USA History英文版美国历史简介

v The United States of America Historyv Indians: The “first Americans”v The Discovery of the New Worldv Christopher Columbus (31 October 1451 20 May 1506)a navigator, colonizer, and explorer He initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the New World. v Pilgrim Fathers v Relations of American Indians with European settlers v The American War of Independence What were the causes of the War of Independence? Britains colonial policy The economy in the 13 colonies developed very fast The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. “No taxation without representation” ( 无代表， 不纳税）v How was the War of Independence started? The “Boston Tea Party” In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston to be distributed, several dozen Boston residents boarded the ship at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party”. The start of the war In 1775, about 1,000 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize the military supplies of the American militia. When they arrived at Lexington they were met by the armed militiamen. Suddenly a shot was fired and the War of Independence began. v Boston Tea Party v The First Continental CongressSeptember, 1774 v The Second Continental Congress Held in Philadelphia in May 1775 Assume the functions of a national governmentv Declaration of Independence On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed. On July 4, 1776, the Congress formally declared the independence The Declaration states: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, ”After being printed, the copies were sent out, broadcast and read to crowds everywhere. The document greatly encouraged the struggling people, making them think that they should be independent and have the right to enjoy liberty. They were beginning to show more interests in a common cause. Both a great influence on the course of the war and a far-reaching influence in world history as well. v It dragged on for seven years. (1775-1783)v Obstacles for the continental army: No enough supplies. Tired and hungry, while British troops fresh and well-equipped. By the middle of December, 1776, the Revolution seemed lost.v The victory at Saratoga (1777, October)turning point.v The assistance from France Benjamin Franklina messenger to Europe to get help from other countries. The French King made two agreements with Franklin: France would take part in the war against England. They agreed to trade with each other. Spain and Holland joined France against Englanda quick end to the war. v In 1781, a decisive victory at Yorktown in Virginiav On October 19, 1781, the British general Cornwallis was forced to surrender, the war came to an end. v The two parts signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783America won its independencev 2.5 The Establishment of Constitution v On May 25, 1787, the constitution was drafted. v In June 1789, the constitution came into effect in nine states. v Ten amendmentsThe Bill of Rightswere added to the Constitution in 1791.v The Civil War (1861-1865) v Causes of Civil War v Economic reason: two different economic systems North Capitalist Economy South Plantation v Political reason The NorthFederal Government as a union The SouthThe Confederate Government: the independence of each state v Uncle Toms Cabin Published in 1852v Harriet Beecher Stowe ( l811-1896 )v An antislavery novel which had great political influence.v So this is the little lady who made this big war.“ -Lincoln v Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.v Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.v Union army Vs. Confederate armyv 3.2 Comparison of Power v The North: twenty-three states, 22 million population abundant facilities to manufacture arms and ammunition, clothing, and other supplies merchant marines and the navy remained in Union hands federal government was better able to raise fund for warv The South: eleven states, 9 million population military advantages: actively preparing for war in possession of many federal forts and arsenals superior military leadership: a third of the regular armys officers were from the South fighting on its own soilv Emancipation Proclamationissued by Pres. Abraham Lincoln that freed the slaves of the Confederacy.-This transformed the war from a war to save the Union, to a war to abolish slavery. v Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) The turning point Gettysburg Address“Government of the People, by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth” v Influence of the Civil War v Outbreak of the First World War (1914-1918) Inevitable result of contradiction between two groups of imperialist powers: Allies(协约国)Britain, France, and Russia The Central European Powers(同盟国)Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy The political, economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers.v 4.1 World War I v The False Prosperity in the 1920s1920s = boom, prosperity, isolationisma period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessnessv Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)欧内斯特海明威1. Reputationv Spokesman for the Lost Generationv A Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1954v Life Story1899 Born in Illinois (his father was a highly respected doctor, his mother was a singer and music teacher)1917 After graduation from High School, he left home and worked for the Star as a reporter; Rejected by the American Army because of his poor vision in one eye1918 Served as an ambulance driver in France, and then as a soldier in the Italian infantry Wounded on both legs1919 Returned home to complete his recovery1925 Left for Paris1936 Took part in the Spanish Civil War as a journalist, on the Republican side1940 Moved to Cuba1954 Awarded the Nobel Prize1961 Committed suicide by shooting himself with his hunting gunv Major Worksv In Our Time (1925) 在我们的时代里 Collection of short stories Portray the world of adulthood as an arena of danger and violencev The Torrent of Spring (1926) 春潮v The Sun Also Rises (1926) 太阳照常升起 The disillusionment of the lost generationv A Farewell to Arms (1929) 永别了，武器v For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 丧钟为谁而鸣 A love story, a war novelv The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 老人与海 a man can be destroyed but not defeated 一个人可以被毁灭(physically)，但不能给打败(spiritually)v Writing Style4.1 “Hemingway Code heros”v Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code, known as “grace under pressure”, with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint. eg: Cuban fisherman Santiago fighting a losing battle-loss becomes dignity4.2 iceberg theory of writingv His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning; the rest is impliedv The Great Depressionv 1930s = Great DepressionThe stock market crash in1929Massive unemployment, factory and mill closings, and mortgage foreclosuresv Core of the problemimmense disparity between the productive capacity and the ability of people to consume v World War II broke out in September, 1939 and ended in August, 1945.v Background of the warThe World Spread economic crisis Germany and Italy began their ways of fascism and military expansion. Japan meant to conquer China and Southeast Asia by military expansion.v Two opposing military alliances: the Allies (同盟国)and the Axis (轴心国)v the deadliest conflict in all of human history USA attitude: A sit-on-the-fence policy do trade with the warring countries, including the aggressors believe in “glorious isolation” Its negative effect: Isolationism encouraged Nazi and Adolph Hitler to believe that they could rely on American neutrality and their victims could not buy munitions in US. Japan believed that pacifist US would not fight for the integrity of China. v On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese air force attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It was the direct cause for Americas entrance into the war. v End of WWII The US air force dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima On August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 8. On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered. v The Cold War United Nations in 1945a new and better world would emerge from World War II. The conflict between the two superpowers Russia and the US increased and later led to the Cold War. v Truman Doctrine the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or Communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the Communists as an open declaration of the cold war杜鲁门主义（该主义认为美国应支持受苏联军队或共产党叛乱威胁的国家或民族；该主义的首次表述出现于1947年美国总统杜鲁门在国会所作的关于要求对希腊和土耳其提供援助的演说中，这被共产党人视为公开的冷战宣言）v NATO In 1949, the United Statesin company with 11 other powersentered into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).v The Vietnam War A long-time suffering for the US Started under Eisenhower and continued by Kennedy and Johnson In 1965 US sent in troops to prevent the South Vietnamese government from collapsing. Ultimately, a failure In 1975 Vietnam was reunified under Communist control.v The Civil Rights Movement v Two other diplomatic breakthroughs: Re-establishing US relations with the Peoples Republic of China Negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union Table Tennis Foreign Policy/Ping pong diplomacy Nixonfirst US president visited Beijing. The “Shanghai Communiqu”a new US policy: there was one China; Taiwan was part of China; a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the Chinese themselves was in American interest.Watergate Scandal of President Richard Nixon in 1972 the illegal sabotage and espionage of Nixons Committee to Re-elect the President. Impeachment -charge (the holder of a public office) with misconduct弹劾（官员） v Watergate Scandal n To defeat his adversary, Nixon hired five burglars to set up wiretaps(窃听装置) to get confidential informati