初中英语必备语法知识概要句子成分和词性解析

初中英语必备语法知识概要 Tiro整编主讲句子成分（句子结构）和词性如有疑问，请联系Tiro：1. 区别句子成分和单词词性：句子成分：主语、主补、谓语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语、状语、同位语、独立结构。单词词性; 名词，形容词，副词，代词，介词，数词，量词。2. 分析句子成分;主语：主语一般由名词，代词，动名词或者动词不定式充当。动名词和动词不定式一般用it充当形式主语。 名词做主语：English is very important. 英语是很重要的。The students all love their English teacher. 这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。代词作主语They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。Most of the students come from the countryside. 大多数学生来自农村。动名词作主语Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。Its no use regretting it. 后悔是无用的。（这是Its no use doing sth.的结构，It为形式主语，真正的主语是use后面的动名词或者动词不定式。）动词不定式(短语)作主语To see is to believe. 眼见为实。It is very hard to get to sleep. 入睡很难。（解释同上）谓语：谓语一般由动词充当，可作谓语的动词一般为实义动词(也就是行为动词)和连系动词(表状态)，行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。但动词不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词-ing和过去分词-ed）为非谓语动词不能作谓语。实义动词非常多，如kill，hit，cry等等。有时还有情态动词+动词原形做谓语，情态动词有will(would),can(could),may(might),must,need, dear，shall(should)等及其否定形式，这里就不一一说明了。系动词包括：状态系动词be、持续系动词keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand、表像系动词seem, appear, look、感官系动词feel, smell, sound, taste、变化系动词become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run、终止系动词 prove, trun out。在初中阶段，我们只要掌握以下几个系动词即可：sound听，watch，see观, feel感, make使, let让, help帮。及物动词作谓语We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。They respect one another. 他们互相尊重(对方)。All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗?不及物动词作谓语He left here yesterday. 他昨天离开这儿。Youre driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着书。He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出国。连系动词表状态He is an excellent teacher. 他是位优秀的教师。Her son is a friend of ours. 她的儿子是我们的朋友。Ours is a great country. 我们的国家是一个伟大的国家。The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。We see him singing in the classroom.我们看见他正在教室里唱歌。Tom made his mother very angry.汤姆让他妈妈很生气。表语：表语与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征，一般由形容词、名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、分词、数词等充当。They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。 名词What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这点。 代词Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲65岁。 数词John is captain of the team. 约翰是足球队的队长。 名词The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。 反身代词The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我们自己。反身代词All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. 你只需从机场打个的即可。 动词不定式My favourite sport is swimming. 我最喜爱的运动是游泳。 动名词He is singing in the calssroom.他正在教室里唱歌。 分词（-ing）Tom made his mother very angry.汤姆让他妈妈很生气。 形容词宾语：宾语是行为动词（实义动词）的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国菜。 名词I bought a ticket for Milan. 我买了一张去米兰的车票。 名词I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。 动名词Have you finished dressing? 你衣服穿好了吗? 动名词He certainly did not want to join them. 他确实不想参加他们的活动。 动词不定式They decided to close the border. 他们决定封闭边境。动词不定式We hoped that all would come well. 我们希望一切都会好转。 句子We expected that you would stay for a few days. 我们预计你会待几天的。 句子定语：定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语) 或句子充当。His father is a doctor. 他父亲是一名医生。形容词性物主代词Mr. Green has two sons. 格林先生有两个儿子。数词The girl under the tree is Kate. 在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。介词短语The man downstairs couldnt sleep well. 楼下的那个人不能睡好觉。 副词I bought a new dictionary. 我买了本新字典。形容词Can you find out the answer to the question？你能找到这个问题的答案吗？介词短语Would you like something to drink? 你想要些喝的东西吗？动词不定式A barking dog seldom bites. 吠狗很少咬人。分词（-ing）A man going to die is always kind-hearted. 人之将死，其言也善。分词（-ing）The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. 送往委员会的建议被采纳了。分词（-ed）Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? 你认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗？ 定语从句状语：英语中的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，主要由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词充当，或由连词引导状语从句，表示时间、地点、程度、目的、方式，比较、让步、条件、原因、结果、伴随等。(1) 时间状语I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上5:30起床。Hearing the news, they felt very excited. 听到这个消息，他们感到很兴奋。Go along this street until you reach the end. 沿着这条街走直到到达尽头为止。(2) 地点状语Pandas only live in China. 熊猫仅生活在中国。You should put the book where it was. 你应该把这本书放回原来的地方。(3) 程度状语I have quite a lot of work to do. 我有相当多的工作要做。(4) 目的状语Well go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday. 这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper. 他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. 她早早地起床，以便能够赶上这辆早班车。(5) 方式状语We usually go to school on foot. 我们通常步行去上学。Please do it as I told you. 请按我告诉你的去做。(6) 让步状语Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy. 虽然她很有钱，而她并不幸福。No matter what happens, I will never lose heart. 无论发生什么，我将决不失去信心。(7) 条件状语If you dont work hard, youll fall behind the others. 假如你不努力学习，你将落后于别人。Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better. 如果给予更多的关心的话，这些花将长得更好。(8) 比较状语Your watch is not the same as mine. 你的手表与我的不一样。Mike is not as (so) tall as Jack. 迈克不及杰克高。(9) 原因状语We didnt go to the park because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们没有去公园。Im glad to meet you. 见到你我很高兴。Being ill, he didnt go to school. 由于病了，他没有去上学。(10) 结果状语The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. 风是如此地猛烈，以致于我们寸步难行。He left early, so that he caught the train. 他早早地离去，(结果) 因此赶上了火车。(11) 伴随状语The doctor hurried off, with a medicine box under his arm. 这位医生匆匆离去，胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 老师进到教室里来，后面跟着一群学生。宾语补足语（宾补）：宾语补足语主要用来补充说明宾语，与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如：Tom found the climb quite easy. 汤姆觉得爬山很容易。形容词Dont be so formal. Call me Jim. 不要这样正规，叫我吉姆好了。名词Im finished. Lets go now. 我已干完，咱们走吧。形容词You must keep it clean. 你要把它保持干净。形容词I have the car waiting. 我让汽车等着。分词（-ing）We had the machine repaired. 我们请人修理了机器。分词（-ed）Why dont you have your hair cut? 你为什么不理发? 分词（-ed）He had his finger hurt. 他的手指弄伤了。分词（-ed）I had my watch stolen yesterday. 我的表昨天被人偷去了。分词（-ed）I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多工作要做。动词不定式She has plenty of clothes to wear. 她有足够的衣服穿。动词不定式He mad