揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看， 号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条， 这就是五四运动的一个极大功绩。 A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them.6 . 英语重时态，汉语轻时态。例：What are you doing? What were you doing at this time yesterday? 你在干什么？ 昨天这个时候， 你在干什么？7. 英语常用间接肯定与否定，汉语常用直接肯定与否定。例1：I cant agree with you more. 我非常赞同你的意见。例2：We found the quality of the goods below the standard. 我们发现这些产品的质量没有达标。8 . 英语多用代词，汉语少用代词。例：He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others. 他讨厌失败。 他一生中曾战胜失败、超越失败， 并且藐视别人的失败。三、企业名称的翻译1. 音译法例：ASEM China Co., Ltd. 阿塞姆洁具贸易（中国）有限公司 Ford Motor Company 福特汽车公司 Bayer China Co., Ltd. 拜耳中国有限公司 Dow Corning (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 道康宁（上海）有限公司 William Grant & Sons Ltd. 威廉格兰特父子有限公司 Midland Bank 英国米兰银行2. 直译法例：Gulf Oil Corporation 海湾石油有限公司 Nippon Electric Company 日本电气公司 International Business Machines Corporation 国际商用机器公司3. 历史沿用法例： First National City Bank 花旗银行 Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation 汇丰银行 Imperial Chemical Industries 卜内门化工公司3. 音义结合法例：EasyJet 易捷航空公司 Goodyear Tire & Rubber 固特异轮胎橡胶公司 Benz 奔驰 P&G 宝洁公司 直接引用法例： A. O. Smith A O 史密斯公司IBM (China) IBM （中国）一、英语成语翻译技巧借用法例1：Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs得寸进尺例2：Give him an inch and hell take an ell杀鸡取卵例3： a rat in a hole瓮中之鳖直译法例1：to show ones cards put / lay (ones) cards on the table摊牌 例2： at a snails pace 蜗牛般的速度例3：like a fish out of water 如鱼离水例4： in one ear and out the other 左耳进，右耳出例4： strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁3. 意译法例1：by hook or by crook不择手段 例2： as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗 3：wolf in sheeps clothing 披着羊皮的狼 例4： put all ones eggs in one basket 孤注一掷汉语联合式四字成语的英译方法（1）同义词交叉搭配的成语 通常只需译出其中一组的意思。例如：兵荒马乱turmoil of war愁眉苦脸 gloomy face（2）反义词交叉搭配的成语通常前后两部分都要译出。例如：貌合神离 appear united outwardly but divided at heart 深入浅出 explain the profound in simple terms（3）同义词和反义词搭配的成语有时只需译出一个部分， 有时需要将前后两个部分都译出。例如：冷嘲热讽 be ironical 温故知新gain new insights through reviewing old material（4）四字分两组重叠式的成语只需意译。例如：马马虎虎 carelessly勤勤恳恳 diligently（5）四字分两组正反式成语只需意译。例如：悲欢离合 sorrow and joy, be near and apart 古今中外 anytime and anywhere1. 音译法例：Philips 飞利浦 Fanta 芬达 Elizabeth Arden 伊丽莎白雅顿 省音译法例： McDonalds 麦当劳 Budweiser 百威谐音译法例： OMO 奥妙Benz 平治4. 直译法例：Crocodile 鳄鱼 Camel 骆驼 Arrow 箭牌自创法例： Duracell 金霸王 Neutrogena 露得清 Rejoice 飘柔不译例： LG NEC3MDirections: Remove cap. Spray it on the surface of the object and wipe with clean paper towel or dry cloth.Caution: In case of eye contact, clean your eyes with water. If swallowed, drink plenty of water and consult physician immediately.例1：If you want to interrupt recording, you should press Pause.例2：Should you encounter any problems during the installation of this fax machine, please refer to the trouble-shooting guide before calling the service center.频繁使用被动语态例1：Additional information can be found in the electronic users manual which is located on the CD-ROM.例2：The fan belt tension should be checked regularly.例3：This product can be used in hot water or steam line with the temperature limited to 225C.例1：Tupperware cups have many series, each having its own designer.大量使用独立分词结构例2：Test the effect of the two speakers with both turned to the largest volume.例3：This phenomenon of howling is caused by the microphone picking up the sound output from the speaker.