大学英语语法汇总

.大学英语语法汇总1、 名词（1） 以S结尾的名词做主语的主谓一致1、 以s结尾的疾病和游戏arthritis,bronchitis,rickets,measles,mumps,diabetes,darts,marbles做主语时谓语动词应使用单数形式。例：Arthritis causes pain in the joints.特殊情况：有一些疾病/游戏名词作谓语动词可单可复：measles,ricketsCards做主语动词用复数；darts,marbles指游戏使用的具体的镖和弹子意义时，谓语动词marbles可单可复，darts用复数形式。例：Measles always cccur/occurs among kids. Nine darts are thrown at each turn.2、 以s结尾的学科名称physics,mathematics,optics,acoustics,politics,athletics,tactics,linguistics,etc做主语时谓语动词使用单数。例：Mathematics is always a headache for girls. Politics always attracts boys.特殊情况：如果这些词并不是只带“学科”等意义，谓语动词便可做复数使用。例如，mathematics运算能力,athletic体育运动,acoustics音响效果,tactics策略,economics经济学意义。例:The acoustics in Bon Jovis Tulsa concert were beyond criticism last spring.3、 以s结尾的地理名称The States,the united states,the Netherlands,the Philippines,the United Arab Emirates,the United Nation做主语时，谓语动词使用单数。例：The Netherlands is a Euroupean country.The Sates is a developed country特殊情况：如果主语是群岛archipelago,山脉mountains,海峡straits,瀑布waterfalls,运动会games等，谓语动词则使用复数。例：The Nansha Islands (The Spratly Islands)are integral part of China.The Wuyi mountains are picturesque.The Olympic Games are held every four years.4、 其他以S结尾的名词（1） 成双成对出现的名词做主语时：例如jeans,compasses(圆规）scissors,pincers,glasses,pants,shorts,trousers,slacks,suspenders等谓语动词使用复数.例：The slacks are so completeful.The Hengdali glasses are so pricey.但是加上单位词则使用单数。例：One pair of glasses is far from enough when you travel abroad.（2） 英语中还有一些以s结尾的名词，如archives,arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,firecrackers,goods,morals,thanks等，谓语动词使用复数。例：The firecrackers are so loud.Many thanks go to my wife and her floks.（3） Ings结尾的名词谓语动词一般使用复数。如，clippings,diggings,earnings,fillings,sweepings,etc例：His earnings are pretty good.特殊情况：tidings(旧）做主语时谓语动词可单可复。例Good tidings are cheerful.（4） 英语中有一些词，单复数同形，例如barracks,headquarters,means,series,species,works,sheep,deer谓语动词根据实际情况而定。例： This means of transportation does not work for me. This means have been tried. These endangered species are well protected in mainland China.（5） 少数的名词做单数和复数时意义不一样。例：What is the odds?(有什么要紧）The odds are in our favors.(形式对我们有利）特殊情况：Remains做“遗体”时，谓语动词使用复数，如果当“遗迹”“剩余物”时，谓语动词可单可复。例：The prime ministers remains were buried in the vicinity of the church. There remains of the ancient capital has been reduced to debris after the massive quake. The remains of the meal was/were fed to the dog.（2） 集体名词做主语的主谓一致1、 通常做复数的集体名词police,people,cattle,militia,poultry,personal,clergy,vermin等做主语时谓语动词使用复数。例：The clergy remain divided on the issue of women priests. The personal(总称：员工）are reluctant to alter the rules.2、 通常做单数的集体名词：foliage（叶子总称）,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,clothing(clothes),poetry(poem,poet),baggage,luggage,scenery,jewellery(jewel).例：All the machinery is made in China. The wooden furniture is unaffordable.3、 可单可复的集体名词：congregation,family,government,public,crew,class,committee,audience,couple,nation,population等谓语动词根据实际情况对待。例：The family is a large one.The family are eating salmon at table.4、 A committee/panel/board of +pl. ,谓语动词通常使用单数。 例：A panel of experts is to give its opinion on ways to tackle congestion.(3） problems of concord with a coordinate subjiect1、 and连接的是一个人/一件事例：The teacher and interpreter has been laid up for a couple of days.Early to bed early to rise makes a man healthy,wealthy,and wise.2、 and连接成对出现的名词：knife and fork,cart and horse,needle and thread,law and order,bread and butter,ham and eggs,cereal and milk,fish and chips,pancakes and syrup,etc.