积极心理学课件1504-06-goalsetting.ppt

GoalSetting,GoalsettingtheoryandpracticeDealingwithstressFrommaterialtohappinessperception,Overview,GoalsandPerformance,Focus“Beingfocusedonataskproducesorganizationforefficiencybothwithintheorganismandintheenvironment”AbrahamMaslowResilienceBeliefsasself-fulfillingprophecies(knapsack)WordscreateworldsConceptsconceive,Concerningallactsofcreationthereisoneelementarytruth,theignoranceofwhichkillscountlessideasandsplendidplans:Thatthemomentonedefinitelycommitsoneself,thenprovidencemovestoo.Allsortsofthingsoccurtohelponethatwouldnothaveotherwiseoccurred.Awholestreamofeventsissuesfromthedecision,raisinginonesfavorallmannerofunforeseenincidentsandmeetingsandmaterialassistancewhichnomanwouldhavedreamedwouldcomehisway.IhavelearnedadeeprespectforoneofGoethescouplets:“Whateveryoucando,ordreamyoucan,beginit!Boldnesshasgenius,magic,andpowerinit.W.H.Murray,GoalsandWellbeing,LiberatingResolvinginternalconflictsFuturegoalsasmeans;presentexperiencesasendsThecaseofunhappyachievers,Happinessisnotaboutmakingittothepeakofthemountain,norisitaboutclimbingaimlesslyaroundthemountain;happinessistheexperienceofclimbingtowardthepeak.,“Contemporaryresearchersemphasizethatitistheprocessofstrivingaftergoalsratherthangoalattainmentpersethatiscrucialforhappinessandpositiveaffectivity.”DavidWatson,“Happinessgrowslessfromthepassiveexperienceofdesirablecircumstancesthanfrominvolvementinvaluedactivitiesandprogresstowardonesgoals.”MyersitsbarelylongenoughtodowhatIwanttodo.,“Becomingselfconcordantisadifficultskill,requiringbothaccurateself-perceptualabilitiesandtheabilitytoresistsocialpressuresthatmaysometimespushoneininappropriatedirections.”Sheldoninsteadofamillioncounthalfadozen.Inthemidstofthischoppingseaofcivilizedlife,sucharethecloudsandstormsandquicksandsandthethousand-and-oneitemstobeallowedforandhemustbeagreatcalculatorindeedwhosucceeds.Simplify.Simplify.”HenryDavidThoreau,SustainableGrowth,OvercomingProcrastination,The5-minutetakeoffRewardyourselfGopublicTheteamapproachGoals,plans,listsPermissiontore-create,OvercomingProcrastination,Materialasthehighestend,MaterialPerception,“Societytellsustheonlythingthatmattersismattertheonlythingsthatcountarethethingsthatcanbecounted.”LaurenceG.Boldt,CountingactivitiesCountingpublicationsCountingmoney,ObsessionWithMaterialWealth,“Theinherentviceofcapitalismistheunequalsharingofblessings;theinherentvirtueofsocialismistheequalsharingofmiseries.”WinstonChurchill,Makingthemostofourblessings?1968:41%tomakealotofmoney83%todevelopameaningfulphilosophyoflife1997:75%tomakealotofmoney41%todevelopameaningfulphilosophyoflife,TheConsequences,Moneycantbuyyouhappiness(Diener,1999)“TheDarkSideoftheAmericanDream”(Kasser&Ryan,1993)lowerlikelihoodofself-actualizationhigherlevelsofdistress,depression,anxietylowerlevelsofhappinesspoorerphysicalhealthReplicatedinSingaporeanbusiness-school(Kasser&Ahuvia,2002)Acaveat,HappinessPerception,“Happinessisthemeaningandpurposeoflife,thewholeaimandendofhumanexistence.”Aristotle,“Whetheronebelievesinreligionornot,whetheronebelievesinthisreligionorthatreligion,theverypurposeofourlifeishappiness,theverymotionofourlifeistowardshappiness.”DalaiLama,Happinessasthehighestend,Theultimatecurrency,HappinessPerceptioninOurLives,“Peopleseekinggreaterwell-beingwouldbewelladvisedtofocusonthepursuitof(a)goalsinvolvinggrowth,connection,andcontributionratherthangoalsinvolvingmoney,beauty,andpopularityand(b)goalsthatareinterestingandpersonallyimportanttothemratherthangoalstheyfeelforcedorpressuredtopursue.”Sheldonetal.(2004),AskingtherightquestionsFramingmakesallthedifference,TheHappinessRevolution,“Thousandsofcandlescanbelightedfromasinglecandle,andthelifeofthecandlewillnotbeshortened.Happinessneverdecreasesbybeingshared.”TheBuddha,Insideout(Vs.outsidein)Positive-sumgame,Peacefulrevolution,ImplicationsforPolitics,WarsmostlyovermaterialpossessionsGovernmentsroleCreatingconditionsforpursuinghappinessEnsuringfreedomEducating,Moneyandprestige,Happiness,Externalcircumstances,Internalinterpretation,MaterialPerception,HappinessPerception,Zero-sumgame,Positive-sumgame,UltimateCurrency:,PrimaryFocus:,RelationshipsAs:,“Everybodythinksofchanginghumanityandnobodythinksofchanginghimself.”LeoTolstoy,“Bethechangeyouwanttoseeintheworld.”Gandhi,“FromtheSonofHeavendowntothecommonpeople,allmustregardcultivationofthepersonallifeastheroot.Adisorderedrootcannotgrowintoorderedbranches.Ifwhatisnearisneglected,howcanonetakecareofwhatisfaraway?”Confucius,Csikszentmihaly,M.(1991).Flow:ThePsychologyofOptimalExperience,71-93.HarperCollinsPublishers.Kasser,T.,&Ryan,R.M.(1993).AdarksideoftheAmericandream:Correlatesoffinancialsuccessasacentrallifeaspiration.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,65,410-422.Locke,E.A.(1998).“StudyMethodsandMotivation.”NewMilford,CT:SecondRenaissanceBooks.Mumford,M.D.,Schultz,R.A.&VanDoorn,J.R.(2001).PerformanceinPlanning:Processes,Requirements,andErro