大量使用动词不定式例1：To prevent this, first decrease the volume, then place the microphone so that it is not pointed to the speaker and that there is sufficient distance between the microphone and the speaker.例2：For a transistor to work properly, it is necessary to apply proper voltages to its electrodes.商品说明书翻译练习1. Twice a week it will make the skin even, white and elastic.2. Apply a small amount to the face and gently massage with circular movement until absorbed. Use after cleaning in the morning and evening or whenever necessary.3. If the cigarette lighter fails to come back to its normal position automatically in 18 seconds, it means it may have something wrong, and must be put back to its normal position manually.3. The drug should not be administered to patients with known hypersensitivity to penicillin.一、 商务英语中数词的互译1. 实指例： The first phase of domestic air freight village, which covers an area of about 40,000 square meters, has a yearly handling capacity of 500,000 tons.译文： 国内航空货运站第一期占地约4万平方米， 年吞吐量达 50 万吨。一、 商务英语中数词的互译虚指（1）等值翻译例1：Two is company, three is none.译文： 两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。例2： We need to figure out a method to settle these technical problems once and for all.译文： 我们必须想办法一劳永逸地解决这些技术问题。（2）不等值翻译例1：Two heads are better than one.译文： 三个臭皮匠， 顶个诸葛亮。例2： We have just moved into the new office and everything is at sixes and sevens. 译文： 我们刚搬进新办公室，因此东西都是乱七八糟的。例3： Once bitten, twice shy.译文： 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。例4：The economic recession has put our new business behind the eight ball. 译文： 经济不景气使我们的新业务处于很不利的处境。例5： We will think twice before we sign that contract.译文： 在签署那份合同之前， 我们会三思而行。例6： 我们都是来自五湖四海。译文： We are from all corners of the country. 二、 商务英语中量词的互译增加量词 例1：Would you please provide a receipt for us.译文： 能否请你们给我们开一张收据?例2：To our dismay, we find three computer screens got broken during shipment.译文： 使我们失望的是, 我们发现三台电脑显示屏在运输途中破裂。选择量词 例1：We would like to order 500 pairs of pliers with the article no. of H846.译文： 我们想订购500把货号为H846的钳子。例2：The price quoted is for quantities smaller than 5 metric tons. For orders of larger-than-5-ton quantities, we offer a 3% discount.译文： 所报价格适用于5公吨以下的订货量。 若订货量超过5公吨， 我们给予3%的折扣。二、 商务英语中倍数的互译倍数增加例1：Our total output of chemical fertilizer this year is approximately three times as great as that of last year.译文： 我们今年的化肥产量大约相当于去年的三倍。例2：The warehouse under construction is five folds as large as the old one.译文： 正在建造的仓库的大小是旧仓库的五倍。例3：The registered capital of the pharmaceutical company reached one billion yuan, 4 times the number that we had expected.译文： 该药物公司的注册资本达十亿元人民币， 比我们与其的高了三倍。例4：The total sales volume in the first quarter rose by 11.2%, compared with the same period of last year.译文： 和去年同期相比，今年第一季度的销售总额增长了11.2% 。例5：The total government revenue reached 5.13 trillion yuan in 2007, a 171% increase over 2002.译文： 全国财政收入在2007年达到5.13万亿元人民币，比2002年增长171% 。例6： The rate of Vitamin D in the product has increased by a factor of ten due to the use of new technology in manufacturing.译文： 因为使用了新的生产技术，该产品中维生素D的含量增长了9倍。例7：We plan to quadruple our business in your country in the next two years.译文： 我们计划在下面的两年中，将我们在贵国的业务扩大3倍。例8：The production costs tripled over the last three years.译文：生产成本在过去三年中翻了两番。例9： Our profits have trebled in the last two years.译文： 最近两年我们的利润翻了两番。倍数减少例1：The global revenue of this series of products declined by 21.5% to 19.4 million USD from last quarter.