例：Bread and butter is a tasty breakfast in western culture.Fish and chips is a populary take-away food that originated in the United Kingdom.3、 and连接every/each/no/many a +单数名词，谓语动词使用单数。例：Every male and every female has to evacuate from the power plant.Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need.No boy and no girl is playing tennis.4、 and连接专有名词：the Stars and Stripes,the Bat and ball.例：The bat and Ball is a delightful Inn with lots of exposed beams,flagstone floors,roaring log fires & cathedral candles all creating a traditional village atmosphere.The Stars and Stripes was adopted as the flag of the United States on June 14,1777.5、 or/either.or./not.but./not only.but also./neither.nor.连接的主语按The principle of proxiomity(就近原则）例：Either you or I am wrong.Are either you or I wrong?6、 主语+as much as/rather than/more than/no less than/as well as/in addition to/with/along with/together with/except/but,etc.例：A teacher ,with his students,is watching an English movie.The king ,with the lords and commons ,constitutes their government.His cousin rather than his parents is held responsible for this inhumane massacre(4） Problems of concord with experessions of quantity as subject1、 Definite Quantity（确定数量）时间、数量、金钱、距离、重量等做主语时作为整体看待例：100 dollars means a lot to a kind of his age.300 pounds makes an obese guy.There be 句型例外:There are 10 dollares in his pocket.Fraction分数/percentage百分数+of，谓语动词和of后的名词保持一致例：Two thirds of the apple is rotten.Eight percent of the students have been mugged in this area.population例Fifty-five percent of Chinas population live in the rural areaoperations运算Addition加：plus，and Aubtraction减:minus，subtracted byMultiplication乘:（multiplied)by,times Division除：divided by都可以使用单数，但是加法和乘法有时候可以用复数。Forty minus twenty leaves twenty.Two times equals sixteen.one in/out of n.一般使用单数，有时使用复数例：One in ten girls dates in college.2、 Indefinite Quantity(不确定数量）all/some/none/half/most of +n.谓语动词根据of后面的名词来定例：Most of the money has been spent on traveling abroad.Most of the American high school boys have dates.None but the best coffee is good enough for Lynne.a portion/series/pile/panel of,of后面的名词一般使用单数例：A pile of logs is piling up.A panel of experts is unable to reach an agreement.a kind/type/sort of,of后面通常跟不可数名词或者单数名词，谓语动词使用单数。This type of sports car is really costly.但Cars of this type are costly.these/those kind of+pl.谓语动词使用单数例：These kind of birds are so rare for this high latitude.many a/more than one谓语动词使用单数例:Many a student has filed complaints. More than one car company has lodged claims against Kumho Tires.3、 Other problems of S-V concordNominal Clause名词性从句谓语动词一般使用单数例：How he came here was a mystery.How he came here and why he came here were mysteriousSVC结构中，如果C是名词复数，那么谓语动词可单可复。例：What is of importance to me is/are the details of my wifes life.Non-finite Clauses,doing/to do做主语谓语动词使用单数例：To see is to believe.To take Mandarin takes courage.Relative Clauses,定语从句中的谓语动词和先行词保持一致。例：Jane is one of the few girls who dont like proms.*one of.，the(very/only)one of.例：Jane is the only one of the few girls who doess like proms.Cleft Sentences,强调句谓语动词和主语一致。例：Its I who am mistanken.Existential Sentences,The principle of proximity(就近原则）例：There is a thank-you note and two wrist bands on the table.4、 Miscellaneous（其他）The +adj.:the dead/rich/living/wealthy/wounded/blind/deaf ect谓语动词复数例:The dead are haunting the girls living on that cornor of the neighborhood.a(the)number of,a(the)total of区分A number of farmers are protesting against building a new airport on the farmland.One and a half做主语时谓语动词常用单数形式。