译文： 这一系列产品的全球收入比季度下降了21.5%， 达到1940万美元。例2：The principal advantage of the innovation is a three fold reduction in production cost.译文： 这一革新的主要优点是生产成本下降了四分之三。例3：The personnel expenditure has decreased by a factor of three as against that of 2008.译文： 今年人力资源开支比2008年降低了2/3。公司名称的翻译Accountants会计师事务所agency / agents代理公司 Associates联合公司Branch (office / company)分公司Communications通信公司Consultancy / consultants咨询公司 / 顾问公司 Electronics 电子有限公司 Group集团公司Head office总公司Holdings控股公司Industries实业公司Laboratories制药公司Leasing出租公司Networks网络公司Operator 运营公司Pharmaceuticals制药公司Telecommunications电讯公司公司内部部门名称的翻译Account Dept. 客户部 Accounting dept.财务部Administration dept.行政管理部 Advertising dept.广告部Board of directors董事会Customer service dept.客户服务部 Dispatch dept.配送部 / 发货部Export dept.出口部 Human Resource Dept.人力资源部Logistics dept. 物流部marketing dept.市场部Overseas dept.国际部Personnel dept.人事部Product development dept.产品开发部Production dept. 生产部Public relations dept.公共关系部Purchasing dept.采购部Quality control dept.质检部Research and development dept. / R&D dept.研发部Sales dept.销售部 Training dept.培训部名片上通讯地址的缩写符号的翻译Ave. = avenue blvd = boulevard Bldg = building Corp. = corporation Dept. = department Rd. = road St. = street职务、头衔与学衔的翻译accountant 会计师advisor调研员inspector巡视员agronomist农艺师architect建筑师assistant to president总裁助理chief engineer总工程师chief executive officer首席执行官chief finance officer 财务总监chief information officer 信息总监 / 资讯主管 chief operating officer首席运营官executive director执行董事executive secretary行政秘书deputy general manager副总经理factory director厂长managing director / board chairman董事长office administrator行政秘书research fellow研究员sales executive 销售部经理secretary general秘书长section chief科长senior economist高级经济师standing director常务理事vice president副总裁翻译练习： 去年， 我公司在国内的该类项目的投标取得了接二连三的胜利。 每箱货物都装好了， 正等待装船。 如果贵方的第一批货物令人满意， 随后将有大批续订。 贵方每多销售10架钢琴， 我方将给你方加0.2%的佣金。一、 英汉互译中主语的翻译方法 例1：A businessman of today handles more business in a day than a businessman of 1960s could have handled in a month.译文： 今天一位商人一天内所处理的业务比上世纪60年代一位商人一个月能处理的还要多。例2： That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.译文： 众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。例3： I have been wondering about something and would like to consult you about it.译文： 有件事我一直很纳闷， 想咨询一下你。例4： 这件事你不用操心。 (topic + comments)译文：You dont need to worry about this. (subject + predicate)例5： This old auditorium has witnessed many ceremonies. 译文： 曾经有过许许多多的仪式在这个礼堂里举行。例6： The year 2004 witnessed the 100th anniversary of that prestigious university.译文： 2004年那所蜚声海内外的大学举行了百年校庆。例7： He was visited by a bizarre thought. 译文： 一个奇怪的念头闪过他的脑际。二、 英汉互译中的增词法和减词法 1. 增词法例1：While insurance may be arranged by the exporter, the importer is the rightful owner; consequently, claims are usually made by the importer, after discovering a loss.译文：虽然可能由出口商来投保， 但进口商是合法的拥有者。 因此， 发现损失之后， 通常是由进口商提出索赔例2： After the exhibition, the banquet, the delegates will return to the hotel.译文： 参观展览、出席宴会之后， 代表们将回到酒店休息。例3： Although it spent nearly $2 billion last year advertising its various brands around the globe, Coke saw its share of the critical U.S. cola market decline.译文： 尽管去年斥资20亿美元在全球为其各种品牌做广告，可口可乐公司还是眼看着自己在重要的美国可乐市场上的份额下降。例4：Although Basis cleans thoroughly, dissolving dirt and makeup deep in the pores of your skin, its very, very gentle.译文：Basis 可以彻底清洁肌肤，清除残留在肌肤深层的污垢和化妆品， 但它非常柔和， 毫不刺激皮肤。