例：One and a half bananas is left on the table.Large quantities of sand have been transported to the Yangtze River.(4） Collective Nouns1、有的集体名词只做复数：people,police,cattle,vermin ect. 有的集体名词只做单数：mankind,furniture,machinery,merchandise ect. 有的集体名词可单可复：family,crew,government ect.特殊情况:有一些集体名词具有个体意义：The cosseted couple have four families to support.The family are eating lunch.The family is composed of three people.Before liberation,China used to have two governments for a while.The government is trying to curb online crimes.The government are negotiating the in-depth details with the foreign entyepreneur.2、 Material Nouns,物质名词一般为不可数名词，没有单数、复数之分。特殊情况：物质名词如果作为复数出现，意义不同。have a beer?Have two beershave teaLongjing is a world-famous tea.white hairHe has a few white hairs.sand sands沙 沙滩water waters水 大片水体food/fruit foods/fruits食物/水果 多种食物/水果coffee/two coffees咖啡/两杯咖啡rubber（橡皮 胶鞋）橡胶We wear rubbers on our feet when it rains.stone(石头）石料Marble is a precious stone.Egg（鸡蛋）蛋渍There is some egg on his nose.Lamb(羔羊）羊羔肉There is lamb on todays menu.onion(洋葱头）洋葱味You smell of onion.Wood（树林）木材The chairs are made of wood/the lost man y elled,hoping that some in the woods could hear him.iron(熨斗）铁I have one steam iron.Paper(论文，报纸）纸张I have a paper to weite.Glass(玻璃杯）玻璃This is a made of tempered glass.cloth(一块布）布料This is a cloth for the table.Chicken(小鸡）鸡肉My niece raises a chicken as her pet.Fire(火灾）火A fire broke out in the trailer park last night3、 Abstract Nouns,抽象名词没用单复数之分，因为不能计数。例：Knowledge is power.Beauty is truth.Kindness is a virtue.但是有的抽象名词使用单数和复数意义不同。sympathy（同情、怜悯）sympathies(慰问、同情、怜悯）experience(经验）experiences(经历）relation(关系）relations(亲戚）youth(青春）youths(男青年）worry(忧愁、烦恼）worries(烦恼事）distraction(心烦）distractions(心烦得事）business（商业、交易）bussinesses(商店、商行）kindness(仁慈）kindness（善行）Success(成功）Successes(成功者、成功得事）failure(失败）Failures(失败者、失败的事）Space(空间）A space(空格）disappointment(失望）disappointments(令人失望得事）4、family，room,mouth,ear在某些搭配中可以表示抽象概念。例：have too much family/winter/mouthHave too little ear,make room for,feel the patriot rise5、 man,croward,coquette,politician,sportsman,scholar,poet,fool等词在某些搭配中成了不可数名词。例：to be fool enough,more of a fool than,as much of a fool as,too much of a fool,enough of a man,something of a celebrity6、 专有名词有时候具有可数名词来使用。例：The Songs used to hold sway in China.I wish to become an Edison.I will buy a Ford/Lincoln.The Two Chinas Policy cannot be brooked by the Chinese population.（5） Independent Genitive(独立属格）：the door of the classroom/the dogs ower/Tom and Johns room/Toms and johns books/the map of the world（6） Dounle Genitive(双重属格）：a friend of my mothers必须满足三个条件：of前不能特指，即不得加the，但是可以使用this/that/some/any etc;of后面必须指人；of后必须特指。例：some books of mine/a friends of mine/a car of tonys注意区别：a portrait of Chairman Mao/a portrait of Chairman Maos this picture of Marvin/this picture of Marvins(7） Determiners（形容词排序）县官行令杀国才限定词观看形状年龄颜色国别材料less/least在非正式英语中可以用来修饰可数名词复数。例:Less and less students go abroad for the purpose of overseas education. Xinjiang has the least people per square me.fewFew locals visit local points of interest.修饰可数名词表否定意义,修饰不可数名词表肯定意义a fewA few couples get married in front of the town hall.littleThere is little water left in the thermal bottle.They are such little children that they dontnt qualify.修饰不可数名词表否定意义A littleThere is still a little room for us.修饰可数名词表肯定意义all,both,every,always,entirely,altogether,completely,quite,all the time等词和否定词连用表示部分否定。如果表示完全否定，则用no,none,neither,no one,never,not(never).at all例：All that glitters is not gold.This flower is not seen everywhere.Both girls are not tall.All are leaving for the U.S.All is well with me.代词的排序问题：单数人称代词并列做主语时，其顺序为you,his/she/it,I例：You,he and I should return on time.复数人称代词做主语时，其顺序为we,you,they例：We,you and they are all supposed to defend our motherland in times of war.特殊情况：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。在承认错误，承担责任时：It was and John who upset the rowdy kids.在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称：I and you should try to get it finished by tomorrow evening.(8） Present Perfect（现在完成时）:have/has done1、 for/since/already/just/never/ever/before/yet/lately/recently/so far/in the last(past)few years/up till now etc.2、Dont confuse Have been to and Have gone to例：Her great uncle has been to the Ivory Coast.(点动词、短暂性动词）His mother-in-law has gone to the Baltic countyies（段动词、延续性动词）3、 点动词：but/borrow/leave/join/die/marry/come/go/lose/begin/stop/arrive/lend 但是，如果现在完成时的谓语动词是点动词的否定形式，那么这种动作是可以延续的。例：He hasnt left home for one month.I havent seen you for so long.4、 Its(time)since.例：Its been 2 years since I left my home city.Its been 2 years since I lived in here.Its 2 weeks since I caught a cold.Its 3 months since I got married.Its been 6 weeks since I was married.5、 It is the first/second.last time+that clause从句一律使用完成时例：It is the first time that I have ever been drug tested.Last year was the first time that I had traveled to Oceania.(9） Past Pwrfect(过去完成时）：had done,hardly/scarcely had.when,no sooner had.than例：Hardly had we made it there when the bum began to file complints.1、 hope/think/expect/intend/mean/suppose/want使用过去完成时，可以表示过去未实现的希望、打算、意图。例:I had hoped to seat myself without being recognized. I had intended to come visit your family last week,but I got so sick.2、 Constructions denoting future timeWill/shall do,be going to do/be doing/be about to do/be to do3、 Passive Voicebe done,am/is/are done,was/were done,will be done/be going to be done,has/have/had been done,be being done,be supposed to do4、 无被动语态：happen,look,appear,die,last,lie,break out,come true ect.例：My dreams have come true.The car wreck happened this morning.5、 Its+past participle+that:Its said/believed/known that.6、 Causative Verbs:let/make/have例：My school district makes the student government post ads on the billboards.The student government is made to post ads on the billboards.7、 Sense verbs:see/watch/observe/look at/hear/listen to/notice etc.例：His stepmom hears him play the piano every mornong.He is heard to play the piano every morning.His sister heard him playing percussion instruments next door.He was heard playing percussion instruments next door.8、 Passive Voice:need/require/want/demand/be wroth后跟ing可表示被动概念。例:The blockbuster is well worth watching.The rocking chair requires repairing.The diaper needs changing.9、 主动结构表被动。例：Tomatoes bruise easily.The window wont shut.The door doesnt lock.The food store closes at 5pm.The material wont wear.Harry Potteer sells well.Potatoes cook slowly.His works are prionting.10、 不及物动词无被动语态，但有时候be+vi.past partisiple是系表结构。The gal is gone.The sun is already risen.The leaves are all fallen.The dog is returned.(10） Subjunctive Mood(虚拟语气）英语中的三种语气：陈述、祈使、虚拟。虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood)表示说话人说的不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑、或推测。