例5：Packing is designed not only as a form of protection, but also a form to facilitate handling, storage, to prevent pilferage and, more importantly, to help promote the sales.译文： 包装不仅仅是为了保护商品，也是为了便利搬运和库存、防止盗窃， 更重要的是，有助于促销。例6：More thorough testing might have caught the failure initially.译文：如果测试更为彻底， 也许一开始就能找出故障。例7： Please read carefully before signing.译文： 签名前请仔细阅读内容。例8：A new type of aircraft - small, cheap, pilotless - is attracting increasing attention.译文： 一种新型的飞机正越来越吸引人们的注意此飞机体积小、价格低、无人驾驶。 例9：After all preparations had been made, the meeting began.译文：一切准备工作就绪后，会议开始了。例10：The board of directors discussed my suggestions and supported most of them.译文： 董事会讨论了我的各项建议， 对其中多数表示支持。例11： Inflation was and still is a major problem of the country.译文 ： 通货膨胀过去是、现在也仍然是该国的一个主要问题。例12：Newsmen were flying off to Atlanta for the Atlanta 500.译文：记者纷纷飞到亚特兰大去报道500英里汽车大奖赛。例13： Morgan Stanley译文： 摩根斯坦利证券公司2. 减词法例1：I hope you will enjoy your stay here.译文：希望您在这儿过得愉快。例2： If I had known it, I would not have come here.译文： 早知如此， 我就不来了。例3： The crisis, however, proved short-lived.译文： 然而这次危机为时并不长。一、用词特点（1）大量使用专有名词例1： At the age of 37, already a star on the American business scene (he was president of HJ Heinz company, then one of the biggest food companies on the planet), Tony OReilly had taken his first step into the media world by buying control of the Irish Independent, a staid and down-at-heel newspaper based in his native Dublin.例2： In any case, China is far less influential as a consumer than as a producer. At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, in January, Bank of China Group Executive Vice-President Zhu Min told Business Week Editor-in-Chief Stephen J. Adler in a panel discussion that even rapid growth in Chinese consumption cant make up for weaker spending in the U.S., the worlds No. 1 shopper.译文： 无论从哪方面来看，中国作为消费国的地位和影响力远不及其作为生产国的地位和影响力。 今年1月在瑞士达沃斯举办的世界经济论坛上， 中国银行集团副行长朱民在一词小组讨论中告诉商业周刊总编斯蒂芬阿德勒， 就算中国消费快速增长， 也难以弥补作为世界第一消费国的美国所留下的消费缺口。（2）大量使用数据例1：1998年， 中国政府向贷款银行注入了2700亿人民币， 即326亿美元的资金， 来充实银行资本。 一年后， 中国成立了四家资产管理公司， 从银行剥离了超过1.4万亿元人民币的不良资产。译文： China, in 1998, spent 270 billion yuan, or $32.6 billion to boost capital at the lenders. A year later, it formed four asset-management companies to acquire more than 1.4 trillion yuan of bad assets from banks.例2： Early estimates say the millionaire population in the U.S. fell 30% last year. Now, it seems Britains millionaire population has fallen an astounding 50%.译文： 根据初步估计， 去年美国的百万富翁人数减少了30%。 如今， 看起来英国的百万富翁人数减少了50%， 太令人震惊了。例3： The United States passed a major milestone today as the countrys population reached 300,000,000. The US Census Bureau says USA gains 1 new citizen every 11 seconds. 译文： 今天， 美国人口达到3亿， 这是美国历史上的一个里程碑。 美国人口普查局说， 美国现在每11秒就增加一位公民。（3）大量使用专业术语和缩略语例1：As a proportion of GDP, Danish companies attract more venture capital than any other European country.译文： 按占国内生产总值得比重来说，丹麦的公司吸引的风险投资超过其他人和一个欧洲国家。例2： The stock has climbed from its $85 IPO to above $171, a 101% increase in a mater of months.译文： 这一支股票在区区数月之内就已经从其85美元/股的首次公开发行价涨至171美元/股， 涨幅高达101%。（4）经常使用古旧词语英语的：hereinafter, hereto, whereat, hereafter, thereby, hitherto 等。汉语的： 欣悉、候复、特此、贵方、敬请、谨上等。例1：This agreement and any rights or obligations stipulated herein are not transferrable or assignable by one party to this agreement without the consent of the other party hereto.译文： 本协议以及本协议所规定的权利或义务未经另一方的同意不得擅自转让。例2：Wh