例：If there were no subjunctive mood,English would be a lot easier to learn.1、If 条件句中的虚拟语气时间谓语动词的虚拟形式现在动词过去式（be多用were）would/should/could/mifht+have+过去分词过去had+过去分词would/should/could/might+have+过去分词将来动词过去式或should/were to+动词原形would/should/could/might+动词原形2、 suppose,supposing有时候可以替换if例：Tf it were not raining now,we would go for a picnic. If he knew English,he wouldnt turn to me for help. She would have gone to the party if she had been inveted. If mum hadnt called me,I would have overslept this morning. If I had enough money,I would buy a new car. If I should fail,I would try again. If I were to be admitted to university next year,I would major in French3、 在省略If的条件状语从句的虚拟语气中的助动词提前例：1.If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have seen him. Had you come a few minutes earlier,.2.If it should rain tomorrow we wouldnt go out.Should it rain tomorrow,.3.If it were to rain tomorrow,we would not go out.Were it to rain tomorrow,.（11） Ariant1、 含蓄条件句：虚拟条件暗含在短语或上下文中，从句不表现。这时，必须根据句中表述的意义以及某些特定的信息词，如：介词without，but for；副词otherwise，连词or，or else等句型：if it were not for.(现在或将来）if it hadnt for.(过去）例：Without electricity,human life would be quite different today.Yesterday Jane walked away from the dission.Otherwise,she might have said sth she would regret later.2、 时间错综句：If the flower had been watered,it wouldnt die now.If his television set had not been stolen yesterday,he would be watching TV now.3、 虚实错综句：虚拟现象与客观事实错综交织在一起的句子。例：They might have left earlier,but the car wasnt ready.We could have walked to the station;it was so near.Yes .A taxi wasnt at all necessary.(12） should+verb型虚拟语气虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用：一坚持，二命令，三建议，四要求及其他inist,order,command,decree;suggest,propose,advise,move,recommend;demand,require,request,ask;resolve,decide,prefer,vote,resolve,desire,urge1、 用于宾语从句例：The man isisted he should be sent to the front. I suggested that we should start out earlier.当inist表示对已发生过的事物的看法，或当suggest为“说明”“暗示”时，从句用陈述语气而不用虚拟语气。例：The Arab inisted that he hadnt seen the camel.His smile suggested that he was happy.2、 在主句从句中用以表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此，构成It is 过去分词/natural/important/necessary/strange/advisable/vital/apity/ashame/inperative/desirable/appropriate/essential/fitting/impossible/obligatory/proper etc that句型例：Its natural that he make an apology to him. Its a pity that he be so careless. Its so strange that she thinks so.3. 表语从句：这类名词有suggestion，request，order，advice，resolution，motion，decision，decree，demand，instruction，requirement，idea等“坚持/命令/要求”。例：The officers order was that his soldiers should go into the subject at full length.My advice is that no college student date in class.4、 同位语从句：suggestion，request，order，advice，resolution，motion，decision，decree，demand，instruction，requirement，idea等“坚持/命令/要求”。例：I did not receive the order that you should depart at once.His suggestion that you should keep silent sounds quite reasonable. （13） 一般过去时句型：一般过去时表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。1、 使用could,would等过去式表示委婉语气。Could you please help me out?2、 用于so that，in order that，for fear that，in case，lest等引导目的状语从句。The meeting will be put off in case it(should)rain.They climed higher so that/in order that they could see the whole city.She is working hard for fear that she could/might lag behind others.（in case不一定使用虚拟：In case I am late,start without me.)She pulled away from the window lest anyone(should)see them.*从句若为否定，一般用shouldnt.He locked the door of his room in order that he shouldnt be disturbed by someone.3、 It is(high/about)time that.例：Its time that the problem were boss.Its high time that we shut